00:00
mood differs from aspect and tense in
00:02
that it expresses a speaker's
00:04
perspective toward what they're saying
00:06
the term mood is often used to refer to
00:08
both grammatical mood and modality to
00:10
similar yet subtly different ideas
00:13
grammatical mood is the grammatical
00:15
expression of various modalities
00:17
modality is the meaning conveyed by
00:19
those grammatical expressions for now
00:21
let's focus on modality human languages
00:24
feature many many many many different
00:27
flavors of modality starting on the Left
00:29
branch propositional modalities are
00:31
concerned with the reliability of a
00:32
speaker statements languages usually
00:34
deal with propositional modality in one
00:36
of two ways epistemically or evidentiary
00:39
at the stomach modality from the Greek
00:41
for knowledge deals with the judgments
00:44
speakers make based on what they know or
00:46
belief compare Malcolm may be at home
00:49
now Malcolm must be at home now Malcolm
00:52
will be at home now Malcolm may be at
00:55
home now is an example of speculative
00:57
modality from the speaker's point of
00:58
view Malcolm may or may not be at home
01:00
they are unsure speculating
01:03
ergo speculative modality is frequently
01:06
used to express uncertainty Malcolm must
01:09
be at home now
01:10
is an example of deductive modality
01:12
deductive modality implies inference
01:14
from observable evidence and at least in
01:16
English signals that the speaker is
01:18
confident in their conclusions may with
01:21
lights around in Malcolm's house and his
01:23
car is parked outside
01:24
ergo the speaker doose's that the most
01:26
reasonable if not the only possible
01:29
conclusion is that Malcolm is indeed at
01:31
home and finally Malcolm will be at home
01:34
now is an example of a sort of modality
01:36
which deals with inference from what is
01:38
generally known maybe it's the weekend
01:40
and it's generally known that Malcolm
01:42
doesn't work weekends so it would be
01:44
reasonable to assume that he is at home
01:46
albeit he could very well be away
01:48
visiting family or something
01:49
sidenote English's will also signals
01:51
future tense and future habitue ality
01:53
and a whole bunch of other stuff english
01:55
future is seriously moody remember -
01:58
anyways that essentially is the
02:00
epistemic speculative epistemic
02:02
deductive and epistemic assumptive dawn
02:05
speculating deducing and assuming based
02:08
on what a speaker knows or believes in
02:11
contrast evidential modality deals with
02:13
evidence speaker has to back up their
02:15
claims generally broken into linguistic
02:17
evidence reported modality or observable
02:20
evidence sensory modality in Vasu
02:23
there's a distinction between whether
02:24
the speaker's info came from a known
02:26
source or an unknown source
02:31
similarly in central pomo a speaker can
02:34
use general knowledge or establish fact
02:36
to support their claims these are
02:40
examples of reported two reported three
02:43
and reported Jen modality secondhand
02:45
evidence aka hearsay from a known source
02:48
third hand evidence aka hearsay from an
02:51
unknown source and evidence from
02:53
folklore established oral traditions
02:54
evidence from general knowledge not
02:56
anything
02:57
all of these are subtypes of reported
03:00
modality on the sensory side in gamba
03:02
has a marker for sensory evidence and
03:04
it's used for all five senses so it's
03:06
got this sort of general sensory thing
03:08
going on
03:11
[Music]
03:16
whereas chuka has one marker for sight
03:19
and another for all the other senses
03:22
that is to say it features visual
03:24
modality and non visual modality
03:26
furthermore central pomo has a dedicated
03:29
auditory marker now no language has
03:31
specific markers for senses other than
03:33
seeing and hearing but cassia has a
03:36
catch-all marker that can be used as
03:38
signal non visual non auditory evidence
03:42
visual non visual and auditory modality
03:45
are all subtypes of sensory modality
03:48
side note the dr. modality and
03:50
assumptive modality can be both
03:51
epistemic or evidential one can deduce
03:54
and assume from one's own judgment or
03:56
from evidence
03:57
anyways evidential modality dawn now for
04:01
the right branch event modality is
04:03
concerned with events that have not
04:05
taken place but potentially might
04:07
deontic mortality from the green fur it
04:09
is needed or necessary deals with
04:11
obligations and permissions coming from
04:13
an external source like another person
04:16
for example on the other hand dynamic
04:18
modality deals with ability and
04:19
willingness coming internally from the
04:21
speaker's themselves compared Zoe may /
04:24
can go now and Zoe must / has to go now
04:27
the first suggests that Zoe has been
04:29
given permission to go although it will
04:31
be perfectly acceptable if she didn't
04:33
permissive modality whereas the second
04:36
suggests that Zoe is obliged to gold and
04:38
not going would be a bad call in her
04:41
part a blicket of modality and finally
04:43
Cammisa fidelity indicates a speaker's
04:45
commitment to do stuff usually found in
04:47
promises or trends haben shall have the
04:50
book tomorrow hogan shall do as he's
04:52
told or else
04:54
jian take a blicket of the antic
04:56
permissive and the antique emissive dawn
04:58
now a billet of modality expresses well
05:01
ability and volatile modality deals with
05:04
willingness
05:05
Inara can run fast in our will let you
05:09
stay in the first statement in era has
05:11
not been given permission to run fast
05:13
rodder she has the ability to do so a
05:15
bit of mortality the second could be
05:17
referring to an hour's willingness to
05:19
let people stay in her house volatile
05:21
mortality simple dynamic a bit of and
05:24
dynamic volatile dawn and modality
05:27
treetops
05:28
oh yeah the extra
05:29
consider the role May plays in a
05:32
sentence like Jane may be rich but he's
05:35
not happy May here is not speculative
05:37
it's being used to presuppose Jane's
05:40
riches as in hey we bought know Jane is
05:42
loaded right well it turns out he's not
05:45
happy
05:45
that is to say this use of May in this
05:48
context indicates presuppose modality as
05:51
mentioned earlier the future is the
05:53
moodiest of the tenses will and shall
05:55
both express future time alongside
05:57
various other modalities even languages
06:00
with infected future tenses often employ
06:02
modality to signal future time like for
06:05
example French or Italian in some
06:12
languages negative statements and
06:13
questions interrogative statements carry
06:16
the same modality in imbabura Quechua
06:18
the critic Chu is used for both now
06:23
Mandarin has this badass feature that
06:25
lets speaker negate both the modal verb
06:28
and/or the main verb of a statement
06:30
depending on what the speaker wants to
06:32
say in other words I can't go I'm
06:34
capable of not going and I'm not capable
06:37
of not going which is awesome because
06:39
like in most other languages like
06:41
English if you negate the modal verb you
06:43
negate the whole statement Cayley can go
06:46
Cayley can't go commands like come in
06:48
and don't worry about it are known as
06:50
imperatives Cheyenne has two kinds of
06:53
imperatives commands that are to be
06:55
carried out immediately and those to be
06:57
carried out later it also has a separate
06:59
Joseph form Joseph's are like
07:01
imperatives just aimed at first and
07:03
third persons conditional modality deals
07:08
with if this bend apt type statements if
07:10
you heat the water to a hundred degrees
07:12
it will boil
07:13
if Simon wins people will cheer if River
07:16
won the lottery she would go on holidays
07:18
the first is an implicit of conditional
07:21
basically if this holds then so does -
07:24
the second is a predictive conditional
07:26
if this were to happen then that would
07:29
also help and the last one is a
07:30
counterfactual conditional where a
07:32
situation is dependent on a false or
07:35
unlikely condition
07:36
English uses a whole bunch words convey
07:38
nuance conditional meanings utter
07:40
languages like cattle you
07:42
conditional moods purpose of modality
07:48
marks while purpose like in Spanish here
07:50
as in the purpose behind me lending the
07:53
money is so that he can buy a ticket
07:54
Australian languages love themselves
07:57
some purpose of modality for the most
07:59
part it's used for obligations of all
08:01
things like in this example from gamba
08:04
however Namba also uses it to express
08:07
indirect man's now warning this next
08:12
example is a bit intense apologize it's
08:13
all I could find
08:14
gerbil uses the purpose of in main
08:16
clauses to suggest a result from an
08:18
unknown cause in a Dean it can be used
08:23
to express purpose and to indicate a
08:25
natural result
08:26
[Music]
08:28
now why obligations indirect commands
08:31
and results should be marked as
08:33
purposive is a little mind-bending at
08:35
first but think about like this there is
08:37
a purpose it be doing this thing
08:39
obligation there's a purpose in you
08:41
doing this thing indirect commands there
08:44
is a purpose in this thing happening
08:46
result oh and speaking of results
08:48
resulted in modality specifically deals
08:51
with results like in the Latin here a
08:54
good analogy to demonstrate the
08:56
differences between purpose of modality
08:58
and results of modality is to be found
09:01
in the English statements shepard worked
09:03
hard so that he became rich shepard
09:05
worked hard so that he should become
09:07
rich in the first statement the result
09:09
is riches whereas in the second the
09:12
purpose for the hard work is the riches
09:14
but we don't know if Shepard ever
09:16
actually achieve that result result
09:18
emphasised purpose emphasized desire
09:21
ative and timet of mortality expresses
09:23
wishes desires fears etc here is an
09:26
example of desired of modality in fula
09:28
and here's an example of Timbers of
09:31
mortality in lap interestingly the
09:35
communication of fears in classical
09:37
Greek is so moody that we can ditch the
09:39
verb of fearing altogether and the
09:41
meaning of the statement doesn't change
09:43
the fearing part is totally implied it's
09:46
pretty sweet and finally some languages
09:48
treat habitual actions in the past as
09:50
modal like how in English one might say
09:52
we would go for a walk most
09:54
begins pretty straightforward but it
09:57
gets a little too weird in the next
09:59
video I'm gonna cover realice and
10:00
areolas moods but for now when I say
10:03
realice think real factual etc and when
10:06
I say array Alice think unreal
10:08
non-factual and so on
10:10
gosh okay in bargain the habitual past
10:14
is treated as unreal which is really
10:19
weird
10:20
given that the past is anything but like
10:22
the past happened it's real it's factual
10:26
so why wouldn't you treat it as real
10:28
bargain turns out this statement is both
10:30
real and unreal it's an example of
10:33
hybrid modality the quote real part
10:35
being the fact that the speaker has a
10:37
surface that the habitual action did in
10:39
fact occur the quote unreal Park is the
10:42
fact that the statement lacks things
10:43
like specific temper references specific
10:46
evidence etc etc bargain that right
10:49
there is brilliantly bonkers do you know
10:51
what else is brilliantly bonkers the
10:52
length of this video so it would be best
10:55
if I finished up here although I could
10:58
keep talking about modality if I were to
11:00
though you may get bored so I shall be
11:04
on my way
11:04
[Music]
11:06
good morning interweb Happy New Year he
11:08
says on the last day of January sources
11:11
mood a modality by Fr Parma links in the
11:14
description great book also the advanced
11:17
language construction tip by Mark
11:18
Rosenfeld links in the description to
11:20
another great book thank you all so much
11:23
for watching and a massive thanks goes
11:25
out to all the wonderful patrons in
11:27
particular isaac silver and russia here
11:29
robin hilton world i'm the rip to pass a
11:32
and john we're new year new cloaks i
11:34
want to give another shout out to world
11:36
anvil if you're the type of world
11:38
builder who has bits of your world
11:39
building on paper and in various hard
11:41
drives and then various docks and it
11:43
kind of infuriates you that it's not in
11:45
a centralized place go check out world
11:47
an but it's an online resource where you
11:49
can store create and manage all your
11:51
world building leads so far everyone who
11:54
has gone over to world anvil based on
11:56
these videos has been super happy with
11:57
us so yeah go check it out links in
12:00
description
12:00
tell them edgar sent you and until next
12:02
time a grouch