set term cairolatex pdf
set output "data.tex"
set nokey
plot 'data.csv' using 1:2 with lines,

begin{figure}
  input{data.tex}
end{figure}

set format x "%.0s 10^%S"

! Missing $ inserted.
<inserted text>
$
l.129     gplbacktext

% GNUPLOT: LaTeX picture with Postscript
begingroup
  makeatletter
  providecommandcolor[2][]{%
    GenericError{(gnuplot) spacespacespace@spaces}{%
      Package color not loaded in conjunction with
      terminal option `colourtext'%
    }{See the gnuplot documentation for explanation.%
    }{Either use 'blacktext' in gnuplot or load the package
      color.sty in LaTeX.}%
    renewcommandcolor[2][]{}%
  }%
  providecommandincludegraphics[2][]{%
    GenericError{(gnuplot) spacespacespace@spaces}{%
      Package graphicx or graphics not loaded%
    }{See the gnuplot documentation for explanation.%
    }{The gnuplot epslatex terminal needs graphicx.sty or graphics.sty.}%
    renewcommandincludegraphics[2][]{}%
  }%
  providecommandrotatebox[2]{#2}%
  @ifundefined{ifGPcolor}{%
    newififGPcolor
    GPcolortrue
  }{}%
  @ifundefined{ifGPblacktext}{%
    newififGPblacktext
    GPblacktexttrue
  }{}%
  % define a g@addto@macro without @ in the name:
  letgplgaddtomacrog@addto@macro
  % define empty templates for all commands taking text:
  gdefgplbacktext{}%
  gdefgplfronttext{}%
  makeatother
  ifGPblacktext
    % no textcolor at all
    defcolorrgb#1{}%
    defcolorgray#1{}%
  else
    % gray or color?
    ifGPcolor
      defcolorrgb#1{color[rgb]{#1}}%
      defcolorgray#1{color[gray]{#1}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LTwendcsname{color{white}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LTbendcsname{color{black}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LTaendcsname{color{black}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LT0endcsname{color[rgb]{1,0,0}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LT1endcsname{color[rgb]{0,1,0}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LT2endcsname{color[rgb]{0,0,1}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LT3endcsname{color[rgb]{1,0,1}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LT4endcsname{color[rgb]{0,1,1}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LT5endcsname{color[rgb]{1,1,0}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LT6endcsname{color[rgb]{0,0,0}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LT7endcsname{color[rgb]{1,0.3,0}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LT8endcsname{color[rgb]{0.5,0.5,0.5}}%
    else
      % gray
      defcolorrgb#1{color{black}}%
      defcolorgray#1{color[gray]{#1}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LTwendcsname{color{white}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LTbendcsname{color{black}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LTaendcsname{color{black}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LT0endcsname{color{black}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LT1endcsname{color{black}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LT2endcsname{color{black}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LT3endcsname{color{black}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LT4endcsname{color{black}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LT5endcsname{color{black}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LT6endcsname{color{black}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LT7endcsname{color{black}}%
      expandafterdefcsname LT8endcsname{color{black}}%
    fi
  fi
    setlength{unitlength}{0.0500bp}%
    ifxgptboxheightundefined%
      newlength{gptboxheight}%
      newlength{gptboxwidth}%
      newsavebox{gptboxtext}%
    fi%
    setlength{fboxrule}{0.5pt}%
    setlength{fboxsep}{1pt}%
begin{picture}(7200.00,4320.00)%
    gplgaddtomacrogplbacktext{%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(1155,595){makebox(0,0)[r]{strut{}$-0.00016$}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(1155,1035){makebox(0,0)[r]{strut{}$-0.00014$}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(1155,1475){makebox(0,0)[r]{strut{}$-0.00012$}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(1155,1915){makebox(0,0)[r]{strut{}$-0.0001$}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(1155,2355){makebox(0,0)[r]{strut{}$-8times10^{-5}$}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(1155,2795){makebox(0,0)[r]{strut{}$-6times10^{-5}$}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(1155,3235){makebox(0,0)[r]{strut{}$-4times10^{-5}$}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(1155,3675){makebox(0,0)[r]{strut{}$-2times10^{-5}$}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(1155,4115){makebox(0,0)[r]{strut{}$0$}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(1257,409){makebox(0,0){strut{}1 10^-6}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(1826,409){makebox(0,0){strut{}11 10^-6}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(2396,409){makebox(0,0){strut{}21 10^-6}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(2965,409){makebox(0,0){strut{}31 10^-6}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(3534,409){makebox(0,0){strut{}41 10^-6}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(4103,409){makebox(0,0){strut{}51 10^-6}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(4673,409){makebox(0,0){strut{}61 10^-6}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(5242,409){makebox(0,0){strut{}71 10^-6}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(5811,409){makebox(0,0){strut{}81 10^-6}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(6381,409){makebox(0,0){strut{}91 10^-6}}%
    }%
    gplgaddtomacrogplfronttext{%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(144,2355){rotatebox{-270}{makebox(0,0){strut{}Bias Currents [A]}}}%
      csname LTbendcsname%
      put(4075,130){makebox(0,0){strut{}M1 width [um]}}%
    }%
    gplbacktext
    put(0,0){includegraphics{thresholdReferenceCurrentSource_W1vsW2_10samples}}%
    gplfronttext
  end{picture}%
endgroup

This is LuaTeX, Version 1.0.4 (TeX Live 2017/Debian)
gnuplot 5.0 patchlevel 7