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Demography (Jewish Studies)

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  1.  
  2. Introduction
  3. Demography is the quantitative study of human populations. There remains a question as to whether it is an autonomous social science. In any case, it draws from and serves the social sciences and a variety of other disciplines, including history, geography, epidemiology, and public health. Demography’s roots go back to the earliest recorded history, when censuses were conducted for such essential purposes as taxation and military service, among others. Jewish demography or demography of the Jews can be of the world Jewish population or of the Jewish population in a particular place. Most studies are of Jewish populations in particular places. Though the ultimate purposes for which the studies were undertaken may have differed, the immediate objective has almost always been to measure the group’s size. As the discipline of demography developed and continues to develop, it is increasingly apparent that a group’s size is affected by, and can have an effect on, a complex of factors including, migration, fertility, and mortality patterns; marriage and divorce patterns; education, occupation, and income patterns; and communal identification patterns. Jewish tradition, as well as those of many other cultures, condemns the counting of individuals, and the Bible explicitly asserts plagues as punishments for carrying out censuses by counting heads (Exodus 30:12 and 2 Samuel 24). In his study Folk-Lore in the Old Testament, the Scottish social anthropologist James G. Frazer (b. 1854–d. 1941) suggests that the biblical objection to a census is part of a widespread aversion “many ignorant people feel” toward being counted, and is also common among blacks in Africa as well as among others in North Africa, the Western Pacific, various Native American tribes in North America, and also in several European countries. Be that as it may, a census was necessary for the military draft and for the distribution of land (Numbers 1 and 26), and the Bible prescribes an indirect method, via the half-shekel, to obtain the necessary count (Exodus 30). While not necessarily counting heads, Jews have a long history of interest in the numbers and well-being of the group. The counting apparently posed no ideological problem because any censuses that were conducted were undertaken under non-Jewish auspices. Demographic data on Jews have been the most readily available in counties such as those in eastern Europe, where the national censuses included information concerning religion. In countries such as the United States and a number in western Europe, where separation of religion precludes government inquiry into religious affiliation, information is now typically obtained from self-studies conducted by organized local Jewish communities. Canada is an exception, and the Canadian census has included a question on religion since at least the beginning of the 20th century.
  4.  
  5. Origins and General Overviews
  6. Scholars point to the German Jewish historian Leopold Zunz (b. 1794–d. 1886) as the forerunner of Jewish demography. He and several colleagues founded the first organization of what came to be the field of academic Jewish studies, the Verein fur Cultur und Wissenschaft der Juden (The Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews), and he edited its journal, the Zeitschrift fur die Wissenschaft des Judenthums (Journal for the Science of Judaism), in one issue of which he published a detailed listing of his vision of the components of a demography (“statistic”) of the Jews (Zunz 1823). A subsequent impetus for a demography of the Jews was the effort to gain social and political rights for European Jewry and Zionism’s assertion of the need for a homeland. A major step in this direction was in the work of a sociologist who was appointed director of the Bureau for Jewish Statistics and Demography in Berlin, Arthur Ruppin (b. 1876–d. 1943), who wrote the first major demographic and sociological study of the impact of emancipation upon the Jews (Ruppin 1913). He provided a perspective on assimilation which was later echoed by many American sociologists. In the decades after the establishment of the Bureau in Berlin, numerous other Jewish demographic and social scientific endeavors were undertaken. Notable among these were the establishment by the American Jewish Committee of the Bureau of Jewish Statistics and Research, in 1914, and the establishment in 1925 of the Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut (Yiddish Scientific Institute), now known as YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, in Vilna (Wilno or Vilnius––now Lithuania, then Poland). One of YIVO’s founders was Jacob Lestchinsky, a social scientist and demographer who developed and headed its Economic-Statistical Section and edited YIVO’s Bleter far idisher demografye, statistik, un ekonomik from 1923–1925, and its Shriftn far ekonomik un statistik from 1928 to 1932. After immigrating to New York in 1938, he continued to conduct studies for YIVO and other Jewish organizations, especially the Institute of Jewish Affairs of the World Jewish Congress. In 1914, the American Jewish Committee (AJC) established the Bureau of Jewish Statistics and Research to collect and study data on the social, cultural and religious aspects of Jews in the United States. In 1919, the AJC Bureau merged with the Bureau of Philanthropic Research and the Field Bureau of the National Conference of Jewish Charities, and became the Bureau of Jewish Social Research. Its goal was to study the condition of American Jewry, to improve its philanthropic administration, and to serve as a data bank and clearing house for sociological information on Jews around the world. In addition to the works Zunz 1823 and Ruppin 1913, Bachi 1997, DellaPergola 2002, DellaPergola 2011, and Goldscheider and Zuckerman 1984 are the richest introductions to the broad field of Jewish demography, whereas Hart 2000 provides an analysis of the field’s ideological origins and development.
  7.  
  8. Bachi, Roberto. “Personal Recollections on the History of Research in Jewish Demography.” In Papers in Jewish Demography 1993. Paper presented at the 11th World Congress of Jewish Studies, Jerusalem, June 1993. Edited by Sergio DellaPergola and Judith Even, 33–37. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1997.
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  11.  
  12. The founder of Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics and the Department of Demography and Statistics at Hebrew University’s Institute of Contemporary Jewry reflects on the development of Jewish demography during the 20th century.
  13.  
  14. Find this resource:
  15.  
  16. DellaPergola, Sergio. “Demography.” In The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies. Edited by Martin Goodman, 797–823. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  17.  
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  19.  
  20. A comprehensive overview of the field, Jewish patterns around the world, and the key definitional, perspective, and ideological issues.
  21.  
  22. Find this resource:
  23.  
  24. DellaPergola, Sergio. Jewish Demographic Policies: Population Trends and Options in Israel and in the Diaspora. Jerusalem: Jewish People Policy Planning Institute, 2011.
  25.  
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  27.  
  28. Surveys major Jewish demographic trends worldwide and presents policy recommendations to meet what the author views as the major contemporary demographic challenges.
  29.  
  30. Find this resource:
  31.  
  32. Goldscheider, Calvin, and Alan S. Zuckerman. The Transformation of the Jews. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
  33.  
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  35.  
  36. The authors analyze Jewish communal patterns in various historical and national contexts, and emphasize the structural rather than cultural factors which contributed to the successful adaptation of the immigrant Jews upon their arrival in the United States.
  37.  
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  39.  
  40. Hart, Mitchell B. Social Science and the Politics of Modern Jewish Identity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.
  41.  
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  43.  
  44. This is the most comprehensive analysis of the origins of and developments within Jewish demography and Jewish social science.
  45.  
  46. Find this resource:
  47.  
  48. Ruppin, Arthur. The Jews of To-day. Translated by Margery Bentwich. New York: Henry Holt, 1913.
  49.  
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  51.  
  52. The first major demographic and sociological study of the impact of emancipation upon the Jews, it provided a perspective on assimilation which was later echoed by many American sociologists. Introduced by Joseph Jacobs.
  53.  
  54. Find this resource:
  55.  
  56. Zunz, Leopold. “Grundlinien zu einer Künftigen Statistik der Juden.” Zeitschrift fur die Wissenschaft des Judenthums 1.3 (1823): 523–532.
  57.  
  58. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  59.  
  60. A detailed listing of the author’s vision of the components of a demography (“statistic”) of the Jews. Although grandiose, his outline planted the seeds for the field of Jewish demography.
  61.  
  62. Find this resource:
  63.  
  64. Techniques for Estimating
  65. After the biblical period and until the advent of communal self studies, creative but not highly reliable techniques were devised for estimating the Jewish population. For example, the historian Hyman Grinstein in 1945 estimated size of New York City’s Jewish population during the years 1695–1859 based largely on the number of seats in the synagogues. Another, a 1925 Jewish Communal Survey of Greater New York, conducted by the Bureau of Jewish Social Research (New York Bureau of Jewish Social Research 1928), used a combination of two methods for its data on New York’s Jewish population. It calculated the number of children absent from school on Yom Kippur to estimate the size of the total Jewish population, and it analyzed death certificates to calculate the Jewish mortality rate and its patterns. Changes over times were shown by comparing the 1925 data with similar data from a decade earlier. More recently, Stampfer 1986 suggested several new and more reliable data sources for estimating the various Jewish populations in eastern Europe between the 18th and the early 20th centuries. Another technique used in American Jewish survey research was that of “distinctive Jewish name” (DJN). Himmelfarb, et al. 1983 was among those works that argued for its relatively high reliability, whereas Lazerwitz 1986 and Abrahamson 1986 among others emphasized its limitations. Kosmin and Waterman 1989 discuss the reliability of the use of DJNs for survey research in England. A variety of “proxy indicators” for estimating the size of American Jewish populations are discussed in Kosmin, et al. 1988. With the establishment of the State of Israel, the question of the halakhic permissibility of a census there has been discussed and debated, for example, in Bleich 1984 and Gutel 2007. In the United States, where data are gathered under the auspices of communal agencies, religious issues never developed, especially because there is no head counting and what is involved are surveys and samples. The three National Jewish Population Surveys which, since the 1970s, have been the major sources of contemporary data on Jews in the United States, were all sponsored by the major communal organization of American Jewry, initially called the Council of Jewish Federations (CJF), then the United Jewish Communities (UJC) and currently, the Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA).
  66.  
  67. Abrahamson, Mark. “The Unreliability of DJN Techniques.” Contemporary Jewry 7.1 (January 1986): 93–98.
  68.  
  69. DOI: 10.1007/BF02967945Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  70.  
  71. Based on an analysis of the Jewish population of Hartford, Connecticut, found that DJN is a worthless technique for estimating local Jewish populations.
  72.  
  73. Find this resource:
  74.  
  75. Bleich, J. David. “The Halachic Controversy Concerning the Israeli Census.” Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society 8 (1984): 62–86.
  76.  
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  78.  
  79. Surveys rabbinic opinions on the issue of religious permissibility of conducting a census in Israel.
  80.  
  81. Find this resource:
  82.  
  83. Gutel, Neria M. “Ideology as a Halachic Base? Overt Halacha and Covert Statement in the Religious Laws of the Census.” In Bedarkhei Shalom: Studies in Jewish Thought Presented to Shalom Rosenberg. Edited by Benjamin Ish-Shalom, 433–451. Jerusalem: Beit Morasha, 2007.
  84.  
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  86.  
  87. In Hebrew. Shows the relationship between a rabbinic decision on the religious permissibility of the census in Israel and the decisor’s ideology concerning the religious status of the State of Israel.
  88.  
  89. Find this resource:
  90.  
  91. Himmelfarb, Harold S., R. Michael Loar, and Susan H. Mott. “Sampling by Ethnic Surnames: The Case of American Jews.” Public Opinion Quarterly 47.2 (Summer 1983): 247–260.
  92.  
  93. DOI: 10.1086/268783Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  94.  
  95. Their analysis of data from the 1970–1971 National Jewish Population Survey found that the differences between Jews with distinctive Jewish names and other Jews in the American population are very slight and that the DJN technique yields more reliable results than data obtained from samples from Jewish organizational membership lists.
  96.  
  97. Find this resource:
  98.  
  99. Kosmin, Barry A., Paul Ritterband, and Jeffrey Scheckner. “Counting Jewish Populations: Methods and Problems.” American Jewish Year Book 88 (1988): 204–221.
  100.  
  101. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  102.  
  103. Discusses some basic difficulties in counting Jews, including a variety of proxy indicators as well as samples, deciding who is a Jew, how to count Jews who do not identify themselves to the survey researcher as Jewish. Concludes with a suggestion for improving methodology.
  104.  
  105. Find this resource:
  106.  
  107. Kosmin, Barry A., and Stanley Waterman. “The Use and Misuse of Distinctive Jewish Names in Research on Jewish Populations.” In Papers in Jewish Demography 1985. Paper presented at the 9th World Congress of Jewish Studies, Jerusalem, August, 1985. Edited by U. O. Schmeltz and S. DellaPergola, 1–9. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1989.
  108.  
  109. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  110.  
  111. Discusses some of the difficulties of using the DJN technique for social research on Jews in Britain.
  112.  
  113. Find this resource:
  114.  
  115. Lazerwitz, Bernard. “Some Comments on the Use of Distinctive Jewish Names in Surveys.” Contemporary Jewry 7.1 (January 1986): 83–91.
  116.  
  117. DOI: 10.1007/BF02967944Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  118.  
  119. Analysis of 1970–1971 National Jewish Population Survey data indicates that, when local communities are aware of both groups, there is little difference between DJN and non-DJN Jews, and that the DJN technique is to be used cautiously and within clear limits.
  120.  
  121. Find this resource:
  122.  
  123. New York Bureau of Jewish Social Research. Jewish Communal Survey of Greater New York. New York: Bureau of Jewish Social Research, 1928.
  124.  
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  126.  
  127. A pioneering study of New York City’s Jewish population, with special attention on neighborhood population increases and decreases and the resultant educational and social services needs.
  128.  
  129. Find this resource:
  130.  
  131. Saxe, Leonard, and Sergio DellaPergola, eds. “Special Issue on Jewish Demography in the United States.” Contemporary Jewry 33.1–2 (April/July 2013).
  132.  
  133. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  134.  
  135. Social scientists analyze the complexity of Jewish demographic issues; the variety of theoretical, conceptual, disciplinary, technical approaches, and the various research methods entailed in apparently contradictory analyses utilized in American Jewish demography.
  136.  
  137. Find this resource:
  138.  
  139. Stampfer, Shaul. “The Geographic Background of East European Jewish Migration to the United States before World War I.” In Migration Across Time and Nations: Population Mobility in Historical Contexts. Edited by Ira A. Glazier and Luigi De Rosa, 220–230. New York and London: Holmes & Meier, 1986.
  140.  
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  142.  
  143. Based on his analysis of data from a major study of landsmanschaften, immigrant fraternal organizations, the author indicates that more Jews who emigrated from locales where Jews experienced economic difficulties than did those who emigrated from locales where pogroms occurred and thus economic factors played a more significant role in emigration than did pogroms.
  144.  
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  146.  
  147. Ins and Ends/Demography and Perspective
  148. Jewish demography has never been a matter of what the American sociologist Thorstein Veblen called “idle curiosity,” study with no functional and pragmatic objective. The study of Jewish populations has invariably been tied to a particular perspective on the condition of Jews and Judaism in modern and postmodern society. Statistics are, after all, a tool, and the tool is typically used to support one’s argument about the state of contemporary Jewry and its future. This means that, whatever the projection based on the numbers, the demographer or person using the demographics believes that there is an inherent relationship between the numbers and the collectivity. As Mitchell Hart put it in Hart 2000 (cited under Origins and General Overviews), “regardless of which side of the debate over Jewish decline one stands on, those involved in the debate appear to be united in their faith in the power of numbers and of social science to grasp the reality of the situation, to provide the tools with which to understand the questions of contemporary Jewish collective life, identify problems and challenges, and even help solve them” (Hart 2000, p. 2). During the 1960s and 1970s, a number of articles in the popular media predicted a serious decline in the American Jewish population (For example, Sklare 1964; Bergman 1977). This gave rise to two contrasting socio-demographic perspectives. As opposed to the view that American Jewry is assimilating, Silberman 1985, Goldscheider 1986, Cohen and Liebman 1987, and Cohen 1988 argue that it is transforming but retaining social cohesion. Following the release of the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey, which showed a dramatic rise in intermarriage, there developed contrasting perspectives with respect to its consequences for the American Jewish population, including its size. Most recently, Goldberg 2013 asserted that part of the debate on the size of the American Jewish population is related to differences of national perspective. Whether the assumption has any basis is irrelevant; it does point to a basic feature of the social sciences, including demography, indicated in Wirth 1936, namely, “The distinctive character of social science discourse is to be found in the fact that every assertion, no matter how objective it may be, has ramifications extending beyond the limits of science itself. Since every assertion of a ‘fact’ about the social world touches the interest of some individual or group, one cannot even call attention to the existence of certain ‘facts’ without courting the objections of those whose very raison d’être in society rests upon a divergent interpretation of the ‘factual’ situation” (p. xvii).
  149.  
  150. Bergman, Elihu. “The American Jewish Population Erosion.” Midstream 23.8 (October 1977): 9–19.
  151.  
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  153.  
  154. The prediction of serious Jewish population decline in the United States, by a Harvard demographer with no specialization in the study of America’s Jews. Though perhaps intentionally exaggerated, the prediction of some Jewish population decline in the United States was shortly thereafter concurred with by some specialists in Jewish demography.
  155.  
  156. Find this resource:
  157.  
  158. Cohen, Steven M. American Assimilation or Jewish Revival? Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988.
  159.  
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  161.  
  162. Cohen’s analyses lead him to a moderate transformationist perspective, in which there have been declines in a variety of indicators of Jewish commitment, but a distinctive community of American Jews nevertheless persists.
  163.  
  164. Find this resource:
  165.  
  166. Cohen, Steven M., and Charles S. Liebman. The Quality of Jewish Life. New York: American Jewish Committee, Jewish Sociology Series, 1987.
  167.  
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  169.  
  170. Liebman views intermarriage as both a symptom and cause of the decline in the quality and quantity of Jewish life. Cohen, by contrast, argues that intermarriage has benefits in that, although some nominal but non-involved Jews cease to identify as Jews, the community is enriched by conversion and intermarriage increases rather than decreases the number of Jewish homes.
  171.  
  172. Find this resource:
  173.  
  174. Goldberg, J. J. “How Many American Jews Are There?” The Jewish Daily Forward (18 February 2013).
  175.  
  176. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  177.  
  178. A journalistic examination of some of the issues debated by social scientists concerning the size of the American Jewish population.
  179.  
  180. Find this resource:
  181.  
  182. Goldscheider, Calvin. Jewish Continuity and Change: Emerging Patterns in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986.
  183.  
  184. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  185.  
  186. Based on a demographic study of Boston’s Jews, the author argues that America’s Jews have been transformed in that they have achieved high educational status and a high degree of geographic mobility but have maintained communal cohesion.
  187.  
  188. Find this resource:
  189.  
  190. Lugo, Luis, Alan Cooperman, Gregory A. Smith, et al. A Portrait of Jewish Americans: Findings from a Pew Research Center Survey of U.S. Jews. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2013.
  191.  
  192. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  193.  
  194. This is the most recent national survey of American Jews, and the first conducted by an independent research center. Even before its data sets were released for analysis, this report of the findings generated wide debate about the condition and future of American Jewry.
  195.  
  196. Find this resource:
  197.  
  198. Silberman, Charles E. A Certain People: American Jews and Their Lives Today. New York: Summit, 1985.
  199.  
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  201.  
  202. A noted journalist interprets demographic data to support his argument that American Jewry has been successfully transforming from modes that were inappropriate to modern American society into newer ones that are more congenial to the new reality and, in so doing, is qualitatively stronger than it had been.
  203.  
  204. Find this resource:
  205.  
  206. Sklare, Marshall. “Intermarriage and the Jewish Future.” Commentary (April 1964): 46–52.
  207.  
  208. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  209.  
  210. Portrayed intermarriage as the issue most crucial to Jewish survival and, given its increasing rate in the United States, presented a bleak prognosis for the Jewish future.
  211.  
  212. Find this resource:
  213.  
  214. Wirth, Louis. “Preface.” In Ideology and Utopia. Edited by Karl Mannheim, xiii–xxxi. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1936.
  215.  
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  217.  
  218. Wirth’s observations about the unique character of social science discourse are especially applicable to the study of demography.
  219.  
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  221.  
  222. Socio-economic Issues
  223. Socio-economic issues are the focus of Goldberg 1946, Kuznets 2012, Chiswick 1992, and Chiswick 2008. Goldberg 1946 focused on the reasons for changes in the occupational patterns of America’s Jews and how they affect their economic status; Kuznets 2012 looks at how changes in the society’s economic structure affect America’s Jews, individually as well as communally; Chiswick 1992 examines how the economic patterns of America’s Jews compare with those of other white Americans; and Chiswick 2008 explores the relationships between economics, including the cost of Jewish living, and other American Jewish social patterns. The social scientists use demographic data in original and sophisticated ways to demonstrate the significance of economic factors.
  224.  
  225. Chiswick, Barry R. “The Postwar Economy of American Jews.” In A New Jewry? America Since the Second World War. Edited by Peter Y. Medding, 85–101. Studies in Contemporary Jewry 8. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  226.  
  227. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  228.  
  229. Based on systematic analyses of data from the 1957 Current Population Survey, the 1970 Census of Population, and data from the General Social Survey between 1972 and 1987, an economist examines the economy of America’s Jews, compared to that of white non-Jews, during the second half of the 20th century.
  230.  
  231. Find this resource:
  232.  
  233. Chiswick, Carmel U. Economics of American Judaism. London and New York: Routledge, 2008.
  234.  
  235. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  236.  
  237. A collection of essays based on quantitative data that emphasize the relationship between economic factors and aspects of American Jewish life, including among others, the American Jewish immigrant experience, Jewish family life, intermarriage, Jewish education, the cost of living Jewishly, and American Jews and Israel.
  238.  
  239. Find this resource:
  240.  
  241. Goldberg, Nathan. “Occupational Patterns of American Jews.” Jewish Review 3.4 (1946): 280–290.
  242.  
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  244.  
  245. A demographer and sociologist analyzes the reasons for and impact of changes in the occupational patterns of America’s Jews since 1900.
  246.  
  247. Find this resource:
  248.  
  249. Kuznets, Simon. Jewish Economies: Development and Migration in America and Beyond. Vol. 1: The Economic Life of American Jewry. Edited by E. Glen Weyl and Stephanie Lo. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2012.
  250.  
  251. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  252.  
  253. Detailed analyses of the changes in the economic structure and patterns of the United States and American Jewry and the implications of those changes for the American Jewish population.
  254.  
  255. Find this resource:
  256.  
  257. Fertility and Children
  258. Fertility and children, which have always been a focus of demography, are the subjects of Goldscheider 1967, Ritterband 1981, and Keysar, et al. 2000. Despite the popular notion that “the rich get richer, and the poor get . . . children,” demographers have shown that this is not always so. In the author’s pioneering analysis, Goldscheider 1967 convincingly demonstrated the significance of social factors other than economic status which affect the fertility patterns of Jews. Subsequently, scholars have analyzed the causes of and impact of fertility patterns in varying times and countries, and a good sampling of studies Jewish fertility patterns in eastern and central Europe, the United States, and Israel appears in the volume Ritterband 1981. Finally, whereas most social scientific studies of Jews focus on adults, The author’s of Keysar, et al. 2000 conducted an extensive study of American Jewish children under the age of eighteen, and come up with some sobering findings with respect to birth rates and the nature of the environments in which the children live.
  259.  
  260. Goldscheider, Calvin. “Fertility of the Jews.” Demography 4.1 (1967): 196–209.
  261.  
  262. DOI: 10.2307/2060361Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  263.  
  264. An important analysis which demonstrates the need to consider social organization as well as religious thought and practice when examining Jewish fertility patterns, and that minority group status plays an important role in fertility patterns.
  265.  
  266. Find this resource:
  267.  
  268. Keysar, Ariela, Barry A. Kosmin, and Jeffrey Scheckner. The Next Generation: Jewish Children and Adolescents. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000.
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  271.  
  272. Based on the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey, this is a study of children below the age of eighteen, some of whom were born Jewish, some who converted, and those who claim no religion. Data analyses project declining overall birth rates and a decline among all children in the percentage of children living in an all-Jewish environment.
  273.  
  274. Find this resource:
  275.  
  276. Ritterband, Paul, ed. Modern Jewish Fertility. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1981.
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  279.  
  280. Eleven essays analyzing the fertility patterns of Jews in Europe, the United States, and Israel, from the mid-18th to the mid-20th centuries
  281.  
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  283.  
  284. Intermarriage
  285. Intermarriage is a major subject of interest in the American Jewish community. The traditional perspective views it as harmful to the Jewish population and the Jewish community, especially because probabilities are that the children of such marriages will not be raised as Jews. Others argue that society and culture have changed and intermarriage no longer means abandoning the Jewish community. Increasingly, some argue, children of intermarriages are being raised as Jews and even the non-Jewish spouses in intermarriages feel a strong sense of kinship with the Jewish people. The works Phillips 2013, Lazerwitz 1977, Goldscheider 2003, Rebhun 1999, and Reinharz and DellaPergola 2009 address the subject with demographic perspectives. On the basis of data in the first National Jewish Population Survey, conducted in 1971, Lazerwitz 1977 was one of the first to empirically examine the rate of intermarriage in the United States and to project its development in then-forthcoming years. His analysis included both mixed and conversionary intermarriages, the former being those in which the non-Jewish spouse does not convert either before or after the marriage, whereas in the latter, the previously non-Jewish spouse converted to Judaism. Accordingly, his view of the demographic consequences of intermarriage was moderately sanguine. Rebhun 1999, on the basis of multivariate analyses of data in the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey, suggests that interfaith marriage weakens religious and ethnic identification and that this negative relation is more salient among Jews with Catholic spouses than among their counterparts who married Protestants. On the other hand, Goldscheider 2003 argued that most of those born Jewish continue to identify as Jews by ethnicity, even if not by religion; that Jewish males no longer outmarry more than Jewish females; and that high rates of intermarriage are not inconsistent with Jewish continuity. Rather than being a threat, the author views it as a source of potential strength. Phillips 2013 offers one more corrective to the fatalistic perspective. His analysis of the most recent (2001) National Jewish Population Survey data indicates that, at least among those with parents both of whom are Jewish, intermarriage rates are not rising and are lower than for other groups. Reinharz and DellaPergola 2009 shows that the issue of intermarriage is even more complex and dynamic than is evident from analyses of rates in the United States. They assembled studies of intermarriage rates in four groups of thirteen countries other than the United States, with smaller Jewish populations, and then examined the findings in terms of their application to the United States.
  286.  
  287. Goldscheider, Calvin. “Are American Jews Vanishing Again?” Contexts 2.2 (Winter 2003): 18–24.
  288.  
  289. DOI: 10.1525/ctx.2003.2.1.18Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  290.  
  291. Counters the pessimistic, if not fatalistic, view of intermarriage as a threat foreboding Jewish disappearance. Although intermarriage rates have risen, “demography is not destiny” (p. 18), and America’s Jews can be a model for how ethnic communities can control their futures.
  292.  
  293. Find this resource:
  294.  
  295. Lazerwitz, Dov. “Current Jewish Intermarriages in the United States.” Papers in Jewish Demography 12 (1977): 103–114.
  296.  
  297. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  298.  
  299. Using data from the 1970–1971 National Jewish Population Study, the paper examines how much intermarriage has taken place in the American Jewish community and what short range projections can be made about the intermarriage rate.
  300.  
  301. Find this resource:
  302.  
  303. Phillips, Bruce. “New Demographic Perspectives on Studying Intermarriage in the United States.” Contemporary Jewry 33.1–2 (April/July 2013).
  304.  
  305. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  306.  
  307. A reanalysis of NJPS 2000–2001 data suggests that intermarriage has leveled off among single ancestry Jews. They manifest a high degree of endogamy when compared with other groups in the United States. The findings suggest broadening studies of intermarriage by including research on non-Jewish spouses and by asking how people of mixed ancestry think of themselves.
  308.  
  309. Find this resource:
  310.  
  311. Rebhun, Uzi. “Jewish Identification in Intermarriage: Does a Spouse’s Religion (Catholic vs. Protestant) Matter?” Sociology of Religion 60.1 (1999): 71–88.
  312.  
  313. DOI: 10.2307/3711810Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  314.  
  315. Based on data from the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey, this article shows and discusses significant differences in the religio-ethnic identification of the Jewish spouses in intermarriages with Catholics as compared to Protestants.
  316.  
  317. Find this resource:
  318.  
  319. Reinharz, Shulamit, and Sergio DellaPergola, eds. Jewish Intermarriage Around the World. New Brunswick, NJ, and London: Transaction, 2009.
  320.  
  321. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  322.  
  323. Examinations of intermarriage in Canada, western Europe, the former Soviet Union, South Africa, Australia, Latin America, Canada, and Curacao, and their implications for intermarriage in the United States.
  324.  
  325. Find this resource:
  326.  
  327. Geographic Mobility
  328. Geographic mobility has been a traditional focus of the broader field of demography. It has special significance for Jews because Jews have long been known as a “wandering” people. and its significance for the American Jewish community is the focus of Goldstein and Goldstein 1996, Kuznets 2012, Rebhun 2011. Based on the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey, Goldstein and Goldstein 1996 analyzes the geographic mobility patterns of America’s Jews and the challenges they present to the American Jewish communal structure, especially in terms of Jewish identification and communal engagement. In his sophisticated analyses of more recent data, Rebhun 2011 similarly examines the relationship between migration and Jewish identification, including Jewish behavior in both the private and public spheres. One significant Jewish migration pattern is immigration to Israel, and Waxman 1989 analyzes the socioeconomic and religious backgrounds of American Jews who immigrate to Israel, their motivations for immigrating, their acculturation patterns in Israel, and the rates of and reasons for return migration to the United States. Another significant recent Jewish immigration is that of Jews from the former Soviet Union. Ben-Rafael, et al. 2006 studied Russian-Speaking Jews who immigrated to Israel, Germany, and the United States after the fall of the Soviet Union. Their focus was the relationship of those FSU (former Soviet Union) Jews with the larger Jewish communities as well as with the overall population in the various countries where they settled, and their ties with other Russian-speaking Jewish populations. One of the work’s many interesting findings is that, in all three countries, the subjects’ primary group identity is Jewish; their cultural identity is Russian. Kuznets 2012 is comprised of three essays which analyze aspects of Jewish migration in three different societies. The first analyzes the impact of the foreign-born on the American economy and society; the second examines the impact of mass immigration on the economic development of Israel, and the third is the author’s path-breaking analysis of eastern European Jewish immigration to the United States in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Kuznets’s work is widely considered to have encouraged the social-scientific study of Jews in the United States.
  329.  
  330. Ben-Rafael, Eliezer, Mikhail Lyubanksy, Olaf Glöckner, et al. Building a Diaspora: Russian Jews in Israel, Germany, and the USA. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2006.
  331.  
  332. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  333.  
  334. A study the three largest communities of Russian-speaking Jewish immigrants, with a focus on the relationship of each with their respective larger Jewish community as well as with Russian-speaking Jewish populations elsewhere.
  335.  
  336. Find this resource:
  337.  
  338. Goldstein, Sydney, and Alice Goldstein. Jews on the Move: Implications for Jewish Identity. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.
  339.  
  340. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  341.  
  342. Based on the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey, the authors analyze the geographic mobility patterns of America’s Jews and the challenges they present to the American Jewish communal structure.
  343.  
  344. Find this resource:
  345.  
  346. Kuznets, Simon. Jewish Economies: Development and Migration in America and Beyond. Vol. 2, Comparative Perspectives on Jewish Migration. Edited by E. Glen Weyl and Stephanie Lo. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2012.
  347.  
  348. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  349.  
  350. Analyses of the impact of foreign-born immigrants on the United States, the mass immigration and economic development in Israel, and the economic structure of eastern European Jews in the United States.
  351.  
  352. Find this resource:
  353.  
  354. Rebhun, Uzi. The Wandering Jew in America. Boston: Academic Studies, 2011.
  355.  
  356. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  357.  
  358. This book examines patterns of Jewish migration within the United States and how migration is influenced by and has impact upon Jewish identification. The findings raise implications for communal policy.
  359.  
  360. Find this resource:
  361.  
  362. Waxman, Chaim I. American Aliya: Portrait of an Innovative Migration Movement. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1989.
  363.  
  364. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  365.  
  366. A study of American Jews who immigrate to Israel, including their educational, occupational, age, gender, and denominational statuses, their reasons for migrating, and the return rate.
  367.  
  368. Find this resource:
  369.  
  370. Religious Patterns
  371. Religious patterns are an obvious concern to Jews. The demographic examination of those patterns is most thoroughly presented in Lazerwitz, et al. 1998, Levy, et al. 2002, and Arian and Keissar-Sugarmen 2012. Although the data upon which Lazerwitz and colleagues based their study are somewhat dated for a changing society such as the United States it remains the most thorough demographically based analysis of American Jewish denominational patterns. Israel is probably an even-more-rapidly changing society, and the data upon which Levy et al. base their study of Israeli religious behavior are similarly somewhat dated, but the work is innovative and sheds light on broader patterns, even if the percentages are no longer fully representative. The work should be read together with Arian and Keissar-Sugarmen 2012, especially because it is the basis for the authors’ updated study which examines the religious beliefs and values of Israeli Jews, and their patterns of intergroup relations.
  372.  
  373. Arian, Asher, and Ayala Keissar-Sugarmen. A Portrait of Israeli Jews: Beliefs, Observance, and Values of Israeli Jews, 2009. Jerusalem: Guttman Center for Surveys of the Israel Democracy Institute and Avi Chai-Israel Foundation, 2012.
  374.  
  375. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  376.  
  377. Updates and extends Levy, et al. 2002. Provides data observance of religious traditions, Jewish and general beliefs and values, issues associated with the role of religion in public life, and relations among social groups.
  378.  
  379. Find this resource:
  380.  
  381. Lazerwitz, Bernard, J. Alan Winter, Arnold Dashefsky, and Ephraim Tabory. Jewish Choices: American Jewish Denominationalism. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.
  382.  
  383. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  384.  
  385. Based on the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey, the authors analyze the denominational patterns of America’s Jews and indicate that denominational identification is the product of individual choice rather than family tradition.
  386.  
  387. Find this resource:
  388.  
  389. Levy, Shlomit, Hanna Levinsohn, and Elihu Katz. A Portrait of Israeli Jewry: Beliefs, Observances, and Values among Israeli Jews 2000. Jerusalem: Israel Democracy Institute and The Avi Chai Foundation, 2002.
  390.  
  391. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  392.  
  393. A comprehensive survey of Jewish religious beliefs and observance in Israel.
  394.  
  395. Find this resource:
  396.  
  397. Gender
  398. Until relatively recently, most data in demographic works reflected a masculine predisposition and there were few, if any, discussions of the role of gender in either the broader societal or the religio-ethnic communal social structure. Today, however, gender has become an area of focus both within society at large and within the Jewish community. Conducting research, gathering and analyzing data, take time, and it is thus no surprise that there are few comprehensive analysis of the impact of gender in American Jewry. The works of Hartman and Hartman (Hartman and Hartman 1996 and Hartman and Hartman 2009) are to date the most extensive and intensive analyses of the impact of gender on the socioeconomic and family life of America’s Jews. They provide important examinations of the impact of religion, Judaism, and Jewish involvement on gender equality in both religious and secular realms.
  399.  
  400. Hartman, Harriet, and Moshe Hartman. Gender Equality and American Jews. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996.
  401.  
  402. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  403.  
  404. Based on the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey, the authors analyze gender equality in education, labor force participation, and occupational achievement among American Jews.
  405.  
  406. Find this resource:
  407.  
  408. Hartman, Harriet, and Moshe Hartman. Gender and American Jews: Patterns in Work, Education and Family in Contemporary Life. Hanover: University Press of New England, 2009.
  409.  
  410. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  411.  
  412. Based on the 2001 National Jewish Population Survey, the Hartmans have updated and extended their analyses of the role of gender in the lives of America’s Jews.
  413.  
  414. Find this resource:
  415.  
  416. World Jewish Population
  417. Jews are a highly mobile group and their condition in countries around the world varies widely. Several scholars have endeavored to provide overall analyses of the Jewish population globally. Friesel 1990 is a broad reference work which covers three centuries of Jewish history, geographic distribution, politics, and demography to the late 20th century. Bachi 1976, Schmelz 1981, and DellaPergola, et al. 2000 provide various analyses and projections of the condition of world Jewry. As the author does annually, DellaPergola 2012 provides a portrait of world Jewry during that year.
  418.  
  419. Bachi, Roberto. Population Trends of World Jewry. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, Institute of Contemporary Jewry, 1976.
  420.  
  421. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  422.  
  423. This is a pioneering demographic analysis of the major population trends of Jews in the second half of the 20th century.
  424.  
  425. Find this resource:
  426.  
  427. DellaPergola, Sergio. “World Jewish Population.” In American Jewish Yearbook 2013. Edited by Dashefsky A. and Ira Sheskin, 213–283. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 2012.
  428.  
  429. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  430.  
  431. This is part an annual project in the American Jewish Yearbook which summarizes and describes the world Jewish population during that year. In addition to the value of each annual article as a population snapshot, the project is valuable in tracking trends over time.
  432.  
  433. Find this resource:
  434.  
  435. DellaPergola, Sergo, Uzi Rebhun, and Mark Tolts. “Prospecting the Jewish Future: Population Projections 2000–2080.” In American Jewish Year Book. Vol. 100. Edited by David Singer and Lawrence Grossman, 103–146. New York: The American Jewish Committee, 2000.
  436.  
  437. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  438.  
  439. An attempt to project the future of the Jewish population at toward the end of the 21st century. This thoughtful essay presents different scenarios for the development of Jewish population worldwide up to the year 2080.
  440.  
  441. Find this resource:
  442.  
  443. Friesel, Evyatar. Atlas of Modern Jewish History. Jerusalem: Carta, 1990.
  444.  
  445. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  446.  
  447. This broad reference work contains sophisticated charts, graphs, and maps which vividly portray the geography and demographic changes of the Jews from the mid-17th to the late 20th centuries.
  448.  
  449. Find this resource:
  450.  
  451. Schmelz, Uziel O. World Jewish Population: Estimates and Projections Jerusalem. Jewish Population Studies No. 13. Jerusalem: Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University, 1981.
  452.  
  453. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  454.  
  455. One of Israel’s foremost demographers during its early years of statehood provides estimates and projections of world Jewry. One of the author’s arguments is that the higher fertility rate and near absence of assimilation among Jews in Israel counteract the Jewish population declines in the Diaspora.
  456.  
  457. Find this resource:
  458.  
  459. Jews in Specific Geographic Locales
  460. Consumers of demographic data may be scholars, social planners, journalists, or students, among others, and they may seek data pertaining to a particular population of Jews and, indeed, most demographic data on Jews come from local and country-specific sources. Moreover, Israel and the United States are the largest Jewish populations, comprising about 80 percent of the world’s Jewish population, and those two countries are, therefore, the ones with the most extensive empirical data. Data on the vast majority of other Jewish populations is extremely limited and not always easily accessible. Accordingly, below is a regional listing of sources of data on the respective Jewish population.
  461.  
  462. The Americas
  463. The Americas, and especially the United States, comprise more than forty percent of world Jewry and the relative openness of American society has allowed for the development of a cadre of demographers and social scientists who study a variety of aspects of the Jewish populations there. For example, Brym, Shaffir and Weinfeld 2010 provide a broad portrait of Canada’s Jews; DellaPergola 2011 analyzes the demographic patterns of Jews in various Latin American countries; and Goldberg 1948 and Goldstein 1992 provide then-contemporary demographic portraits of the Jewish population in the United States. Berman National Jewish Data Bank is the major address for quantitative studies of North American Jews and Jewish communities.
  464.  
  465. Berman National Jewish Data Bank.
  466.  
  467. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  468.  
  469. This is the repository of social scientific studies of North American Jewry. Among its holdings, which are available to researchers, are the full data sets of the National Jewish Population Surveys, local population surveys from communities across the country, and a variety of population reports.
  470.  
  471. Find this resource:
  472.  
  473. Brym, Robert J., William Shaffir, and Morton Weinfeld, eds. The Jews in Canada. Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press, 2010.
  474.  
  475. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  476.  
  477. A broad social scientific analysis of Canada’s Jews.
  478.  
  479. Find this resource:
  480.  
  481. DellaPergola, Sergio. “Cuántos somos hoy? Investigacón y narrativa sobre población judía en América Latina.” In Pertenencia y alteridad: Judíos en América Latina: cuarenta años de cambios. Edited by Haim Avni, Judit Bokser Liwerant, Sergio DellaPergola, Margalit Bejarano, and Leonardo Senkman, 305–340. Madrid and Frankfurt: Iberoamericana and Vervuert, 2011.
  482.  
  483. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  484.  
  485. An analysis of the Jewish population in Latin America.
  486.  
  487. Find this resource:
  488.  
  489. Goldberg, Nathan. “Jewish Population in America.” Jewish Review 5.1 (1948): 30–55.
  490.  
  491. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  492.  
  493. One of America’s first Jewish demographers analyzes the patterns of growth in the American Jewish population.
  494.  
  495. Find this resource:
  496.  
  497. Goldstein, Sidney. “Profile of American Jewry: Insights from the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey.” American Jewish Year Book 92 (1992): 77–173.
  498.  
  499. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  500.  
  501. Summarizes the preliminary findings of the 1990 National Jewish Populations Survey.
  502.  
  503. Find this resource:
  504.  
  505. Goldstein, Sidney, and Calvin Goldscheider. Jewish Americans: Three Generations in a Jewish Community. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968.
  506.  
  507. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  508.  
  509. Based on a survey of Jews in Providence, Rhode Island, this book seeks to measure degrees of acculturation and assimilation, and to determine the extent to which its patterns are representative of the patterns of American Jewry as a whole. The authors find that Jews retain unique family structure, occupational and educational patterns, political values, and social behavior.
  510.  
  511. Find this resource:
  512.  
  513. Heilman, Samuel, ed. Special Issue on NJPS 2002: Contemporary Jewry 25.1 (December 2005).
  514.  
  515. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  516.  
  517. Analyses of various aspects of the methodology and findings of the 2001 National Jewish Population Survey.
  518.  
  519. Find this resource:
  520.  
  521. Sheskin, Ira M. “Four Questions about American Jewish Demography.” Jewish Political Studies Review 20.1–2 (Spring 2008): 23–42.
  522.  
  523. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  524.  
  525. Discusses the controversies entailed in questions relating to the size and patterns of the American Jewish population.
  526.  
  527. Find this resource:
  528.  
  529. Statistics Canada.
  530.  
  531. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  532.  
  533. Census data on Jews are available here but can be more than ten years old.
  534.  
  535. Find this resource:
  536.  
  537. Waxman, Chaim I. Jewish Baby Boomers: A Communal Perspective. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001.
  538.  
  539. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  540.  
  541. Based on the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey, the author analyzes the size of the Jewish baby boomer population, their income, occupational, educational, family, political, religious, and ethnic patterns, and their implications for the Jewish community.
  542.  
  543. Find this resource:
  544.  
  545. Israel––A Special Case of Jewish Demography
  546. Israel was declared as a Jewish state, and its independence affords it special opportunities for policy planning and implementation unavailable without sovereignty. Even before 1948, the goal of establishing a Jewish state projected demography to the center stage. The number of Jews in the state was the focal point, and policies had to be designed for increasing its Jewish population, primarily through increasing Jewish immigration to Israel, “aliya,” and increasing the Jewish birth rate there. Roberto Bachi, a demographer who immigrated from Italy to Palestine in 1939, played a major role in establishing demography as an important discipline in Israel (Bachi 1974) and in designing early Israeli demographic policies. How some of those policies, as well as other demographic and social factors, contributed to the ethnic imbalance, analyzed by Goldscheider 2002, DellaPergola 2004, Sicron 2004, and Rebhun and Malach 2009 analyze the major demographic features of Israeli society with a view toward the future. Two of the major sources of demographic data on Israel are the State of Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics and the Israel Social Sciences Data Center at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
  547.  
  548. Bachi, Roberto. The Population of Israel. Paris: Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography, 1974.
  549.  
  550. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  551.  
  552. An analysis of the demographic characteristics and trends of Israel during its first decades as compared with those of Palestine under the British Mandate.
  553.  
  554. Find this resource:
  555.  
  556. Central Bureau of Statistics.
  557.  
  558. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  559.  
  560. The government-established institute which conducts and publishes extensive research on almost every facet of Israeli society. Among its major publications, many of which are available on its website, are the annual Statistical Abstract of Israel, and the Monthly Bulletin of Statistics.
  561.  
  562. Find this resource:
  563.  
  564. DellaPergola, Sergio. “Demography in Israel at the Dawn of the 21st Century.” In Jews in Israel: Contemporary Social and Cultural Patterns. Edited by Uzi Rebhun and Chaim I. Waxman, 20–46. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2004.
  565.  
  566. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  567.  
  568. A detailed analysis of the major demographic trends of Israeli Jews at the onset of the 21st century.
  569.  
  570. Find this resource:
  571.  
  572. Goldscheider, Calvin. Israel’s Changing Society: Population, Ethnicity, and Development. 2d ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2002.
  573.  
  574. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  575.  
  576. An analysis of Israel’s demographic processes and policies and its economic, social, and political development. The focus is on how those processes and policies have influenced the inequalities between the country’s Arabs and Jews, with attention as well as to Jewish ethnic inequalities.
  577.  
  578. Find this resource:
  579.  
  580. Rebhun, Uzi, and Gilad Malach. Demographic Trends in Israel. Jerusalem: Metzilah Center, 2009.
  581.  
  582. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  583.  
  584. This position paper is a survey of Israel’s major demographic characteristics at the beginning of the 21st century, projects population patterns to 2030, and presents implications for public policy.
  585.  
  586. Find this resource:
  587.  
  588. Rebhun, Uzi, and Chaim I. Waxman, eds. Jews in Israel: Contemporary Social and Cultural Patterns. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2004.
  589.  
  590. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  591.  
  592. A useful reader covering broad aspects of Israeli society and culture.
  593.  
  594. Find this resource:
  595.  
  596. Sicron, Moshe. Demographia: Ukhlusiyat Israel—me-afyenim umegamot. Jerusalem: Carmel, 2004.
  597.  
  598. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  599.  
  600. In Hebrew. A detailed examination of the various subgroups in Israel’s population as well as surveys of trends which will influence the population’s future development.
  601.  
  602. Find this resource:
  603.  
  604. The Israel Social Sciences Data Center.
  605.  
  606. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  607.  
  608. Established by the Faculty of Social Sciences at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the Center is a major repository of data for the academic community, especially quantitative research dealing with social and economic issues in Israel.
  609.  
  610. Find this resource:
  611.  
  612. Europe, Africa and Asia
  613. European countries have limited demographic data available on Jews. Among them, the United Kingdom has the data that is the most extensive, and they provide a resource for the policy-oriented analyses of London’s Institute for Jewish Policy Research, as well as Graham 2011 and Schmool and Cohen 1998. Cohen 2011 on French Jewry and Dubb 1994 on South African Jewry are based on non-public surveys. Tolts 2006 and Tolts 2011 analyze recent changes in the composition of Russian Jewry, and are based largely on Russian census data. DellaPergola 2011 utilizes a variety of sources to provide an examination of trends in the demography of Europe’s Jews.
  614.  
  615. Cohen, Erik H. The Jews of France Today: Identity and Values. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2011.
  616.  
  617. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004207530.i-238Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  618.  
  619. Analyses of a major survey of the largest Jewish community in Europe, the Jews of France, with emphasis on demography, Jewish identity, communal cohesion, and social and personal values.
  620.  
  621. Find this resource:
  622.  
  623. DellaPergola, Sergio. “Jews in Europe: Demographic Trends, Contexts and Outlooks.” In A Road to Nowhere? Jewish Experiences in Unifying Europe. Edited by Julius H. Schoeps, Olaf Glöckner, and Anja Kreienbrink, 3–34. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 2011.
  624.  
  625. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004201583.i-375Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  626.  
  627. A succinct, in-depth analysis of the major demographic trends among Europe’s Jews and their implications.
  628.  
  629. Find this resource:
  630.  
  631. Dubb, Allie A. The Jewish Population of South Africa: The 1991 Sociodemographic Survey. Cape Town: University of Cape Town, Kaplan Centre, 1994.
  632.  
  633. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  634.  
  635. A survey of Jews in five urban centers in South Africa.
  636.  
  637. Find this resource:
  638.  
  639. Graham, David. “Enumerating Britain’s Jewish Population: Reassessing the 2001 Census in the Context of One Hundred Years of Indirect Estimates.” Jewish Journal of Sociology 53 (2011): 7–28.
  640.  
  641. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  642.  
  643. Using additional data the 2001 census and communal sources, argues that the published figures, which portray continued Jewish population decline in the United Kingdom, are inaccurate, primarily because the overlooked the growth of the “haredi” (ultra-orthodox) population there in the previous three decades.
  644.  
  645. Find this resource:
  646.  
  647. Institute for Jewish Policy Research.
  648.  
  649. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  650.  
  651. Conducts and makes available policy-oriented research on Jewish communities in Britain.
  652.  
  653. Find this resource:
  654.  
  655. Office of National Statistics. “Religion in England and Wales 2011.” December 2012.
  656.  
  657. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  658.  
  659. Figures on religious affiliation and change derived from the national census.
  660.  
  661. Find this resource:
  662.  
  663. Schmool, Marlena, and Frances Cohen. A Profile of British Jewry: Patterns and Trends at the Turn of a Century. London: Board of Deputies of British Jews, 1998.
  664.  
  665. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  666.  
  667. Derived largely from the Study of the Social Attitudes of British Jews, sponsored by the Institute for Jewish Policy Research, this profile provides data on a variety of social, religious, and economic characteristics of British Jewry.
  668.  
  669. Find this resource:
  670.  
  671. Tolts, Mark. “Contemporary Trends in Family Formation among the Jews in Russia.” Jews in Russia and Eastern Europe 2.57 (2006): 5–23.
  672.  
  673. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  674.  
  675. Using the 2002 Russian census, this article analyzes changes in the enlarged Jewish population in light of increasing mixed marriage, the severe gap between the number young males and female, the birth rate, and the rate of emigration.
  676.  
  677. Find this resource:
  678.  
  679. Tolts, Mark. “Demography of the Contemporary Russian-Speaking Jewish Diaspora.” Paper presented at the conference on the contemporary Russian-speaking Jewish Diaspora, Harvard University, 13–15 November, 2011.
  680.  
  681. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  682.  
  683. Large-scale emigration of Jews from former Soviet Union (FSU) leads to a recalculation of the FSU Jewish population as well as the number of Jews from the FSU now in other counties.
  684.  
  685. Find this resource:
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