Substack Notes

[1] Federici, S., ‘The Imaginary Society: Women of 1381’ Journal of British Studies 40/2 (2001), pp. 159-183

[2] Lerner, G., Why History Matters (Oxford, 1997), p153.

[3] Owst, G. R., Literature and the Pulpit, (Oxford, 1961), p558.

[4] D. R. Carlson, ‘Gower’s Beast Allegories in the 1381 Visio Anglie’ Philological Quarterly 87/3 (2008), p263.

[5] H. Swenson, ‘Attending to Beasts Irrational in Gower’s Visio Anglie’ in R. H. Godden, A. S. Mittman, MDPMW (2019), p171.

[6] ‘Edward III: January 1377’ Parliament Rolls of Medieval England, eds. C. Given-Wilson et al (Woodbridge, 2005), p7.

[7] “As sense and wisdom [teach us], one must not seek to rise arrogantly above one's nature!” from Petkov, K., ‘Bom Orgoilloz Ne Puet Longues Durer: Mobility, Arrogance, and Class in the Old French Fabliaux’ Exemplaria, 18/1 (2006), p151.

[8] Owst, LP, p554.

[9] Ibid., p301.

[10] Ibid., p300.

[11] Ibid., p558.

[12] Barr, H., Socioliterary Practice in Late Medieval England (Oxford, 2001), p142.

[13] Owen, N. H., ‘“Redde racionem villicacionis tue”, Mediaeval Studies 28 (1966), p178.

[14] W Wyclif, J., ‘On the Pastoral Office’ in M. Spinka ed. and tr., Advocates of Reform (London, 1953), p35.

[15] The Riverside Chaucer, ed. L. Benson (Oxford, 1987), p197.

[16] Nolan, B., ‘“A Poet Ther Was": Chaucer's Voices in the General Prologue to the Canterbury Tales’ PMLA 101/2 (1986), p155.

[17] RC, p195

[18] Ibid., p196.

[19] Barr, Socioliterary Practice, p116.

[20] RC, p253.

[21] Ibid., p28.

[22] Ibid.,, p32.

[23] Freeman, P., ‘The Representation of Medieval Peasants as Bestial and as Human’ in A. Creager and W. C. Jordan (eds) The Animal/Human Boundary: Historical Perspectives (Rochester, 2002), p35.

[24] Alaimo, S., Exposed: Environmental Politics and Pleasures in Posthuman Times (Minneapolis, 2016), p3.

[25] Knight, S., ‘The Voice of Labour in Fourteenth-Century English Literature’ in J. Bothwell & W. M. Ormrod (eds) The Problem of Labour in Fourteenth Century England (York, 2000), p104.

[26] The Major Latin Works of John Gower, ed. and trans. E.W. Stockton (Seattle, 1962), p54.

[27] Ibid., pp. 51-52.

[28] Swenson, ‘Beasts Irrational’, p169.

[29] JG, p52.

[30] Bardsley, S., Venomous Tongues: speech and gender in late medieval England (Philadelphia, 2006), pp. 26-44.

[31] Perry, K., ‘Unpicking the Seam: Talking Animals and Reader Pleasure in Early Modern Satire’ in E. Fudge (ed) Renaissance Beasts: Of Animals, Humans, and Other Wonderful Creatures (Urbana, 2004), p23.

[32] JG, p67, 58, 67, 78, 67.

[33] Froissart, J., Chronicles, trans. G. Brereton (Harmondsworth, 1968), p187.

[34] Ibid., p187.

[35] JG, p65.

[36] Ibid., p65. My italics.

[37] Watt, D., Amoral Gower (Minneapolis, 2003), p28.

[38] Philips, K., ‘Masculinities and the Medieval English Sumptuary Laws’ Gender and History 19/1 (2007), p24

[39] Ibid., p33.

[40] JG, p94.

[41] The St Albans Chronicle, Vol. I: 1376-1394, trans. J. Taylor, W. Childs & L. Watkiss (Oxford, 2003), p454.

[42] Froissart, Chronicles, p263.

[43] Ormrod, W.M., ‘In Bed with Joan of Kent: The King’s Mother and the Peasants’ Revolt’ in A. Hutchison et al (ed) Medieval Women - Texts and Contexts in Late Medieval Britain (Turnhout, 2000), p283.

[44] Ormrod, ‘Joan of Kent’, pp. 278-282.

[45] Butler, J., Bodies that matter: on the discursive limits of sex (New York, 1993), p83.

[46] Ormrod, ‘Joan of Kent’, p278.

[47] JG, p57.

[48] Peter Lilley speech to Tory conference 1992 – “I have a little list”, YouTube (recorded 9 Oct. 1992, uploaded 18 Oct. 2011)

 (4 Jan. 2022).

[49] JG, p62. My italics.