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Müellif: William D. Callister, Jr

Wiley / February 3, 2006
ISBN 0471736967

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Description

Building on the extraordinary success of six best-selling editions, Bill Callister's new Seventh Edition of MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING: AN INTRODUCTION continues to promote student understanding of the three primary types of materials (!ls, ceramics, and polymers) and composites, as well as the relationships that exist between the structural elements of materials and their properties.

Presents the fundamentals of materials and engineering on a level appropriate for college students. Deals with !llic materials and their alloys, ceramic materials, polymers, and composites. New updated third edition. DLC: Materials. (This text refers to the Hardcover edition.)

From the Publisher

The latest edition of this bestselling textbook treats the important properties of three primary types of material--!ls, ceramics, polymers--as well as composites. Describes the relationships that exist between the structural elements of these materials and their characteristics. Emphasizes mechanical behavior and failure along with techniques used to improve the mechanical and failure properties in terms of alteration of structural elements. Individual chapters discuss each of the corrosion, electrical, thermal, magnetic, and optical properties plus economic, environmental, and societal issues. Features a design component which includes design examples, case studies, and design type problems and questions. (This text refers to the Software edition.)

From the Back Cover

The leading source for learning materials science and engineering
Bill Callister’s text is the number one choice for learning materials science and engineering. Why? Because it delivers lucid explanations, thorough and up-to-date coverage, and outstanding art and learning resources. Now revised, this 7th Edition continues to promote student understanding of the three primary types of materials (!ls, ceramics, and polymers) and composites, as well as the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.

New to the Seventh Edition

    * A number of new “Materials of Importance” pieces (for most chapters).
    * Concept Check questions throughout.
    * Revised illustrations, now all in full-color to enhance visualization and convey realism.
    * Expanded discussions on material types and general properties of materials (Chapter 1), and crystallographic directions and planes in hexagonal crystals (Chapter 3).
    * New discussions on one-component (pressure-temperature) phase diagrams, compacted graphite iron, lost foam casting, fractography of ceramics, and magnetic anisotropy.
    * Enhanced discussions on representations of polymer structures and defects in polymers, and a new discussion on permeability in polymers.
    * Revised coverage of deformation of semicrystalline polymers and polymerization.

About the Author: William D. Callister is currently an adjunct professor in the Department of Engineering at the University of Utah. His teaching interests include writing and revising introductory materials science and engineering textbooks, in both print and electronic formats. He also enjoys developing ancillary resources, including instructional software and on-line testing/evaluation tools.


Contents:

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Contents

List Of Symbols xxiii

1. Introduction 1
Learning Objectives 2
1.1 Historical Perspective 2
1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 3
1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? 5
1.4 Classification of Materials 5
1.5 Advanced Materials 11
1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs 12

2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 15
Learning Objectives 16
2.1 Introduction 16

ATOMIC STRUCTURE 16
2.2 Fundamental Concepts 16
2.3 Electrons in Atoms 17
2.4 The Periodic Table 23

ATOMIC BONDING IN SOLIDS 24
2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 24
2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 26
2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding 30
2.8 Molecules 32

3. The Structure of Crystalline Solids 38
Learning Objectives 39
3.1 Introduction 39

CRYSTAL STRUCTURES 39
3.2 Fundamental Concepts 39
3.3 Unit Cells 40
3.4 !llic Crystal Structures 41
3.5 Density Computations 45
3.6 Polymorphism and Allotropy 46
3.7 Crystal Systems 46

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC POINTS, DIRECTIONS, AND PLANES 49
3.8 Point Coordinates 49
3.9 Crystallographic Directions 51
3.10 Crystallographic Planes 55
3.11 Linear and Planar Densities 60
3.12 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 61

CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 63
3.13 Single Crystals 63
3.14 Polycrystalline Materials 64
3.15 Anisotropy 64
3.16 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures 66
3.17 Noncrystalline Solids 71

4. Imperfections in Solids 80
Learning Objectives 81
4.1 Introduction 81

POINT DEFECTS 81
4.2 Vacancies and Self-Interstitials 81
4.3 Impurities in Solids 83
4.4 Specification of Composition 85

MISCELLANEOUS IMPERFECTIONS 88
4.5 Dislocations–Linear Defects 88
4.6 Interfacial Defects 92
4.7 Bulk or Volume Defects 96
4.8 Atomic Vibrations 96

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 97
4.9 General 97
4.10 Microscopic Techniques 98
4.11 Grain Size Determination 102

5. Diffusion 109
Learning Objectives 110
5.1 Introduction 110
5.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 111
5.3 Steady-State Diffusion 112
5.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion 114
5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion 118
5.6 Other Diffusion Paths 125

6. Mechanical Properties of !ls 131
Learning Objectives 132
6.1 Introduction 132
6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 133

ELASTIC DEFORMATION 137
6.3 Stress-Strain Behavior 137
6.4 Anelasticity 140
6.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 141

PLASTIC DEFORMATION 143
6.6 Tensile Properties 144
6.7 True Stress and Strain 151
6.8 Elastic Recovery after Plastic Deformation 154
6.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional Deformation 154
6.10 Hardness 155

PROPERTY VARIABILITY AND DESIGN/SAFETY FACTORS 161
6.11 Variability of Material Properties 161
6.12 Design/Safety Factors 163

7. Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms 174
Learning Objectives 175
7.1 Introduction 175

DISLOCATIONS AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION 175
7.2 Basic Concepts 175
7.3 Characteristics of Dislocations 178
7.4 Slip Systems 179
7.5 Slip in Single Crystals 181
7.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Materials 185
7.7 Deformation by Twinning 185

MECHANISMS OF STRENGTHENING IN !LS 188
7.8 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 188
7.9 Solid-Solution Strengthening 190
7.10 Strain Hardening 191

RECOVERY, RECRYSTALLIZATION, AND GRAIN GROWTH 194
7.11 Recovery 195
7.12 Recrystallization 195
7.13 Grain Growth 200

8. Failure 207
Learning Objectives 208
8.1 Introduction 208

FRACTURE 208
8.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 208
8.3 Ductile Fracture 209
8.4 Brittle Fracture 211
8.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics 215
8.6 Impact Fracture Testing 223

FATIGUE 227
8.7 Cyclic Stresses 228
8.8 The S–N Curve 229
8.9 !k Initiation and Propagation 232
8.10 Factors That Affect Fatigue Life 234
8.11 Environmental Effects 237

CREEP 238
8.12 Generalized Creep Behavior 238
8.13 Stress and Temperature Effects 239
8.14 Data Extrapolation Methods 241
8.15 Alloys for High-Temperature
Use 242

9. Phase Diagrams 252
Learning Objectives 253
9.1 Introduction 253

DEFINITIONS AND BASIC CONCEPTS 253
9.2 Solubility Limit 254
9.3 Phases 254
9.4 Microstructure 255
9.5 Phase Equilibria 255
9.6 One-Component (or Unary) Phase Diagrams 256

BINARY PHASE DIAGRAMS 258
9.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems 258
9.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams 260
9.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys 264
9.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys 268
9.11 Binary Eutectic Systems 269
9.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys 276
9.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds 282
9.14 Eutectic and Peritectic Reactions 284
9.15 Congruent Phase Transformations 286
9.16 Ceramic and Ternary Phase Diagrams 287
9.17 The Gibbs Phase Rule 287

THE IRON–CARBON SYSTEM 290
9.18 The Iron–Iron Carbide (Fe–Fe3C) Phase Diagram 290
9.19 Development of Microstructure in Iron–Carbon Alloys 293
9.20 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements 301

10. Phase Transformations in !ls: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties 311
Learning Objectives 312
10.1 Introduction 312

PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS 312
10.2 Basic Concepts 312
10.3 The Kinetics of Phase
Transformations 313
10.4 !stable versus Equilibrium States 324

MICROSTRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANGES IN IRON–CARBON ALLOYS 324
10.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 325
10.6 Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams 335
10.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron–Carbon Alloys 339
10.8 Tempered Martensite 343
10.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron–Carbon Alloys 346

11. Applications and Processing of !l Alloys 358
Learning Objectives 359
11.1 Introduction 359

TYPES OF !L ALLOYS 359
11.2 Ferrous Alloys 359
11.3 Nonferrous Alloys 372

FABRICATION OF !LS 382
11.4 Forming Operations 383
11.5 Casting 384
11.6 Miscellaneous Techniques 386

THERMAL PROCESSING OF !LS 387
11.7 Annealing Processes 388
11.8 Heat Treatment of Steels 390
11.9 Precipitation Hardening 402

12. Structures and Properties of Ceramics 414
Learning Objectives 415
12.1 Introduction 415

CERAMIC STRUCTURES 415
12.2 Crystal Structures 415
12.3 Silicate Ceramics 426
12.4 Carbon 430
12.5 Imperfections in Ceramics 434
12.6 Diffusion in Ionic Materials 438
12.7 Ceramic Phase Diagrams 439

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 442
12.8 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 442
12.9 Stress–Strain Behavior 447
12.10 Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation 449
12.11 Miscellaneous Mechanical Considerations 451

13. Applications and Processing of Ceramics 460
Learning Objectives 461
13.1 Introduction 461

TYPES AND APPLICATIONS OF CERAMICS 461
13.2 Glasses 461
13.3 Glass–Ceramics 462
13.4 Clay Products 463
13.5 Refractories 464
13.6 Abrasives 466
13.7 Cements 467
13.8 Advanced Ceramics 468

FABRICATION AND PROCESSING OF CERAMICS 471
13.9 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses and Glass–Ceramics 471
13.10 Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products 476
13.11 Powder Pressing 481
13.12 Tape Casting 484

14. Polymer Structures 489
Learning Objectives 490
14.1 Introduction 490
14.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules 490
14.3 Polymer Molecules 492
14.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 493
14.5 Molecular Weight 497
14.6 Molecular Shape 500
14.7 Molecular Structure 501
14.8 Molecular Configurations 503
14.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers 506
14.10 Copolymers 507
14.11 Polymer Crystallinity 508
14.12 Polymer Crystals 512
14.13 Defects in Polymers 514
14.14 Diffusion in Polymeric Materials 515

15. Characteristics, Applications, and Processing of Polymers 523
Learning Objectives 524
15.1 Introduction 524

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYMERS 524
15.2 Stress–Strain Behavior 524
15.3 Macroscopic Deformation 527
15.4 Viscoelastic Deformation 527
15.5 Fracture of Polymers 532
15.6 Miscellaneous Mechanical Characteristics 533

MECHANISMS OF DEFORMATION AND FOR STRENGTHENING OF POLYMERS 535
15.7 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers 535
15.8 Factors That Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers 538
15.9 Deformation of Elastomers 541

CRYSTALLIZATION, MELTING, AND GLASS TRANSITION PHENOMENA IN POLYMERS 544
15.10 Crystallization 544
15.11 Melting 545
15.12 The Glass Transition 545
15.13 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 546
15.14 Factors That Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 547

POLYMER TYPES 549
15.15 Plastics 549
15.16 Elastomers 552
15.17 Fibers 554
15.18 Miscellaneous Applications 555
15.19 Advanced Polymeric Materials 556

POLYMER SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING 560
15.20 Polymerization 561
15.21 Polymer Additives 563
15.22 Forming Techniques for Plastics 565
15.23 Fabrication of Elastomers 567
15.24 Fabrication of Fibers and Films 568

16. Composites 577
Learning Objectives 578
16.1 Introduction 578

PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 580
16.2 Large-Particle Composites 580
16.3 Dispersion-Strengthened
Composites 584

FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 585
16.4 Influence of Fiber Length 585
16.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration 586
16.6 The Fiber Phase 595
16.7 The Matrix Phase 596
16.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites 597
16.9 !l-Matrix Composites 603
16.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 605
16.11 Carbon–Carbon Composites 606
16.12 Hybrid Composites 607
16.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 607

STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES 610
16.14 Laminar Composites 610
16.15 Sandwich Panels 611

17. Corrosion and Degradation of Materials 621
Learning Objectives 622
17.1 Introduction 622

CORROSION OF !LS 622
17.2 Electrochemical Considerations 623
17.3 Corrosion Rates 630
17.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates 631
17.5 Passivity 638
17.6 Environmental Effects 640
17.7 Forms of Corrosion 640
17.8 Corrosion Environments 648
17.9 Corrosion Prevention 649
17.10 Oxidation 651

CORROSION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS 654

DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS 655
17.11 Swelling and Dissolution 655
17.12 Bond Rupture 657
17.13 Weathering 658

18. Electrical Properties 665
Learning Objectives 666
18.1 Introduction 666

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION 666
18.2 Ohm’s Law 666
18.3 Electrical Conductivity 667
18.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction 668
18.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids 668
18.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models 671
18.7 Electron Mobility 673
18.8 Electrical Resistivity of !ls 674
18.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys 677

SEMICONDUCTIVITY 679
18.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction 679
18.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction 682
18.12 The Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentration 686
18.13 Factors That Affect Carrier Mobility 688
18.14 The Hall Effect 692
18.15 Semiconductor Devices 694

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN IONIC CERAMICS AND IN POLYMERS 700
18.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials 701
18.17 Electrical Properties of Polymers 701

DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR 702
18.18 Capacitance 703
18.19 Field Vectors and Polarization 704
18.20 Types of Polarization 708
18.21 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant 709
18.22 Dielectric Strength 711
18.23 Dielectric Materials 711

OTHER ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS 711
18.24 Ferroelectricity 711
18.25 Piezoelectricity 712

19. Thermal Properties W1
Learning Objectives W2
19.1 Introduction W2
19.2 Heat Capacity W2
19.3 Thermal Expansion W4
19.4 Thermal Conductivity W7
19.5 Thermal Stresses W12

20. Magnetic Properties W19
Learning Objectives W20
20.1 Introduction W20
20.2 Basic Concepts W20
20.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism W24
20.4 Ferromagnetism W26
20.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism W28
20.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior W32
20.7 Domains and Hysteresis W33
20.8 Magnetic Anisotropy W37
20.9 Soft Magnetic Materials W38
20.10 Hard Magnetic Materials W41
20.11 Magnetic Storage W44
20.12 Superconductivity W47

21. Optical Properties W57
Learning Objectives W58
21.1 Introduction W58

BASIC CONCEPTS W58
21.2 Electromagnetic Radiation W58
21.3 Light Interactions with Solids W60
21.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions W61

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF !LS W62

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NON!LS W63
21.5 Refraction W63
21.6 Reflection W65
21.7 Absorption W65
21.8 Transmission W68
21.9 Color W69
21.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators W71

APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA W72
21.11 Luminescence W72
21.12 Photoconductivity W72
21.13 Lasers W75
21.14 Optical Fibers in Communications W79

22. Materials Selection and Design Considerations W86
Learning Objectives W87
22.1 Introduction W87

MATERIALS SELECTION FOR A TORSIONALLY STRESSED CYLINDRICAL SHAFT W87
22.2 Strength Considerations–Torsionally Stressed Shaft W88
22.3 Other Property Considerations and the Final Decision W93

AUTOMOTIVE VALVE SPRING W94
22.4 Mechanics of Spring Deformation W94
22.5 Valve Spring Design and Material Requirements W95
22.6 One Commonly Employed Steel Alloy W98

FAILURE OF AN AUTOMOBILE REAR AXLE W101
22.7 Introduction W101
22.8 Testing Procedure and Results W102
22.9 Discussion W108

ARTIFICIAL TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT W108
22.10 Anatomy of the Hip Joint W108
22.11 Material Requirements W111
22.12 Materials Employed W112

CHEMICAL PROTECTIVE CLOTHING W115
22.13 Introduction W115
22.14 Assessment of CPC Glove Materials to Protect Against Exposure to Methylene Chloride W115

MATERIALS FOR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PACKAGES W119
22.15 Introduction W119
22.16 Leadframe Design and Materials W120
22.17 Die Bonding W121
22.18 Wire Bonding W124
22.19 Package Encapsulation W125
22.20 Tape Automated Bonding W127

23. Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering W135
Learning Objectives W136
23.1 Introduction W136

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS W136
23.2 Component Design W137
23.3 Materials W137
23.4 Manufacturing Techniques W137

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL CONSIDERATIONS W137
23.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering W140

Appendix A The International System of Units A1

Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials A3
B.1 Density A3
B.2 Modulus of Elasticity A6
B.3 Poisson’s Ratio A10
B.4 Strength and Ductility A11
B.5 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness A16
B.6 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion A17
B.7 Thermal Conductivity A21
B.8 Specific Heat A24
B.9 Electrical Resistivity A26
B.10 !l Alloy Compositions A29

Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials A31

Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers A37

Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials A41

Glossary G0

Answers to Selected Problems S1

Index I1



Bütün şifreler / all passes: [b]stoki[/b]