2015-04-23 Structure: present & past perfect

Greg Malivuk
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http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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Homework: p. 32-33, exercises 3 and 4
	(in exercise 3, if more than one answer is correct, write both correct answers)
exercise 3
A
2 bought
3 was (age 10 is finished)
4 took (“at first” = at the beginning = finished)
5 changed
6 has been shooting / has shot
7 has competed (she is not in three right now, but she might do more this year)
8 won (last month is finished)
B
1 began
2 got
3 hasn’t stopped (“stop” happens once, quickly. you can’t “be stopping” something)
4 became / has become (we don’t really say a specific time when it became, so present perfect is probably better here)
5 joined
6 have performed / have been performing
7 have given (“so far” almost always needs a perfect tense, because it means the time is unfinished)
C
1 found
2 has worked / has been working
3 saved
4 got (this is also “at first”)
5 began
6 has bought / has been buying
7     traded /          trading (same tense as 6)
8 has found
recently, lately, by now, so far, since - these connect to the present, so we probably use present perfect
first, then, next, after that, immediately - these connect to the thing that happened before, so we use simple past
p. 33 exercise 4
- I’ve joined a climbing club (“join” is finished, “this year” is not finished)
- have been following / have followed
- I haven’t written to you before
- I know you climbed...many years ago
- you’ve been traveling / you’ve traveled
- I saw an article
- You’ve become famous
- since you started your project
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Never have I ever… = I have never…
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p. 38
classical music (the style from the 18th and 19th centuries)
classic rock, classic cars, classic movies (from the earlier 20th century)
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orchestra - ‘ch’ has a /k/ sound in this word
cello - ‘c’ has a ch sound in this word
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He is “the People’s Conductor”. Why?
- He is from a “low” or common background, and helps others from a similar background.
(He did *not* grow up in a wealthy family and go to an expensive music school to learn how to be a conductor.)
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past perfect = had + past participle
past perfect progressive = had + been + verb(ing)
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He had already started taking music lessons by the early age of four.
= He started music lessons before another thing in the past (age four).

(Now,) I have lived in Boston for 7 years.
In 2013, when I started at BAE, I had lived in Boston for 5 years.
(I’m focused on a specific time in the past, January of 2013, so everything that happened before then is in past perfect.)

- Very common in stories. The main actions are in the simple past, and every time someone remembers things it’s in the past perfect.
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p. 43 - do exercise 1 with a partner
2 F (“had been explaining” = unfinished action) [“he had chosen” = finished action]
3 ? (We know they were selling tickets from 3:00 until 4:00, but we don’t know anything about after 4:00.)
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Homework: p. 37 (all) and finish p. 43 exercise 1