2015-04-14 Structure: real conditionals

Greg Malivuk
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http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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Conditionals: sentences with an if-clause

If it rains, I bring my umbrella.
If you are from Brazil, you probably speak Portuguese.
If you are in this level, you need Focus on Grammar 4.

These are called Present Real Conditionals: They are about the present, and they are about real situations that sometimes happen.

if + [present tense], [present tense]
If      it rains,     I bring an umbrella. (always)
If      you study,    you get a better grade. (always)
= When  you study,    you get a better grade.
(for present real conditionals, “if” = “when”)
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Future Real Conditional (First Conditional): About the future, and real situations that can happen.

If you study tonight, you will get a better grade on the test tomorrow.
If you study more, you will get better grades in the future.

If you walk under a ladder, you will have bad luck.
If a black cat crosses your path, you will have bad luck.
If you break a mirror, you will have 7 years of bad luck.
If you spill salt, you will have bad luck.
If you throw some salt over your shoulder, you will avoid the bad luck.
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p. 356
Statements like these, about good/bad luck, are superstitions.
Do you carry or wear anything that makes you feel lucky?
(like a rabbit’s foot or a 4-leaf clover)
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  Your lucky pen will be powerless unless you study.
= Your lucky pen will be powerless if you don’t study.

(Look at the punctuation:)
Unless you study, your lucky pen will be powerless.
If you don’t study, your lucky pen will be powerless.
Your lucky pen will be powerless unless you study.
Your lucky pen will be powerless if you don’t study.

if + [present tense], [future tense]
If you knock on wood, you will keep bad luck away.
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p. 360 exercise 1
A - match the conditions with the results
B - What sentences from A are superstitions?
part A
1 d
2 e
3 f
4 a
5 c
6 b
part B
1 If I lend someone my baseball bat, I won’t hit a home run.
2 If I give my boyfriend a new pair of shoes, he’ll walk out of the relationship.
3 If I use my lucky pen, I’ll get 100 percent on the test.
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If you study, you will get a high grade.
If you don’t study, you will get a low grade.
Unless you study, you will get a low grade.
(= “You will get a low grade” is the problem, “you study” is the solution.)

You will get wet unless you bring an umbrella.
You will be very tired unless you go to sleep early.
You may get a bad grade unless you study.
You can be arrested unless you pay your parking ticket.
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Exercise 2 (with a partner)
1 Unless
2 unless (“stop worrying” is the solution to “I won’t be able to sleep”)
3 If
4 If
5 if
6 if (This is why we can’t clean, because then we will get a bad grade.)
7 If
8 unless (= No one will hire me if I don’t pass.)
9 Unless
10 If
11 if
12 If
13 if
14 if
15 unless
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If you study, you will pass the test.
(Some people may pass the test without studying.)
If you are Brazilian, you probably speak Portuguese.
(Some people speak Portuguese who are not Brazilian.)

You will pass the test only if you study.
(No one can pass the test without studying. Studying is the only way to pass.)
FALSE: You speak Portuguese only if you are Brazilian.
(False because many other people speak Portuguese who are not Brazilian.)

Even if you study, you won’t pass the test.
(The test is too difficult. You definitely won’t pass. Studying won’t help.)
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The grammar is the same for “if”, “only if”, “even if”, and “unless”:
Present tense for the condition. (The condition is the if-clause.)
Future tense for the result. (The result is the main clause.)
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p. 361 exercise 3
1 spill
2 ‘ll have
3 washes
4 will rain
5 walk
6 will have
7 sweep
8 will sweep
(finish this for homework)
p. 362 exercise 4
1 If you work for ZY3, you’re not going to be happy. You’re going to be miserable.
(finish this for homework)
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Present Real = “zeroth conditional” - Unit 21
Future Real = First Conditional - Unit 22
Present/Future Unreal = Second Conditional - Unit 23
Past Unreal = Third Conditional - Unit 24
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Homework: p. 361-362 finish exercises 3 and 4