The Most Unknown (2018)

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INDOXXI
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Watch your head.

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Nice.

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This is beautiful.

4
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We've gotten lucky here.

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We've seen them before,

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but they bloom only in certain conditions,

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when the water level is very low.

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So to have stumbled upon a bloom

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of this exciting magnitude

10
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is really... it's lucky.

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So, I'm really excited.

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It's kind of surprisingly hard to catch.

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It's like you almost don't feel it.

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These strange, squiggly slimes

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form on the walls.

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And these are really...

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They're probably the most beautiful slime I've ever seen.

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We don't understand how they form.

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It's still a mystery,

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but we know they're made by life.

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This question of how much of the universe is understood

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is very much a moving target.

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Because as we are able to stand in a new place,

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because we've learned something new,

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we then see other wonders

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that were not even visible to us before.

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Wait, wait, wait...

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Let us in.

29
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That's forbidden.

30
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Do I get points for pedestrians?

31
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How can this be the right way?

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-[horn honks] -Yeah, yeah.

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He's late for lunch.

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That's why he's impatient. He's late for lunch.

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We are headed for physics lab

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to talk to a physicist

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in the physicist habitat,

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which is always interesting to see, you know,

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an organism in its natural habitat.

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So, I'm a microbiologist

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and I'm hoping that the physicist

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will be able to communicate

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what he does and why,

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in terms that I can understand.

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I'd like to keep an open mind about this.

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[speaking Italian]

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[Italian]

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You need to fill in some forms.

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-So the disclaimer... -I love forms. I love forms.

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Okay, and then we can eat some lunch in the cafeteria.

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Oh my God, look at him! He's awesome.

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The hair.

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Galileo, Newton...

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D'Angelo.

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[Davide] Okay, dark matter is something,

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we do not know what it is.

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We believe the dark matter is there,

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but we have never detected it.

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It's good, this cafeteria?

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It's better than the average cafeterias, I would say.

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Buongiorno. Ciao.

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So I'm sorry, but you won't like this lunch much.

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[Jennifer speaks Italian]

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-What is dark matter? -Okay. We don't know.

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[laughs] That's great. That's why it's called dark.

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[Davide] Exactly.

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Do you know we have dark matter

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in microbiology too?

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That's still the word.

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What do you use it for?

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Well, we...

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We have some evidence that there are something like

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35 trillion microbial species.

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Mm-hmm.

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And we've met about...

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a million?

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Mm-hmm.

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So the rest is dark matter.

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-Okay. -Yeah, we stole it.

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I admit it.

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Yeah. I think it makes sense,

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because we...

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What we call dark matter is

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some kind of new particle

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which we haven't discovered yet.

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[Jennifer] So, the hypothesis is

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that dark matter is out there

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because it's consistent with all of our observations.

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-[Davide] Exactly. -And so,

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it might not be out there.

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But we think it is,

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-because of what we... -I think we detect it.

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-We cannot say we are sure. -Uh-huh.

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All observations point in that direction.

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-This is very mysterious. -This is very mysterious, yes.

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[Davide] Dark matter is one of the big unknowns

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in particle physics.

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Of all matter that should be out there,

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about 85% of this is invisible.

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These particles are moving through us,

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through our bodies while we're talking

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and most of them just go without any interaction.

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So how are you going to find it?

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How are you going to detect it?

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So...

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why are we here?

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[chuckles] Why are we here?

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We are here, under about

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1,800 meters of rock.

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We are deep underground because all the experiments here,

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whether they look for dark matter or for neutrino

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or for any other kind of rare event,

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they need to be shielded from the cosmic radiation.

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There are protons or ions

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that heat the atmosphere.

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They create a shower of particles

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that hit us above ground.

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And the mountain is a filter for this.

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So if you go here, you have the so-called cosmic silence.

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-Cosmic silence? -Cosmic silence.

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We're here in the cosmic silence under the mountain.

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I love that.

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So, you can't hear the cosmic rays here.

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I would love to see the new detector.

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Okay.

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-It's not ready yet. -Okay.

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So this is your new experiment?

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Yes. This is a prototype still.

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It will prove the old detector concept.

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Okay, so this dark matter that we think exists,

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but we're not that sure...

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The crystal that you're going to put inside here

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is going to help you?

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It's going to be the best possible detector

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-that you know how to build? -Yes.

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There's crystals inside there.

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How do you see what the crystal is seeing?

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How does the crystal talk to you on the outside?

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It emits light, and then you have

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two photomultipliers on each side.

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Then you read the photomultipliers...

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-They go out? -...that go out to here.

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It's very simple.

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[chuckles]

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Yeah. See, the lights?

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My friend, the dark matter physicist.

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What's simpler than that?

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[Jennifer] I keep having to, like, loosen my helmet,

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'cause my head is getting bigger by the minute.

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I...I'm...

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I have to say that I was starting from

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pretty much zero on dark matter.

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So, this is what I understand about how it works.

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We are rotating within a sea of dark matter particles.

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There is a, uh...

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container?

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So we build a,

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a detector, which is a...

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which, whose core is a...

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Special, very carefully grown crystal.

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A sodium iodide crystal.

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When the crystal gets hit

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by this dark matter particle...

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You see a tiny flash of light.

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That light is going to be detected by these devices

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that are sticking into the edge of the container.

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And those devices then translate the light

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into an electronic pulse that goes to a computer

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that says, "Hey, dark matter particle.

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I'm here."

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So, if you just had to...

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I know this is not what we do but,

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if you just had to guess,

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where are the...

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where is the dark matter?

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-Can you guess? -No.

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-You would not... -Science is not about guessing.

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I know, I know. It's not about guessing.

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But I mean, sometimes I dream about a result that I might get.

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I can tell you this. So here, you also see the models.

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The models

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foresee dark matter in this area here.

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Extra dimensions models foresee

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dark matter in this area here.

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-These other guys, it's going to be here, so...

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-So we have no idea.

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Some other guys would place it here, so we have no idea.

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In my field, I would say 10 years ago,

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if you asked me

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where would we be now today,

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I would've had a very hard time answering.

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Because we're really... We're not just...

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We're not just... We're not just...

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We're not just filling in the details.

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We're looking into some dark abyss

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where we just can't see very far in.

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And depending on where the flashlight shines first,

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we might go a different direction completely.

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So, it's very hard when you're

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right on the edge of this big unknown.

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It's very hard to say where

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the science is going to go next.

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Is that where

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dark matter physics is now, or is it...

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Is there something analogous?

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We are surely on the verge of something.

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We don't know what it is.

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[Davide] It's so unbelievable that there is

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so much more matter in the universe

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than we have realized so far.

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We don't know what it is. I mean, it's a...

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We need to find out if this is true.

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If there's really dark matter out there,

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if there is another explanation which we haven't thought about,

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because science is also this.

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Sometimes you spend

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several years looking for something,

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and then in the end, it's not there,

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and you have to change

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the way you were thinking of things.

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Okay, I'm going to the toilet.

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Do you want to shoot that too?

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Oh, look at that.

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You guys! This is incredible!

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These are stalactites.

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Do you see? It's a soda straw.

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This place wasn't here 20 years ago.

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-So it cannot be. -No, it can be.

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-Can it? -I think, yeah. Yeah, yeah.

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I'd like to know what it's made out of.

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It could be salt,

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and then it can grow very fast.

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See, all these stains?

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They're all all light-harvesting microbes.

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All of them.

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The red color is one kind.

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The dark color is another kind,

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The green one is another one.

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[Davide] So you have flavors, like neutrinos?

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-Flavors of microbes? -Yes.

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-We have flavors of microbes. -About how many do you have?

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We have 35 trillion flavors.

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Okay, that's more than... than the three flavors we have.

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-Yeah. -I guess.

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Yours are sterile or not?

246
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-Ours are not sterile. -Not sterile?

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No, we don't know any sterile flavors yet.

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That could be, that would be...

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Oh, that's an interesting question.

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There's this problem in... in biology

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where... we think all the life,

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all of the 30 trillion species

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have descended from a common ancestor.

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But... and that means

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it's easy for us to see them,

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because we know what to look for.

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But if there were another ancestor...

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we wouldn't be able to see it

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'cause we don't know what to look for.

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[Jennifer] How long have we been looking for this stuff?

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This dark matter?

262
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How long have we been looking for it?

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[Davide] At least 20 years.

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From the research, many more.

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Okay, so that's... Yeah.

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Of course, if you see dark matter, you win

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the Nobel Prize.

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But if you don't, you're going to make

269
00:15:22,714 --> 00:15:24,507
-a good publication anyhow. -You'll still feel good.

270
00:15:24,549 --> 00:15:26,050
So what makes you different?

271
00:15:26,092 --> 00:15:28,344
What makes you willing to search after something

272
00:15:28,386 --> 00:15:31,806
-that we don't even really know exists?

273
00:15:28,386 --> 00:15:31,806
-It must be there. Come on.

274
00:15:31,848 --> 00:15:33,933
Where do you get that, though?

275
00:15:36,977 --> 00:15:39,647
[Davide] Science is a journey

276
00:15:39,689 --> 00:15:42,942
to take you somewhere where you've not been before.

277
00:15:44,527 --> 00:15:47,781
Some people prefer to concentrate on life sciences.

278
00:15:47,822 --> 00:15:50,533
Some others prefer to understand

279
00:15:50,575 --> 00:15:52,493
how the universe was built.

280
00:15:52,535 --> 00:15:54,704
I mean, I've studied only physics, so I don't know

281
00:15:54,746 --> 00:15:58,958
what my mind would be if I had studied a different subject.

282
00:16:27,153 --> 00:16:28,655
I feel absurd.

283
00:16:31,115 --> 00:16:32,700
Those two days in Gran Sasso

284
00:16:32,742 --> 00:16:35,411
weren't enough to get used to this.

285
00:16:37,747 --> 00:16:39,833
[man] Where are we going now?

286
00:16:41,334 --> 00:16:43,544
You mean today?

287
00:16:43,586 --> 00:16:45,505
I don't have the faintest idea.

288
00:16:45,546 --> 00:16:48,466
I want to be shocked.

289
00:16:52,136 --> 00:16:54,514
-Hey. -Hi! Davide.

290
00:16:54,555 --> 00:16:56,474
-Nice to meet you. -Nice to meet you, yeah.

291
00:16:56,516 --> 00:16:58,434
-So you're Davide? -Yeah.

292
00:16:58,476 --> 00:17:00,854
-You know I'm a psychologist? -Yeah, I know.

293
00:17:00,895 --> 00:17:02,981
But I don't know what you do to study.

294
00:17:03,063 --> 00:17:05,566
So, I really have no idea.

295
00:17:05,608 --> 00:17:08,235
I can imagine something like the Ghostbusters scene

296
00:17:08,277 --> 00:17:10,029
where you show me cards and I have to guess which one...

297
00:17:10,070 --> 00:17:12,198
Yeah, no. Don't worry.

298
00:17:14,534 --> 00:17:18,955
[Axel] My main research interest is consciousness.

299
00:17:18,997 --> 00:17:23,001
How and why the biological activity of the brain

300
00:17:23,042 --> 00:17:25,962
produces conscious experience.

301
00:17:26,004 --> 00:17:27,797
So, Professor...

302
00:17:32,092 --> 00:17:35,137
No, I'm not going to psychoanalyze you.

303
00:17:38,016 --> 00:17:40,018
We work mostly on consciousness.

304
00:17:40,059 --> 00:17:42,603
Consciousness has been described

305
00:17:42,645 --> 00:17:44,731
as one of the most significant problems

306
00:17:44,772 --> 00:17:46,774
of the 21st century,

307
00:17:46,816 --> 00:17:49,443
on a par with the origins of the universe

308
00:17:49,485 --> 00:17:53,781
and the origins of life and these super big questions.

309
00:17:53,823 --> 00:17:56,993
It really remains a sort of mystery

310
00:17:57,035 --> 00:18:00,580
to figure out how the biological activity of the brain

311
00:18:00,621 --> 00:18:03,583
produces minds, basically mental states.

312
00:18:03,624 --> 00:18:06,836
One of the difficulties with studying consciousness

313
00:18:06,878 --> 00:18:09,338
is that it is a private phenomenon.

314
00:18:09,380 --> 00:18:11,131
I know I'm conscious.

315
00:18:11,173 --> 00:18:12,800
I think you are conscious, because you behave in ways

316
00:18:12,842 --> 00:18:15,053
because you behave in ways that I...

317
00:18:15,094 --> 00:18:16,888
expect to be associated with consciousness,

318
00:18:16,930 --> 00:18:18,890
even though I cannot really define it.

319
00:18:18,932 --> 00:18:21,475
But, the point is I do not have access

320
00:18:21,517 --> 00:18:24,270
to your own mental states, right?

321
00:18:24,311 --> 00:18:26,397
So, we have two experiments planned.

322
00:18:26,439 --> 00:18:28,816
You're not going to stick pins through my head, no?

323
00:18:28,858 --> 00:18:30,693
No, but... But if you're willing,

324
00:18:30,735 --> 00:18:33,237
we're going to put electrodes around your head.

325
00:18:33,279 --> 00:18:34,655
Oh yeah. Why not?

326
00:18:34,697 --> 00:18:36,574
See if you can make a...

327
00:18:36,616 --> 00:18:39,786
robotic hand move by your thoughts.

328
00:18:42,371 --> 00:18:44,373
Ready?

329
00:18:51,380 --> 00:18:56,343
I always thought I would've donated my brain to science.

330
00:18:58,096 --> 00:19:00,640
[Axel] What we're trying to do here, through learning

331
00:19:00,681 --> 00:19:02,934
what thoughts to imagine

332
00:19:02,976 --> 00:19:04,602
so that the hand will move,

333
00:19:04,644 --> 00:19:07,981
what the distinction is between thinking that

334
00:19:08,022 --> 00:19:10,066
and thinking something else where it doesn't move,

335
00:19:10,108 --> 00:19:11,484
and so on and so forth.

336
00:19:11,525 --> 00:19:13,152
The argument, the crucial argument,

337
00:19:13,193 --> 00:19:14,821
is that this is not built in.

338
00:19:14,862 --> 00:19:17,115
During your development, you have to learn.

339
00:19:17,156 --> 00:19:19,993
Your brain has to learn to interact with your body.

340
00:19:20,034 --> 00:19:23,496
Agency is part of what it means to be conscious.

341
00:19:23,537 --> 00:19:25,081
Each three seconds,

342
00:19:25,123 --> 00:19:27,166
you will see a red arrow, pointing to the right,

343
00:19:27,207 --> 00:19:28,501
appearing on the screen.

344
00:19:28,542 --> 00:19:29,794
And when you see this red arrow,

345
00:19:29,836 --> 00:19:31,378
you have to imagine a movement.

346
00:19:31,420 --> 00:19:33,714
Given that this is a right robotic hand,

347
00:19:33,756 --> 00:19:36,342
it's better if you imagine movement of the right hand.

348
00:19:56,445 --> 00:19:58,072
[motor whirring]

349
00:20:02,242 --> 00:20:04,162
This one is intentional.

350
00:20:07,957 --> 00:20:09,917
This one is intentional.

351
00:20:09,959 --> 00:20:11,794
This one, not.

352
00:20:17,925 --> 00:20:19,844
-Is that okay? -Yeah.

353
00:20:19,886 --> 00:20:22,847
I would like to spend here a week and master this thing.

354
00:20:22,889 --> 00:20:25,725
Yeah, there's lots of interesting physics

355
00:20:22,889 --> 00:20:25,725
questions to be asked.

356
00:20:25,766 --> 00:20:28,144
I'd like to explore all the different movements.

357
00:20:29,687 --> 00:20:33,607
Do you now feel you have some control over that hand?

358
00:20:33,649 --> 00:20:34,984
-Partial. -Yeah?

359
00:20:35,026 --> 00:20:36,485
Partial.

360
00:20:36,527 --> 00:20:38,320
So that's about sense of agency reading.

361
00:20:38,362 --> 00:20:41,157
-But there's also... -If I can really focus,

362
00:20:41,199 --> 00:20:45,995
in a sense of... excluding any noise,

363
00:20:46,037 --> 00:20:47,454
Then, I get like...

364
00:20:47,496 --> 00:20:50,750
four of five movements right.

365
00:20:50,791 --> 00:20:53,377
But then, when I start thinking about what's going on...

366
00:20:53,419 --> 00:20:57,256
-Yeah. It's fragile. -It's fragile, then I lose it.

367
00:20:57,297 --> 00:21:00,093
But, so the idea is that it gets less and less fragile,

368
00:21:00,134 --> 00:21:01,594
or more and more robust.

369
00:21:01,635 --> 00:21:03,137
That's true. Even in these ten minutes...

370
00:21:03,179 --> 00:21:05,890
As expertise goes on.

371
00:21:05,932 --> 00:21:08,101
Until the point where...

372
00:21:08,142 --> 00:21:09,894
you don't have to do anything special.

373
00:21:09,936 --> 00:21:11,187
Basically, your...

374
00:21:11,229 --> 00:21:12,980
All this effortful thinking

375
00:21:13,022 --> 00:21:14,899
that you're doing just goes away,

376
00:21:14,941 --> 00:21:17,359
and you just will the finger to move and it moves.

377
00:21:17,401 --> 00:21:19,319
And that's what happens.

378
00:21:19,361 --> 00:21:21,822
That is what happens with natural bodies,

379
00:21:19,361 --> 00:21:21,822
with our own bodies.

380
00:21:21,864 --> 00:21:24,742
It's important in this context to remember that

381
00:21:24,784 --> 00:21:27,120
consciousness is not one thing, right?

382
00:21:27,161 --> 00:21:29,288
It's different kinds of mechanisms

383
00:21:29,329 --> 00:21:32,125
which together characterize

384
00:21:32,166 --> 00:21:33,417
the adult human mind,

385
00:21:33,459 --> 00:21:35,920
which we know is a conscious mind.

386
00:21:37,797 --> 00:21:40,591
If you're an empirically-oriented scientist,

387
00:21:40,633 --> 00:21:41,675
like I am,

388
00:21:41,717 --> 00:21:43,136
you want to do experiments.

389
00:21:43,177 --> 00:21:45,012
So, the challenge is to figure out

390
00:21:45,054 --> 00:21:46,597
how we can explore

391
00:21:46,639 --> 00:21:49,725
more mental states from a scientific perspective.

392
00:21:50,893 --> 00:21:53,938
All that happens in our mental life,

393
00:21:53,980 --> 00:21:57,691
it all comes from the biological activity of the brain.

394
00:21:57,733 --> 00:22:00,569
And the brain is this incredibly complex organ

395
00:22:00,611 --> 00:22:03,447
composed of about 88 billion neurons.

396
00:22:03,489 --> 00:22:06,075
Each neuron has a connection with about

397
00:22:06,117 --> 00:22:08,786
10,000 other neurons.

398
00:22:09,912 --> 00:22:11,831
How do you design experiments

399
00:22:11,872 --> 00:22:13,916
that will help us understand

400
00:22:13,958 --> 00:22:17,211
this relationship between the mind and the body?

401
00:22:18,629 --> 00:22:20,881
You are trying to solve this problem, like,

402
00:22:20,923 --> 00:22:22,758
"How do I design the algorithm?

403
00:22:22,800 --> 00:22:25,136
-Or you know, do one?" -It's creative. Yes.

404
00:22:25,178 --> 00:22:26,679
Yeah, it's really creative.

405
00:22:26,720 --> 00:22:29,473
But, I wake up at night thinking about it.

406
00:22:29,515 --> 00:22:31,017
There's almost nothing else.

407
00:22:31,058 --> 00:22:32,685
You can't go to sleep if you have that.

408
00:22:32,726 --> 00:22:33,727
Exactly.

409
00:22:33,769 --> 00:22:35,688
So you're a nerd too? Yeah!

410
00:22:35,729 --> 00:22:37,648
100 percent.

411
00:22:39,317 --> 00:22:41,110
I think this laboratory

412
00:22:41,152 --> 00:22:43,779
is doing really interesting things.

413
00:22:43,821 --> 00:22:46,824
It's going through very basic questions

414
00:22:46,866 --> 00:22:50,452
about what actually is the definition of consciousness,

415
00:22:50,494 --> 00:22:52,370
of self-awareness.

416
00:22:52,412 --> 00:22:54,581
I never knew that there was somebody

417
00:22:54,623 --> 00:22:56,374
tackling these questions

418
00:22:56,416 --> 00:22:59,212
from a... with a real experimental point.

419
00:22:59,253 --> 00:23:01,005
So this is far more

420
00:23:01,047 --> 00:23:02,923
experimental than I expected.

421
00:23:02,965 --> 00:23:04,925
I said, "Okay, these guys are psychologists.

422
00:23:04,967 --> 00:23:07,803
They're going to talk all the time. That will be it."

423
00:23:07,845 --> 00:23:09,347
That's not the case.

424
00:23:09,387 --> 00:23:12,266
They have... They perform measurements.

425
00:23:12,308 --> 00:23:13,976
They discuss data.

426
00:23:14,018 --> 00:23:16,478
I think we're on the same page with Axel.

427
00:23:16,520 --> 00:23:18,105
I mean, really.

428
00:23:20,440 --> 00:23:22,484
[Axel] So dark matter has mass?

429
00:23:22,526 --> 00:23:25,988
Dark matter must have mass. Yes, must be massive.

430
00:23:26,030 --> 00:23:28,324
So mass you can detect, right?

431
00:23:28,366 --> 00:23:29,867
Yes.

432
00:23:29,909 --> 00:23:31,869
-Yes, yes, yes. -That's all we know it is.

433
00:23:31,911 --> 00:23:33,871
That's how we know it's there.

434
00:23:33,913 --> 00:23:35,039
But...so where is it?

435
00:23:35,081 --> 00:23:36,540
It's going through us.

436
00:23:36,582 --> 00:23:38,125
This is the hypothesis.

437
00:23:38,167 --> 00:23:39,793
-Okay. -So, the...

438
00:23:39,835 --> 00:23:41,921
So this place is full of dark matter?

439
00:23:41,962 --> 00:23:43,881
Yeah, it's like neutrinos in a way.

440
00:23:43,923 --> 00:23:46,092
-Cheers. -Cheers!

441
00:23:47,718 --> 00:23:49,303
We're the only ones drinking.

442
00:24:10,699 --> 00:24:13,411
[Davide] Well, what I'm afraid of, of course,

443
00:24:13,451 --> 00:24:16,496
is that there is no dark matter out there.

444
00:24:16,538 --> 00:24:19,499
-Because it's... -How is that even a possibility?

445
00:24:19,541 --> 00:24:21,335
If there is no dark matter out there,

446
00:24:21,377 --> 00:24:24,338
we need to think really hard

447
00:24:24,380 --> 00:24:26,215
what's the other explanation.

448
00:24:26,257 --> 00:24:28,008
-But... -And your career is over.

449
00:24:28,050 --> 00:24:29,718
No! I mean...

450
00:24:29,760 --> 00:24:32,638
-It's never over. -No, no. It's never over.

451
00:24:32,679 --> 00:24:35,849
-You throw something down... -Of course! That's the thing.

452
00:24:35,891 --> 00:24:38,644
-That's the thing. -When it violates expectations.

453
00:24:38,685 --> 00:24:41,355
Well, that is what makes science really exciting.

454
00:24:41,397 --> 00:24:43,649
Right? Whatever happens happens.

455
00:24:43,690 --> 00:24:46,235
There's always something to think about,

456
00:24:46,277 --> 00:24:48,946
or theorize about, or understand.

457
00:24:48,988 --> 00:24:51,615
So, if there is no dark matter indeed...

458
00:24:51,657 --> 00:24:54,118
You know, that's what it is.

459
00:24:54,160 --> 00:24:57,913
Well, I'm not worried that there's no consciousness.

460
00:24:57,955 --> 00:24:59,957
Right? That's a problem I don't have.

461
00:24:59,999 --> 00:25:01,375
-Yeah. -Right?

462
00:25:01,417 --> 00:25:03,377
I know there is consciousness.

463
00:25:03,419 --> 00:25:05,838
If there's one worry, it's that...

464
00:25:05,879 --> 00:25:07,798
You know, we're not making

465
00:25:07,840 --> 00:25:09,549
sufficiently fast progress

466
00:25:09,591 --> 00:25:11,844
to truly understand how it works.

467
00:25:11,885 --> 00:25:14,096
But what is defining how

468
00:25:14,138 --> 00:25:15,722
fast enough is fast enough?

469
00:25:15,764 --> 00:25:18,267
I don't know. In my lifetime, maybe?

470
00:25:18,309 --> 00:25:19,435
You know?

471
00:25:19,477 --> 00:25:21,312
That's sort of worrying.

472
00:25:21,354 --> 00:25:23,439
I don't know. Sometimes I feel

473
00:25:23,481 --> 00:25:25,607
that we're sort of really far off.

474
00:25:25,649 --> 00:25:28,735
As an individual, you've done that for 10 or 15 years.

475
00:25:28,777 --> 00:25:30,528
You feel, "Okay, We're getting there.

476
00:25:30,570 --> 00:25:32,865
We're getting there!" We're not. You know?

477
00:25:33,824 --> 00:25:35,451
I know exactly what you mean.

478
00:25:35,493 --> 00:25:37,244
Yeah, yeah. I'm sure.

479
00:25:41,874 --> 00:25:44,877
[Axel] Of course, everybody's dream is to make,

480
00:25:41,874 --> 00:25:44,877
as a scientist,

481
00:25:44,918 --> 00:25:46,879
is to make a big discovery, you know?

482
00:25:46,920 --> 00:25:49,882
And to... To truly advance the field.

483
00:25:49,923 --> 00:25:53,719
I don't think it's going to be me. I mean, you know? But...

484
00:25:53,760 --> 00:25:56,389
There's something exciting about, as an individual

485
00:25:56,430 --> 00:25:59,016
feeling connected to these really big issues.

486
00:25:59,058 --> 00:26:00,726
This is what we want to do.

487
00:26:00,767 --> 00:26:04,397
We want to try to solve the hardest problems.

488
00:26:04,438 --> 00:26:07,400
Why would we be here if not to do that?

489
00:26:26,919 --> 00:26:29,505
[man] Is there gonna be a text?

490
00:26:29,547 --> 00:26:32,883
That says "Dr. Luke McKay, Astrobiologist,"

491
00:26:32,925 --> 00:26:34,801
at the bottom of the screen?

492
00:26:34,843 --> 00:26:37,471
[man] Is that what you'd like? What would you have it say?

493
00:26:40,307 --> 00:26:42,351
[Luke] I mean...

494
00:26:42,393 --> 00:26:44,853
What keeps me up at night is...

495
00:26:44,895 --> 00:26:46,439
are we alone?

496
00:26:49,567 --> 00:26:53,195
The microbes that I study in hot springs

497
00:26:53,237 --> 00:26:55,864
clearly defining the boundary conditions

498
00:26:55,906 --> 00:26:57,741
of life on Earth,

499
00:26:57,783 --> 00:26:59,993
is kind of paramount to understanding

500
00:27:00,035 --> 00:27:02,121
where life could be in space.

501
00:27:07,251 --> 00:27:09,295
You know the term shotgun?

502
00:27:09,336 --> 00:27:11,297
No. Well, I know what a shotgun is.

503
00:27:11,338 --> 00:27:13,132
Well, that's from the olden days

504
00:27:13,173 --> 00:27:16,552
when people would ride horse and wagon.

505
00:27:16,594 --> 00:27:18,262
-And you would be out... -There was a guy with a shotgun?

506
00:27:18,304 --> 00:27:20,264
We'd be on the frontier,

507
00:27:20,306 --> 00:27:23,350
and the guy riding shotgun would be ready for the bandits.

508
00:27:23,392 --> 00:27:26,270
-All right. -So you ride next to the driver.

509
00:27:27,938 --> 00:27:29,856
This is how you would get to Burning Man...

510
00:27:29,898 --> 00:27:32,401
I'm told. I've never been.

511
00:27:33,569 --> 00:27:35,779
And now you're too old.

512
00:27:35,821 --> 00:27:37,531
And now I'm too old.

513
00:27:37,573 --> 00:27:39,699
So the Earth's crust sort of is this

514
00:27:39,741 --> 00:27:41,994
crust layer on top of everything,

515
00:27:42,035 --> 00:27:43,787
and then wherever there's kind of a puncture

516
00:27:43,829 --> 00:27:45,539
or a crack, a hole in that...

517
00:27:45,581 --> 00:27:47,625
-You get this. -Is where you get this.

518
00:27:47,665 --> 00:27:49,209
This whole...

519
00:27:49,251 --> 00:27:51,878
This whole region is geo-thermally active.

520
00:27:51,920 --> 00:27:54,256
But you can see in this entire area,

521
00:27:54,298 --> 00:27:56,800
its connection to the subsurface world.

522
00:27:58,927 --> 00:28:00,678
-That sounds spooky. -Yeah.

523
00:28:00,720 --> 00:28:03,723
Connection to the subsurface world.

524
00:28:06,644 --> 00:28:08,686
So this is it? There's fumes coming out of it.

525
00:28:08,728 --> 00:28:11,064
Oh yeah. Look at that!

526
00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:15,569
Just quickly, we'll give you a spiel

527
00:28:15,611 --> 00:28:18,531
about safety around hot springs.

528
00:28:18,572 --> 00:28:20,491
When a lot of people hear the word "hot spring,"

529
00:28:20,533 --> 00:28:21,908
they think of something that you can get in

530
00:28:21,950 --> 00:28:24,161
and have a nice time in.

531
00:28:24,203 --> 00:28:25,663
But, the hot springs that we

532
00:28:25,703 --> 00:28:28,040
typically associate with and study

533
00:28:28,081 --> 00:28:30,125
are way too hot for that.

534
00:28:30,167 --> 00:28:32,169
-And... -And you could go in once.

535
00:28:32,211 --> 00:28:34,213
-But only once. -And you'll never come out.

536
00:28:34,254 --> 00:28:35,964
You won't come out the same.

537
00:28:36,006 --> 00:28:38,217
[Axel] Is there anything to like about this place?

538
00:28:38,258 --> 00:28:40,802
I mean there's snakes, fumes...

539
00:28:40,844 --> 00:28:42,680
danger, temperature...

540
00:28:42,721 --> 00:28:44,598
-That's exactly the question. -That's exactly...

541
00:28:44,640 --> 00:28:46,933
What is there to like about this place?

542
00:28:46,975 --> 00:28:48,852
-We love this place. -Yeah.

543
00:28:48,894 --> 00:28:50,437
-This kind of place. -Yeah.

544
00:28:50,479 --> 00:28:53,649
So the extremophiles are you guys?

545
00:28:53,691 --> 00:28:55,359
Yeah. We both are. Wherever there's something.

546
00:28:55,401 --> 00:28:56,985
We're the extremophile of philes.

547
00:28:57,027 --> 00:28:59,029
So, this is a little bit wet here.

548
00:28:59,071 --> 00:29:01,823
It's getting more wet.

549
00:29:01,865 --> 00:29:03,867
-Are you guys okay? -I'm okay.

550
00:29:03,909 --> 00:29:05,619
All right, let's just do it.

551
00:29:05,661 --> 00:29:07,705
It's going to get wet, a little wetter here.

552
00:29:18,465 --> 00:29:20,718
You just turn that on, I'll drop the end of it in

553
00:29:20,759 --> 00:29:22,802
and let me know what that says.

554
00:29:24,263 --> 00:29:27,600
I'm interested in what the microbial community is here.

555
00:29:27,641 --> 00:29:29,518
So the first thing I want to do is figure out

556
00:29:29,560 --> 00:29:31,520
what's the temperature range and what's the Ph.

557
00:29:31,562 --> 00:29:34,440
-It's hot enough. -Hot enough!

558
00:29:34,481 --> 00:29:37,401
Great. Now, that should slowly climb.

559
00:29:37,443 --> 00:29:38,944
But you let me know when...

560
00:29:38,985 --> 00:29:40,862
-It turns pretty quickly. -...it maxes out.

561
00:29:40,904 --> 00:29:44,866
The temperature is 72.2 Celsius.

562
00:29:44,908 --> 00:29:47,620
We can start collecting.

563
00:29:52,625 --> 00:29:56,169
It's really quiet. You can feel it complaining.

564
00:29:56,211 --> 00:29:59,715
Yeah, so there they are. Our friends.

565
00:29:59,757 --> 00:30:03,719
At this point, I don't know who lives here.

566
00:30:09,975 --> 00:30:12,269
These are sediment samples

567
00:30:12,311 --> 00:30:15,063
taken from the edge of this hot spring.

568
00:30:15,105 --> 00:30:18,108
We'll take these back on dry ice, to the lab

569
00:30:18,150 --> 00:30:21,320
and we'll perform what we call a DNA extraction

570
00:30:21,361 --> 00:30:25,282
to see what sort of novel, unknown

571
00:30:25,324 --> 00:30:27,576
microorganisms might live in this environment.

572
00:30:37,377 --> 00:30:42,633
While I feel strongly that life exists in outer space,

573
00:30:42,675 --> 00:30:45,678
it is technically an unknown.

574
00:30:47,053 --> 00:30:49,682
This is probably what links my work

575
00:30:49,723 --> 00:30:52,184
to Axel's in a way.

576
00:30:52,225 --> 00:30:54,478
What would it be?

577
00:30:54,520 --> 00:30:57,773
What would their equivalent of a brain be?

578
00:30:57,815 --> 00:31:01,819
What would their equivalent of consciousness be?

579
00:31:03,821 --> 00:31:05,614
There you go! Nice.

580
00:31:05,656 --> 00:31:07,324
-All right. Cool. -Nice.

581
00:31:07,366 --> 00:31:09,117
Yeah, okay. Now finish everything else.

582
00:31:09,159 --> 00:31:11,370
Yeah.

583
00:31:11,411 --> 00:31:14,956
Now you just kind of unravel them.

584
00:31:14,998 --> 00:31:17,417
They'll kind of tell you what they want to do.

585
00:31:23,382 --> 00:31:26,301
Do you think the universe is knowable?

586
00:31:26,343 --> 00:31:28,136
I don't know. That's a question...

587
00:31:28,178 --> 00:31:30,013
-for a physicist, I guess. -Yeah.

588
00:31:30,055 --> 00:31:33,058
-Dark matter is a great example. -Yeah.

589
00:31:33,099 --> 00:31:36,562
This very concept that does not interact with light...

590
00:31:36,603 --> 00:31:39,523
We have no way of perceiving it,

591
00:31:39,565 --> 00:31:41,900
that feels really weird to me, you know?

592
00:31:41,941 --> 00:31:45,028
That there's... That there's, I don't know.

593
00:31:45,070 --> 00:31:46,946
Matter around here, maybe? That...

594
00:31:46,988 --> 00:31:48,532
Yeah, yeah.

595
00:31:48,574 --> 00:31:50,367
We have no way of perceiving.

596
00:31:50,409 --> 00:31:52,369
In a way, we sort of forget

597
00:31:52,411 --> 00:31:55,121
that we're always limited by our own senses, right?

598
00:32:05,632 --> 00:32:08,761
Right here... Human beings.

599
00:32:08,802 --> 00:32:11,555
-[Axel] Okay. -Okay. That's a human.

600
00:32:11,597 --> 00:32:14,140
So, if you had to guess

601
00:32:14,182 --> 00:32:18,937
where on this tree of life would be a palm tree,

602
00:32:18,978 --> 00:32:20,814
where would you point?

603
00:32:20,856 --> 00:32:22,775
Well, here. No?

604
00:32:22,816 --> 00:32:24,443
-Right here? -Yeah. Right there.

605
00:32:24,484 --> 00:32:25,985
-A palm tree? -Yeah.

606
00:32:26,027 --> 00:32:27,946
Why? Why would it be there?

607
00:32:27,987 --> 00:32:30,449
Because I didn't draw every branch of the tree of life.

608
00:32:30,490 --> 00:32:32,200
-Okay. Yeah. -Right?

609
00:32:32,242 --> 00:32:35,203
So, there's more than... What is this, 50 branches?

610
00:32:35,245 --> 00:32:37,623
There's more than that many organisms on earth, right?

611
00:32:37,664 --> 00:32:40,375
I'm drawing these major groups, okay?

612
00:32:40,417 --> 00:32:42,294
So if you had a guess

613
00:32:42,335 --> 00:32:45,589
where a fungus would be...

614
00:32:45,631 --> 00:32:48,425
Well...here?

615
00:32:48,467 --> 00:32:50,469
Now you know, now you know.

616
00:32:50,510 --> 00:32:55,014
Yeast would be here, or maybe back here.

617
00:32:55,056 --> 00:32:58,393
Insects, flowers...

618
00:32:58,435 --> 00:33:01,396
When we think of the diversity of life,

619
00:33:01,438 --> 00:33:04,232
we don't think anywhere close

620
00:33:04,274 --> 00:33:06,109
to the total diversity of life.

621
00:33:06,151 --> 00:33:08,236
-This is a domain. -Point well taken.

622
00:33:08,278 --> 00:33:10,572
This is a domain called eukarya.

623
00:33:10,614 --> 00:33:12,491
Okay.

624
00:33:12,532 --> 00:33:15,410
And that's our domain, Eukaryotes.

625
00:33:15,452 --> 00:33:17,871
And then, this... is archaea,

626
00:33:20,373 --> 00:33:22,751
actually...

627
00:33:22,793 --> 00:33:24,419
which is what I'm very interested in.

628
00:33:24,461 --> 00:33:27,213
-Okay. -And this...

629
00:33:27,255 --> 00:33:28,966
is bacteria.

630
00:33:29,007 --> 00:33:30,801
Wow. You know what?

631
00:33:30,843 --> 00:33:34,220
You just, you sort of just drew a brain.

632
00:33:34,262 --> 00:33:37,223
I can't believe it. We're back to brains, you know?

633
00:33:37,265 --> 00:33:38,934
Can you show me where the hippocampus is?

634
00:33:38,976 --> 00:33:40,602
Oh, it would be here.

635
00:33:40,644 --> 00:33:42,729
It would be here in the blue.

636
00:33:42,771 --> 00:33:44,857
But, the point is amazing. You know?

637
00:33:44,898 --> 00:33:46,608
The point you're making about diversity

638
00:33:46,650 --> 00:33:48,067
and how we think about it.

639
00:33:48,109 --> 00:33:49,903
-Yeah, exactly. -And all this unknown bit,

640
00:33:49,945 --> 00:33:52,155
that nobody sees, in fact.

641
00:33:52,197 --> 00:33:54,616
The point that I want to make

642
00:33:54,658 --> 00:33:57,243
is that even microbiologists

643
00:33:57,285 --> 00:34:00,831
know very little about bacteria and archaea.

644
00:34:00,873 --> 00:34:04,042
Historically, our knowledge of microbiology

645
00:34:04,083 --> 00:34:08,046
is based on this sliver of the total diversity of life.

646
00:34:08,087 --> 00:34:10,256
And it wasn't until DNA sequencing

647
00:34:10,298 --> 00:34:12,926
that we started to discover all of this

648
00:34:12,968 --> 00:34:16,680
enormous majority of life that's unknown.

649
00:34:19,224 --> 00:34:20,600
Let me get this started,

650
00:34:20,642 --> 00:34:22,644
then I'm going to let you do the fun part.

651
00:34:25,022 --> 00:34:27,816
Why don't you put two scoops in?

652
00:34:27,858 --> 00:34:30,443
Come here.

653
00:34:30,485 --> 00:34:34,197
There's a very dark, tiny bit that I'm interested in.

654
00:34:34,239 --> 00:34:36,157
-We're going to shake it. -Okay.

655
00:34:36,199 --> 00:34:38,117
Those beads are going to shear the cells,

656
00:34:38,159 --> 00:34:40,245
and that's going to spill the DNA.

657
00:34:45,709 --> 00:34:47,920
And... We put them inside here.

658
00:34:47,961 --> 00:34:50,756
It's a centrifuge, so it spins things very quickly.

659
00:34:50,797 --> 00:34:53,008
But it's an ultra centrifuge.

660
00:34:53,050 --> 00:34:56,636
So it spins things really, really fast.

661
00:34:59,097 --> 00:35:02,726
[Axel] You want to be really sober

662
00:34:59,097 --> 00:35:02,726
when you're looking at this.

663
00:35:02,768 --> 00:35:04,978
-Start to feel a little wobbly? -It's like fireworks. Yeah.

664
00:35:05,020 --> 00:35:07,188
No, no, no. But I mean, it's...

665
00:35:07,230 --> 00:35:09,148
so colorful and so...

666
00:35:09,190 --> 00:35:10,859
literally full of life.

667
00:35:10,901 --> 00:35:13,570
Each of these brightly fluorescing squiggles

668
00:35:13,612 --> 00:35:16,197
is a different type of bacteria,

669
00:35:16,239 --> 00:35:17,866
or maybe the same.

670
00:35:17,908 --> 00:35:20,953
Then, if we change it...

671
00:35:20,994 --> 00:35:23,162
to green, now we're looking at the archaea again,

672
00:35:23,204 --> 00:35:26,374
and you see in the same hot spring,

673
00:35:26,416 --> 00:35:29,711
the same sediments from the banks of a hot spring.

674
00:35:29,753 --> 00:35:32,923
This is many more archaea in that same hot spring.

675
00:35:32,965 --> 00:35:34,466
Yeah, it's a whole universe in a single drop.

676
00:35:34,507 --> 00:35:36,342
Exactly.

677
00:35:36,384 --> 00:35:39,930
And it looks strangely similar to the universe.

678
00:35:39,972 --> 00:35:43,391
Well, you know, I wasn't going to say that, but...

679
00:35:43,433 --> 00:35:45,852
-I'll stop with the analogies. -Exactly.

680
00:35:45,894 --> 00:35:47,395
Yes, it is. It does.

681
00:35:51,691 --> 00:35:53,819
[Luke] It's really cool to have that perspective of

682
00:35:53,860 --> 00:35:56,362
peering down so closely

683
00:35:56,404 --> 00:36:00,533
and focusing on microbial life.

684
00:36:00,575 --> 00:36:03,244
At the same time, you have this

685
00:36:03,286 --> 00:36:05,914
visual connection to outer space.

686
00:36:38,279 --> 00:36:42,200
[woman] I am an observer of forming stars.

687
00:36:44,036 --> 00:36:47,164
I'll be looking at clouds of gas,

688
00:36:47,205 --> 00:36:51,001
trying to understand these mysteries of planet formation.

689
00:36:52,377 --> 00:36:55,755
This is the origin question of how we got here.

690
00:36:57,841 --> 00:36:59,801
-Hey. I'm Luke McKay. -I'm Rachel Smith.

691
00:36:59,843 --> 00:37:01,469
I don't even know what you look like.

692
00:37:01,511 --> 00:37:02,595
I didn't know who you were.

693
00:37:02,637 --> 00:37:05,057
Yeah. Well, here I am.

694
00:37:05,098 --> 00:37:06,683
[Rachel] Hey, look at that!

695
00:37:06,725 --> 00:37:09,227
-Some real cows they brought in. -Real cows.

696
00:37:09,268 --> 00:37:10,687
-They might be robots. -Some Hollywood cows.

697
00:37:10,729 --> 00:37:12,022
You never know, or holograms?

698
00:37:12,064 --> 00:37:13,815
I don't believe it.

699
00:37:13,857 --> 00:37:16,568
Who manages their cows that way?

700
00:37:16,609 --> 00:37:18,111
I love going to the summit.

701
00:37:18,153 --> 00:37:20,238
It's one of my favorite places on Earth.

702
00:37:20,279 --> 00:37:22,991
Scientists all over the world want to get time on these

703
00:37:20,279 --> 00:37:22,991
telescopes.

704
00:37:23,033 --> 00:37:26,870
It's one of the best observing locations in the world.

705
00:37:28,621 --> 00:37:31,249
The altitude can affect people in different ways

706
00:37:31,290 --> 00:37:34,086
-that aren't always predictable. -How high is the summit?

707
00:37:34,127 --> 00:37:36,755
[Rachel] It's about... almost 14,000 feet.

708
00:37:37,964 --> 00:37:40,550
You sure this isn't a motor smell?

709
00:37:42,052 --> 00:37:44,637
-Or gas pedal smell? -I think it's just dust.

710
00:37:44,679 --> 00:37:48,141
-We're really ascending now. -Yeah.

711
00:37:48,183 --> 00:37:50,936
[Luke] Whoa, look how high we are! Oh my God.

712
00:37:50,977 --> 00:37:53,563
-We're like, above everything! -We're above everything.

713
00:37:53,605 --> 00:37:57,192
I feel like a little kid on Christmas.

714
00:37:57,234 --> 00:37:59,111
I feel like myself on Christmas, because I really love Christmas.

715
00:37:59,152 --> 00:38:00,946
That's the altitude, but okay.

716
00:38:00,987 --> 00:38:04,199
The happiness is the lack of oxygen.

717
00:38:05,283 --> 00:38:07,869
Whoa!

718
00:38:07,911 --> 00:38:10,789
[Rachel] You don't appreciate how big they are

719
00:38:07,911 --> 00:38:10,789
until you get here.

720
00:38:12,832 --> 00:38:14,375
Oh, my God.

721
00:38:14,417 --> 00:38:16,086
So cool.

722
00:38:16,128 --> 00:38:19,505
It's back! Yay! Oh, it's our instrument.

723
00:38:19,547 --> 00:38:21,549
-C'mon! Let's get a photo. -Wow.

724
00:38:23,927 --> 00:38:27,388
[Luke chuckles] This is so cool!

725
00:38:27,430 --> 00:38:30,142
The primary mirror is what we're looking at right now.

726
00:38:30,183 --> 00:38:32,644
And you can see our individual segments.

727
00:38:32,685 --> 00:38:33,979
There are 36 segments.

728
00:38:34,020 --> 00:38:36,189
-Right. -Hexagonal in shape.

729
00:38:36,231 --> 00:38:38,066
It makes up that ten meter surface.

730
00:38:38,108 --> 00:38:39,651
The point of the mirrors is to capture

731
00:38:39,692 --> 00:38:41,069
and concentrate the light.

732
00:38:41,111 --> 00:38:43,071
-Yes! -Everything comes in, boom!

733
00:38:43,113 --> 00:38:44,990
-Mirrors send it to an instrument.

734
00:38:43,113 --> 00:38:44,990
-Send it to a single point.

735
00:38:45,031 --> 00:38:47,242
Okay, I got it.

736
00:38:47,284 --> 00:38:48,994
So this is a tool, this giant mirror

737
00:38:49,035 --> 00:38:50,745
with its 36 segments,

738
00:38:50,787 --> 00:38:53,832
on this high location on the planet

739
00:38:53,873 --> 00:38:56,835
to explore towards the center of the galaxy, essentially.

740
00:38:56,876 --> 00:38:59,879
That's the coolest sentence I've ever heard, I think.

741
00:38:59,921 --> 00:39:03,008
We're going to point this at the galactic center.

742
00:39:03,049 --> 00:39:04,592
Yeah! We're going to get light

743
00:39:04,634 --> 00:39:06,219
from this center of the galaxy.

744
00:39:06,261 --> 00:39:08,888
We're going to be looking at some forming stars.

745
00:39:08,930 --> 00:39:11,099
This is like a spaceship, in a way.

746
00:39:11,141 --> 00:39:13,185
But instead of bringing us to space,

747
00:39:13,226 --> 00:39:15,312
it brings space to us.

748
00:39:20,650 --> 00:39:22,319
[Luke] There are very many analogues

749
00:39:22,360 --> 00:39:24,529
between what she's doing and what I'm doing.

750
00:39:24,570 --> 00:39:26,656
And the way she takes a sample

751
00:39:26,698 --> 00:39:28,741
as she's capturing light from these distant places

752
00:39:28,783 --> 00:39:30,952
in the galaxy,

753
00:39:30,994 --> 00:39:34,789
and using different machines, basically,

754
00:39:34,831 --> 00:39:38,459
to look at that light in different ways.

755
00:39:38,501 --> 00:39:40,837
Something about the light can actually tell us

756
00:39:40,879 --> 00:39:43,923
something about the chemistry of that zone

757
00:39:43,965 --> 00:39:45,591
of star formation.

758
00:39:45,633 --> 00:39:47,635
And we're going to stay up all night

759
00:39:47,677 --> 00:39:49,971
'cause night is when all the good stuff happens.

760
00:39:51,806 --> 00:39:54,309
[Rachel] We work hard to get this telescope time.

761
00:39:54,351 --> 00:39:58,188
Writing the proposals... and it's a privilege.

762
00:39:58,230 --> 00:40:00,565
One night we had bad weather, and that was it.

763
00:40:00,606 --> 00:40:02,650
You could come all this way,

764
00:40:02,692 --> 00:40:05,278
and we could have fog, and they close the dome.

765
00:40:07,072 --> 00:40:09,366
[Luke] To be perfectly honest,

766
00:40:09,407 --> 00:40:13,078
I didn't really get the whole thing of not looking into

767
00:40:09,407 --> 00:40:13,078
a telescope.

768
00:40:13,119 --> 00:40:15,872
I didn't understand that the telescope

769
00:40:15,914 --> 00:40:19,042
is way up there, on top of the volcano,

770
00:40:19,084 --> 00:40:22,461
and we're going to be down here in town

771
00:40:22,503 --> 00:40:24,381
looking at computers.

772
00:40:24,422 --> 00:40:27,175
Which in hindsight, makes tons of sense to me.

773
00:40:27,217 --> 00:40:30,387
But I guess when I heard that I'd be doing this,

774
00:40:30,428 --> 00:40:31,804
I was like, "Oh! Sweet!

775
00:40:31,846 --> 00:40:34,099
We're going to be up all night,

776
00:40:34,140 --> 00:40:36,684
peering through the lenses of this telescope."

777
00:40:36,726 --> 00:40:40,897
And that's in fact not at all what's happening.

778
00:40:40,939 --> 00:40:43,733
There's the filter to do the telescope focus.

779
00:40:43,775 --> 00:40:45,902
Okay.

780
00:40:45,944 --> 00:40:47,528
Those webcams look great.

781
00:40:47,570 --> 00:40:49,406
It's going to be a great night.

782
00:40:49,447 --> 00:40:52,450
Layer of relative humidity is quite low.

783
00:40:52,491 --> 00:40:54,119
We're ready to go.

784
00:40:54,160 --> 00:40:56,371
[Luke] Is this a filter wheel?

785
00:40:56,413 --> 00:40:58,831
-It's exactly like a microscope. -Mm-hmm.

786
00:40:58,873 --> 00:41:01,000
A microscope is a little telescope.

787
00:41:01,042 --> 00:41:02,877
-Yeah. -For the tiny things.

788
00:41:02,919 --> 00:41:05,713
It's a telescope for the tiny things.

789
00:41:09,008 --> 00:41:11,970
It's cool. You can see it moving.

790
00:41:13,388 --> 00:41:15,723
-And the stars become lines. -There it is.

791
00:41:15,765 --> 00:41:18,226
That big, bright light is your first star?

792
00:41:18,268 --> 00:41:20,019
[Rachel] And this is showing

793
00:41:20,061 --> 00:41:21,271
how much of the light is coming through.

794
00:41:21,313 --> 00:41:22,981
There's a nice bright star

795
00:41:23,022 --> 00:41:25,150
without a lot of sky.

796
00:41:25,191 --> 00:41:27,026
You know how we saw all that noise in some of the data?

797
00:41:27,068 --> 00:41:28,611
This is really perfect.

798
00:41:28,653 --> 00:41:30,947
Look at it, it's like a painting.

799
00:41:30,989 --> 00:41:33,408
It's like what... we'd love this all night.

800
00:41:46,171 --> 00:41:49,507
[Luke] So, we've been here for...

801
00:41:49,548 --> 00:41:52,927
seven, maybe eight hours?

802
00:41:52,969 --> 00:41:55,180
Wandering through the Milky Way

803
00:41:55,221 --> 00:41:57,974
with the Keck telescope.

804
00:41:58,016 --> 00:42:00,643
Rachel's signature of choice

805
00:42:00,685 --> 00:42:03,021
is carbon monoxide.

806
00:42:03,062 --> 00:42:05,106
And...

807
00:42:07,192 --> 00:42:11,070
that is... that can tell you a lot.

808
00:42:11,112 --> 00:42:13,114
That molecule can tell you a lot

809
00:42:13,156 --> 00:42:16,117
about star formation.

810
00:42:16,159 --> 00:42:18,495
And this is clearly where

811
00:42:18,536 --> 00:42:21,998
my understanding breaks down.

812
00:42:22,040 --> 00:42:24,542
Cue, Rachel.

813
00:42:27,045 --> 00:42:29,339
[Rachel] The cloud of gas around a forming star

814
00:42:29,381 --> 00:42:31,174
is made up of lots of molecules,

815
00:42:31,216 --> 00:42:34,219
one of which is carbon monoxide.

816
00:42:34,260 --> 00:42:36,471
Carbon monoxide is the exhaust

817
00:42:36,513 --> 00:42:38,848
that comes out of your car, and it's toxic.

818
00:42:38,890 --> 00:42:40,641
You don't want to breathe that stuff.

819
00:42:40,683 --> 00:42:42,560
But it's actually a really important molecule

820
00:42:42,601 --> 00:42:45,397
to study in our galaxy.

821
00:42:46,564 --> 00:42:48,483
Carbon is a key element

822
00:42:48,525 --> 00:42:50,318
to understanding how planets form

823
00:42:50,360 --> 00:42:52,111
and understanding

824
00:42:52,153 --> 00:42:54,906
how molecules we need for life are formed.

825
00:42:56,366 --> 00:42:59,536
We don't have that full picture well understood.

826
00:42:59,577 --> 00:43:01,829
The data we get from the telescope

827
00:43:01,871 --> 00:43:03,289
open up a window

828
00:43:03,331 --> 00:43:05,708
into something that might be going on.

829
00:43:09,087 --> 00:43:11,797
How can I, as a small person,

830
00:43:11,839 --> 00:43:15,260
answer a question about the causes?

831
00:43:15,301 --> 00:43:18,513
You have a puzzle with a million or a billion pieces,

832
00:43:18,555 --> 00:43:20,973
and we've got one piece.

833
00:43:22,725 --> 00:43:24,436
Star Log...

834
00:43:24,477 --> 00:43:27,272
Chapter 24, Part three.

835
00:43:27,313 --> 00:43:30,442
The film crew is gone.

836
00:43:30,483 --> 00:43:32,110
It's just us.

837
00:43:32,151 --> 00:43:34,862
I'll do a perspective shot, like this.

838
00:43:34,904 --> 00:43:37,574
-All right, but don't touch it yet.

839
00:43:34,904 --> 00:43:37,574
-I'm not touching anything.

840
00:43:39,117 --> 00:43:43,871
It's almost 5:15 AM, in the morning.

841
00:43:43,913 --> 00:43:46,874
We're getting the last bit of data possible,

842
00:43:46,916 --> 00:43:50,336
before the sun comes and ruins everything.

843
00:44:03,475 --> 00:44:05,977
[Rachel] So, have you ever seen flowing lava before?

844
00:44:06,018 --> 00:44:07,479
[Luke] No.

845
00:44:08,313 --> 00:44:10,148
-Oh, my God! -Oh, my God!

846
00:44:10,189 --> 00:44:12,275
Oh, my God!

847
00:44:12,317 --> 00:44:14,193
This is so cool!

848
00:44:15,069 --> 00:44:17,947
-Oh, my God. -Oh, my God.

849
00:44:17,989 --> 00:44:20,950
[Rachel] It's like the same thing.

850
00:44:17,989 --> 00:44:20,950
We can't go to space,

851
00:44:20,992 --> 00:44:23,786
but we can use telescopes and we can come here.

852
00:44:23,828 --> 00:44:25,913
-It feels like... -It's like bringing space to us.

853
00:44:25,955 --> 00:44:27,665
It's bringing space to us.

854
00:44:27,706 --> 00:44:30,126
And this process makes me feel the same way it felt like

855
00:44:30,168 --> 00:44:32,462
on Mauna Kea at Keck.

856
00:44:32,504 --> 00:44:34,755
In a way, it's like looking at origins

857
00:44:34,797 --> 00:44:37,842
in space, and this is an origin of our planet.

858
00:45:08,623 --> 00:45:11,501
[Rachel] I would love the experience of going to space.

859
00:45:13,878 --> 00:45:17,340
Seeing out a window,

860
00:45:17,382 --> 00:45:20,468
being surrounded by the darkness of space,

861
00:45:20,510 --> 00:45:23,179
really going off into a capsule, kind of looking out,

862
00:45:23,221 --> 00:45:26,516
and just being part of the cosmos that way...

863
00:45:55,044 --> 00:45:58,548
Do you want some water? Do you want some water?

864
00:45:58,590 --> 00:46:00,216
I'll get you some water.

865
00:46:03,302 --> 00:46:05,804
I have coconuts, pina colada.

866
00:46:05,846 --> 00:46:08,057
♪ Pina colada! ♪

867
00:46:08,099 --> 00:46:11,477
Yeah! Want rum?

868
00:46:11,519 --> 00:46:13,688
No, coconut. We're working, right? Yeah.

869
00:46:13,730 --> 00:46:16,357
If he starts licking his balls, you know...

870
00:46:16,399 --> 00:46:19,444
maybe cut it there.

871
00:46:19,485 --> 00:46:21,654
Hi sweetie. Are you a girl?

872
00:46:21,696 --> 00:46:25,199
You might be a girl. Awwww!

873
00:46:25,241 --> 00:46:28,327
From what I understand, we're going to a methane seep.

874
00:46:28,369 --> 00:46:31,706
And it's cold down there, and that's all I know.

875
00:46:31,748 --> 00:46:33,666
I don't know how deep it is.

876
00:46:33,708 --> 00:46:35,752
I was curious and I don't know exactly what they're studying.

877
00:46:35,792 --> 00:46:38,296
But I imagine it's some kind of cool community of creatures.

878
00:46:44,885 --> 00:46:47,221
[woman] There's something very magical about

879
00:46:47,263 --> 00:46:49,682
being down there, looking out the viewport,

880
00:46:49,724 --> 00:46:51,434
seeing things that

881
00:46:51,476 --> 00:46:54,186
maybe no other human has ever seen on the seafloor.

882
00:46:59,942 --> 00:47:02,111
-Rachel, nice to meet you. -Nice to meet you.

883
00:47:02,153 --> 00:47:05,239
-How was your trip? -It was wonderful.

884
00:47:02,153 --> 00:47:05,239
Really amazing.

885
00:47:05,281 --> 00:47:06,865
-How was your trip out here? -Great. So far, amazing.

886
00:47:06,907 --> 00:47:08,409
-Super amazing. -Great.

887
00:47:08,451 --> 00:47:10,662
How many dives have you been on?

888
00:47:10,703 --> 00:47:12,622
I'd been trying to figure this out the other day.

889
00:47:12,664 --> 00:47:15,874
I think I have... maybe 17 dives?

890
00:47:15,916 --> 00:47:18,795
It's kind of cool. When you're diving tomorrow,

891
00:47:18,835 --> 00:47:20,837
just watch during the descent

892
00:47:20,879 --> 00:47:23,591
and you'll see all these crazy animals.

893
00:47:23,633 --> 00:47:25,426
Can you get pictures of those as you go down?

894
00:47:25,468 --> 00:47:26,885
-I didn't get...yeah. -Oh, you weren't?

895
00:47:26,927 --> 00:47:29,013
We weren't able to get...

896
00:47:29,054 --> 00:47:31,015
Unless you go down too fast to get a picture, right?

897
00:47:31,056 --> 00:47:33,643
Yeah. Usually, you're just so caught up...

898
00:47:33,685 --> 00:47:35,436
In doing the actual work, right?

899
00:47:35,478 --> 00:47:36,688
Yeah.

900
00:47:54,955 --> 00:47:58,042
We could go into the juice bag business.

901
00:47:58,083 --> 00:47:59,918
They remind me of juice boxes.

902
00:47:59,960 --> 00:48:02,630
But no, you wouldn't want to drink this juice.

903
00:48:02,672 --> 00:48:04,507
Well, you know. If you're a microbe...

904
00:48:04,549 --> 00:48:06,592
-Unless you're a microbe. -That's good for now.

905
00:48:06,634 --> 00:48:08,177
We're going to leave a little corner open so we can

906
00:48:08,219 --> 00:48:10,054
-add the chemicals. -Okay.

907
00:48:10,095 --> 00:48:12,223
Science made delicious.

908
00:48:13,516 --> 00:48:15,309
These are all archaea?

909
00:48:15,351 --> 00:48:16,769
They're not all archaea. So, it's...

910
00:48:16,811 --> 00:48:19,104
It's both archaea and bacteria.

911
00:48:20,314 --> 00:48:22,274
We're interested in the organisms that

912
00:48:22,316 --> 00:48:25,528
eat methane and are living in the rocks.

913
00:48:25,570 --> 00:48:27,446
So, people ask me this question a lot

914
00:48:27,488 --> 00:48:29,365
about why I'm doing what I'm doing and stuff, so...

915
00:48:29,407 --> 00:48:32,117
Is there a bigger-picture answer

916
00:48:32,159 --> 00:48:34,662
that understanding the carbon usage

917
00:48:34,704 --> 00:48:36,622
in the microorganisms tells you?

918
00:48:36,664 --> 00:48:40,084
Yeah, well.. So methane is a really

919
00:48:40,125 --> 00:48:42,044
very potent greenhouse gas, right?

920
00:48:42,086 --> 00:48:44,839
We have huge stores of methane

921
00:48:44,881 --> 00:48:48,259
locked up in the deep sea, all along the continental margins.

922
00:48:48,300 --> 00:48:51,220
And most of that methane doesn't get into the atmosphere

923
00:48:51,262 --> 00:48:53,514
because of these microorganisms

924
00:48:53,556 --> 00:48:55,683
that eat it before

925
00:48:55,725 --> 00:48:57,727
it's released into the water column

926
00:48:57,769 --> 00:48:59,936
and up into the atmosphere.

927
00:49:03,274 --> 00:49:05,443
When you dive in Alvin, do you...

928
00:49:05,484 --> 00:49:07,319
And when you dive in Alvin...

929
00:49:07,361 --> 00:49:09,363
-Do I get to dive for sure? -Tomorrow, it's you and me.

930
00:49:09,405 --> 00:49:12,241
Oh, yes! See? Confirmation on film.

931
00:49:12,283 --> 00:49:14,034
-It's you and me tomorrow. -Yes!

932
00:49:14,076 --> 00:49:15,828
-It's on the schedule. -Oh, I'm so excited!

933
00:49:15,870 --> 00:49:17,872
I was saying it's like going to another planet.

934
00:49:17,914 --> 00:49:19,540
Yeah, it is.

935
00:49:19,582 --> 00:49:21,500
It feels like another planet sometimes.

936
00:49:21,542 --> 00:49:23,127
We haven't set up the ping pong table yet,

937
00:49:23,168 --> 00:49:25,003
but that is a high priority for today.

938
00:49:25,045 --> 00:49:27,715
-Is it really? All right. -Yes. Yes.

939
00:49:27,757 --> 00:49:30,593
This is the main lab.

940
00:49:39,769 --> 00:49:41,771
[Rachel] When you're down there, Victoria,

941
00:49:41,813 --> 00:49:44,148
did you ever feel something like, this void?

942
00:49:44,189 --> 00:49:45,524
-Or not so much? -I... No.

943
00:49:45,566 --> 00:49:48,235
I feel totally at calm down there.

944
00:49:48,277 --> 00:49:51,864
Yeah. I would stay, stay down there.

945
00:49:51,906 --> 00:49:53,866
What would you say is the most

946
00:49:53,908 --> 00:49:56,661
amazing thing about diving down?

947
00:49:56,702 --> 00:49:58,496
It's one of the largest habitats,

948
00:49:58,537 --> 00:50:00,122
if you want to call it that,

949
00:50:00,164 --> 00:50:02,291
or environments on our planet.

950
00:50:02,333 --> 00:50:05,962
We've barely begun to scratch the surface.

951
00:50:06,002 --> 00:50:09,340
You said, like it's this... empty barren plane.

952
00:50:09,381 --> 00:50:11,467
But when we see that, we both

953
00:50:11,509 --> 00:50:13,886
see an amazing diversity.

954
00:50:13,928 --> 00:50:16,472
They're tiny and they live in the mud,

955
00:50:16,514 --> 00:50:17,890
and you can't see them.

956
00:50:17,932 --> 00:50:20,184
And most of them are unknown, right?

957
00:50:20,225 --> 00:50:21,936
And haven't been described, but they're there.

958
00:50:21,978 --> 00:50:25,063
It's one of the most diverse places on Earth.

959
00:50:32,028 --> 00:50:34,490
So the other thing you're going to want to do is...

960
00:50:34,532 --> 00:50:37,075
the day you dive, we request that you take a shower

961
00:50:37,117 --> 00:50:38,536
-before you come in the sub. -Okay.

962
00:50:38,577 --> 00:50:39,912
And that you wear clean clothes

963
00:50:39,954 --> 00:50:41,497
as clean as you can possibly stay.

964
00:50:41,539 --> 00:50:43,374
-Is it because of how I look now?

965
00:50:41,539 --> 00:50:43,374
-No, no.

966
00:50:43,415 --> 00:50:44,959
We just always say that.

967
00:50:55,386 --> 00:50:57,053
This is where we're going.

968
00:50:57,095 --> 00:50:59,223
This is everything on the basket.

969
00:50:59,264 --> 00:51:01,433
At the end, when we're running out of batteries,

970
00:51:01,475 --> 00:51:03,143
that's what really defines...

971
00:51:03,185 --> 00:51:05,813
-how long the dive is. -Okay.

972
00:51:05,855 --> 00:51:08,024
As long as nothing else goes wrong.

973
00:51:08,064 --> 00:51:10,026
Right.

974
00:51:10,066 --> 00:51:11,569
Which it won't, because you said many times...

975
00:51:11,610 --> 00:51:13,946
-nothing will go wrong. -Right.

976
00:51:13,988 --> 00:51:15,990
-Yeah. I guarantee it. -You guarantee?

977
00:51:16,032 --> 00:51:18,034
-It's your personal guarantee? -Right?

978
00:51:32,464 --> 00:51:34,425
[buzzer sounds]

979
00:51:40,389 --> 00:51:43,768
So because it's cold in this sub, I brought...

980
00:51:43,809 --> 00:51:46,270
Everything has to be a natural fiber.

981
00:51:46,311 --> 00:51:50,357
Appropriately selected long sleeve shirt.

982
00:51:51,776 --> 00:51:53,444
How are you feeling today as opposed to yesterday,

983
00:51:53,485 --> 00:51:55,111
about the dive?

984
00:51:55,153 --> 00:51:57,406
Just excited about it. Yeah.

985
00:51:57,448 --> 00:51:59,241
Why?

986
00:51:59,283 --> 00:52:01,577
Do I seem nervous about it?

987
00:52:01,619 --> 00:52:03,119
Should I be?

988
00:52:04,413 --> 00:52:07,123
-Bon voyage! -Thank you, thank you.

989
00:52:07,165 --> 00:52:08,208
All right!

990
00:52:08,250 --> 00:52:09,919
[ship's horn sounds]

991
00:52:12,004 --> 00:52:14,214
Oh my gosh!

992
00:52:15,674 --> 00:52:18,052
[man over radio] Copy, we have a match.

993
00:52:27,311 --> 00:52:29,187
Alvin, top lab...

994
00:52:29,229 --> 00:52:32,399
Your launch altitude is 1,000 meters.

995
00:52:32,441 --> 00:52:35,736
By type, you're clear to dive soon as we're cleared.

996
00:52:35,778 --> 00:52:38,154
Copy. 1,000 meters by type,

997
00:52:38,196 --> 00:52:40,365
standing by for swimsuits.

998
00:52:42,910 --> 00:52:45,955
Alvin in one, Swimmers are cleared.

999
00:52:45,997 --> 00:52:48,916
[man 2] Copy. Swimmers are cleared. Alvin diving.

1000
00:53:05,432 --> 00:53:08,144
Oh, wow! It's green.

1001
00:53:08,184 --> 00:53:10,437
Yeah, it's really green.

1002
00:53:10,479 --> 00:53:11,981
Is this the light?

1003
00:53:12,023 --> 00:53:14,733
No, we're in the middle of a big plankton bloom.

1004
00:53:34,252 --> 00:53:36,254
Am I seeing the bottom?

1005
00:53:42,178 --> 00:53:45,014
This is the coolest capsule. It is like being in space.

1006
00:53:45,056 --> 00:53:48,350
It feels more spacious, the more time we spend in it.

1007
00:53:48,392 --> 00:53:50,352
We have enough peanut butter sandwiches

1008
00:53:50,394 --> 00:53:54,356
to last at least another 30 minutes...

1009
00:53:54,398 --> 00:53:56,400
the rate we're eating.

1010
00:53:58,652 --> 00:54:01,405
Oh my! Oh, look at these mussel beds!

1011
00:54:01,446 --> 00:54:03,782
Wow! This is nice.

1012
00:54:10,206 --> 00:54:11,707
When they turn the lights on,

1013
00:54:11,749 --> 00:54:14,085
you see these bright red shrimp.

1014
00:54:14,126 --> 00:54:16,003
Which is striking, considering

1015
00:54:16,045 --> 00:54:17,755
the muted colors otherwise.

1016
00:54:17,796 --> 00:54:20,632
There's kind of a drabby color environment.

1017
00:54:22,634 --> 00:54:24,386
Everything just seems slower

1018
00:54:24,428 --> 00:54:26,346
'cause you're at such high pressure.

1019
00:54:29,808 --> 00:54:31,560
The connection between

1020
00:54:31,602 --> 00:54:33,229
the seeps and global warming is really interesting.

1021
00:54:33,269 --> 00:54:35,022
I hadn't thought much about that

1022
00:54:35,064 --> 00:54:37,900
until talking to Victoria and Erik about it.

1023
00:54:39,068 --> 00:54:41,528
[Victoria] Methane is a greenhouse gas

1024
00:54:41,570 --> 00:54:43,864
much more powerful than carbon dioxide,

1025
00:54:43,906 --> 00:54:45,449
in terms of its potential

1026
00:54:45,490 --> 00:54:47,534
to warm the planet.

1027
00:54:49,745 --> 00:54:53,040
And it turns out these microorganisms that we study

1028
00:54:53,082 --> 00:54:55,333
are using this gas

1029
00:54:55,375 --> 00:54:57,461
to support their life,

1030
00:54:57,502 --> 00:55:00,131
and also support other animals

1031
00:55:00,172 --> 00:55:02,091
that are found in that environment.

1032
00:55:05,261 --> 00:55:06,637
[Rachel] You get to the methane seep,

1033
00:55:06,678 --> 00:55:08,430
you see these really cool creatures.

1034
00:55:08,472 --> 00:55:12,226
You see the yeti crabs eat the bacteria.

1035
00:55:12,268 --> 00:55:14,603
The base of this food chain is

1036
00:55:14,645 --> 00:55:17,355
the bacteria and the methane.

1037
00:55:17,397 --> 00:55:19,900
[Victoria] Even though they're very small in size

1038
00:55:19,942 --> 00:55:22,069
and we can't see them with our naked eyes,

1039
00:55:22,111 --> 00:55:24,905
these microorganisms that we study

1040
00:55:24,947 --> 00:55:27,616
are basically the methane gatekeepers.

1041
00:55:34,081 --> 00:55:37,168
Hi, Rachel. This is Victoria. We were curious

1042
00:55:37,209 --> 00:55:40,796
how your experience has been so far.

1043
00:55:40,838 --> 00:55:43,299
I've been taking video of what's out my window.

1044
00:55:43,339 --> 00:55:44,842
And they've been getting samples,

1045
00:55:44,883 --> 00:55:46,426
Erik and Mike have been getting samples.

1046
00:55:46,468 --> 00:55:47,886
It's been really, really interesting.

1047
00:55:47,928 --> 00:55:49,429
It's awesome down here.

1048
00:55:49,471 --> 00:55:51,223
Well, bring back good samples.

1049
00:55:51,265 --> 00:55:53,267
Give my best to Erik.

1050
00:55:55,936 --> 00:55:58,689
[Erik] We're taking rocks that are right in the middle

1051
00:55:58,730 --> 00:56:00,440
of this flow of gas,

1052
00:56:00,482 --> 00:56:04,402
and we're moving them different distances away to see

1053
00:56:04,444 --> 00:56:06,322
if they change, depending on

1054
00:56:06,362 --> 00:56:09,074
how far away from the seep they are.

1055
00:56:10,701 --> 00:56:12,619
We're trying to learn how

1056
00:56:12,661 --> 00:56:14,705
this methane input

1057
00:56:14,746 --> 00:56:16,999
affects the entire ocean.

1058
00:56:22,213 --> 00:56:25,507
[Rachel] When you move past the methane seep,

1059
00:56:25,549 --> 00:56:28,635
the amount of life kind of vanishes pretty quickly.

1060
00:56:28,677 --> 00:56:31,513
You end up being in this void...

1061
00:56:31,555 --> 00:56:33,515
relatively fast.

1062
00:56:34,850 --> 00:56:38,145
I really like looking out and seeing nothing.

1063
00:56:44,860 --> 00:56:47,112
It's like being in a spaceship.

1064
00:57:07,216 --> 00:57:08,633
Welcome back.

1065
00:57:08,675 --> 00:57:10,177
You know, I sympathize with astronauts

1066
00:57:10,219 --> 00:57:12,096
who haven't walked on firm ground.

1067
00:57:12,137 --> 00:57:13,722
We were only there for six hours.

1068
00:57:13,764 --> 00:57:15,933
What was your favorite part?

1069
00:57:15,974 --> 00:57:18,810
I liked being inside the orb.

1070
00:57:18,852 --> 00:57:22,022
Like, you just imagine we're in a metal sphere in the ocean.

1071
00:57:22,064 --> 00:57:25,276
It's kind of a little trippy inside,

1072
00:57:22,064 --> 00:57:25,276
with all the red buttons.

1073
00:57:25,317 --> 00:57:28,195
We could be anywhere in the universe.

1074
00:57:30,488 --> 00:57:32,699
[Victoria] I really love looking at the samples

1075
00:57:32,741 --> 00:57:34,410
when they come up the seashore.

1076
00:57:34,451 --> 00:57:37,913
Kind of like every Alvin dive is Christmas morning.

1077
00:57:37,955 --> 00:57:39,456
You know? The samples come up,

1078
00:57:39,497 --> 00:57:42,167
and we get to go and look

1079
00:57:42,209 --> 00:57:43,668
at what people collected.

1080
00:57:45,963 --> 00:57:49,007
My hope is that eventually, one day

1081
00:57:49,049 --> 00:57:50,801
we'll be able to really understand

1082
00:57:50,842 --> 00:57:52,552
how microbial ecosystems tick.

1083
00:57:52,594 --> 00:57:54,554
I don't think this is

1084
00:57:54,596 --> 00:57:57,141
even a ten-year achievable goal.

1085
00:57:58,350 --> 00:58:00,852
It's been almost like this,

1086
00:58:00,894 --> 00:58:03,063
this long-term obsession.

1087
00:58:03,105 --> 00:58:04,856
The projects that I work on

1088
00:58:04,898 --> 00:58:06,984
are a multi-year investment.

1089
00:58:08,235 --> 00:58:09,569
Maybe many people

1090
00:58:09,611 --> 00:58:11,238
who aren't in the sciences...

1091
00:58:11,280 --> 00:58:13,407
A lot of times, you just see a finished product

1092
00:58:13,449 --> 00:58:16,243
of a nice publication.

1093
00:58:16,285 --> 00:58:18,662
And we rarely write in the publication,

1094
00:58:18,703 --> 00:58:20,789
"We spent three years doing

1095
00:58:20,831 --> 00:58:23,208
all of these other things before this finally worked."

1096
00:58:51,820 --> 00:58:53,571
-[man] Hi. -Hello, Jun!

1097
00:58:53,613 --> 00:58:55,824
-Victoria. Welcome to Boulder. -Very nice to meet you.

1098
00:58:55,866 --> 00:58:57,617
-Thank you. -Very nice meeting you.

1099
00:58:57,659 --> 00:59:00,537
So you live in California? You're based in California?

1100
00:59:00,578 --> 00:59:01,997
Yeah, I'm at Cal Tech.

1101
00:59:02,039 --> 00:59:03,707
-Cal Tech? -In Pasadena, yes.

1102
00:59:03,748 --> 00:59:05,292
Oh, I didn't know!

1103
00:59:05,334 --> 00:59:07,044
You didn't tell me they're from Cal Tech.

1104
00:59:09,296 --> 00:59:11,173
[Jun] As we know, time and space

1105
00:59:11,215 --> 00:59:13,175
is fundamentally connected.

1106
00:59:16,387 --> 00:59:18,555
We are really exploring the frontiers

1107
00:59:18,596 --> 00:59:21,725
of quantum physics and quantum technology.

1108
00:59:26,522 --> 00:59:28,940
Have you watched the movie called Interstellar?

1109
00:59:28,982 --> 00:59:31,485
-I haven't seen Interstellar. -It was a great movie.

1110
00:59:31,527 --> 00:59:34,821
These astronauts went in near the black hole.

1111
00:59:34,863 --> 00:59:36,490
When he came back,

1112
00:59:36,532 --> 00:59:37,908
the daughter was much older than him.

1113
00:59:37,949 --> 00:59:39,410
Yeah.

1114
00:59:39,451 --> 00:59:40,994
You'll see some of that in our lab tomorrow.

1115
00:59:41,036 --> 00:59:42,454
-Great! -It's not science fiction.

1116
00:59:42,496 --> 00:59:45,249
You'll actually see clocks slow down

1117
00:59:45,290 --> 00:59:48,168
as you get closer to the center of the earth.

1118
00:59:48,210 --> 00:59:49,669
No kidding?

1119
00:59:49,711 --> 00:59:51,713
So, that's...

1120
00:59:51,755 --> 00:59:53,590
It's the relativity effect that Einstein

1121
00:59:53,631 --> 00:59:55,592
postulated a hundred years ago.

1122
00:59:55,633 --> 00:59:57,428
It's called general relativity,

1123
00:59:57,469 --> 00:59:59,471
that time is all relative,

1124
00:59:59,513 --> 01:00:02,224
and when you have heavy mass,

1125
01:00:02,266 --> 01:00:04,435
it's going to warp the space-time around you.

1126
01:00:04,476 --> 01:00:06,311
-Yeah. -And time is going

1127
01:00:04,476 --> 01:00:06,311
to be different.

1128
01:00:06,353 --> 01:00:08,688
And we can test that. If you raise your watch

1129
01:00:08,730 --> 01:00:14,778
by a couple of centimeters, the time speeds up...

1130
01:00:14,819 --> 01:00:16,696
at a very small level. Only modern atomic clocks

1131
01:00:16,738 --> 01:00:18,615
now can detect those.

1132
01:00:18,656 --> 01:00:21,368
Okay, so you're saying if you move your watch a few...

1133
01:00:21,410 --> 01:00:23,912
centimeters distance...

1134
01:00:23,954 --> 01:00:26,206
-You can tell the difference. Yeah.

1135
01:00:23,954 --> 01:00:26,206
-You detect change?

1136
01:00:26,248 --> 01:00:28,250
And at what level... Like, how many...

1137
01:00:28,292 --> 01:00:30,294
How many decimal points

1138
01:00:30,335 --> 01:00:31,503
do we need to go out?

1139
01:00:31,545 --> 01:00:33,213
-It's 10 to the 18th. -Okay.

1140
01:00:33,255 --> 01:00:35,006
Yeah.

1141
01:00:35,048 --> 01:00:38,093
The clock is already a quantum sensor.

1142
01:00:38,135 --> 01:00:40,512
I actually like to call it a sensor.

1143
01:00:40,554 --> 01:00:43,140
It's something we use to measure.

1144
01:00:48,479 --> 01:00:51,773
Thanks everybody for showing up.

1145
01:00:51,815 --> 01:00:54,067
I would like to introduce you to Victoria.

1146
01:00:54,109 --> 01:00:56,736
She's a professor at Cal Tech.

1147
01:00:56,778 --> 01:00:58,614
The thing that impressed me most is that she dived down

1148
01:00:58,655 --> 01:01:00,740
5,000 meters to the bottom of the ocean

1149
01:01:00,782 --> 01:01:02,909
and studied ecosystems.

1150
01:01:02,951 --> 01:01:05,203
I'm part of the Geological and Planetary Science

1151
01:01:05,245 --> 01:01:06,788
division at Cal Tech.

1152
01:01:06,830 --> 01:01:08,582
But, today... I think we

1153
01:01:08,624 --> 01:01:11,960
I think we want to give her a treat.

1154
01:01:12,002 --> 01:01:14,338
To kind of participate in a group discussion

1155
01:01:14,379 --> 01:01:16,256
that's very technical on the physics side of

1156
01:01:16,298 --> 01:01:18,800
making clocks and understanding strontium atoms.

1157
01:01:18,842 --> 01:01:21,595
Go easy with the descriptions.

1158
01:01:21,637 --> 01:01:23,680
When things get really, really cold,

1159
01:01:23,721 --> 01:01:25,557
The quantum mechanics mayor

1160
01:01:25,599 --> 01:01:27,267
the fact that an atom is on a particle.

1161
01:01:27,309 --> 01:01:29,436
But a wave begins to matter.

1162
01:01:29,478 --> 01:01:31,688
We want a very particular frequency.

1163
01:01:31,729 --> 01:01:33,815
We want that to be as precise as possible.

1164
01:01:33,857 --> 01:01:36,443
For this upcoming clock comparison, we're going to

1165
01:01:33,857 --> 01:01:36,443
compare

1166
01:01:36,485 --> 01:01:37,861
one of these strontium optical lattice blocks

1167
01:01:37,902 --> 01:01:39,488
to the terbium optical lattice blocks.

1168
01:01:39,530 --> 01:01:42,157
This is a boring image, and that's good.

1169
01:01:42,199 --> 01:01:44,951
We want these images to be as boring as possible.

1170
01:01:44,993 --> 01:01:47,162
So hundreds of terahertz as opposed to

1171
01:01:47,204 --> 01:01:48,580
tens of gigahertz frequencies.

1172
01:01:48,622 --> 01:01:50,207
Just to make sure I understand...

1173
01:01:50,248 --> 01:01:53,502
So you have your ground state,

1174
01:01:53,544 --> 01:01:56,796
then you shine... light at a certain frequency,

1175
01:01:56,838 --> 01:01:58,173
and then you look at it again?

1176
01:01:58,215 --> 01:02:00,008
-Yes. -And then, you're seeing,

1177
01:02:00,050 --> 01:02:02,594
how many of those atoms then are at the excited state

1178
01:02:02,636 --> 01:02:04,555
and what's their spatial distribution?

1179
01:02:04,596 --> 01:02:07,015
Isn't that amazing? Isn't it amazing?

1180
01:02:07,057 --> 01:02:09,601
She totally understood the clock measurements.

1181
01:02:14,105 --> 01:02:16,400
Welcome to our lab.

1182
01:02:16,441 --> 01:02:18,776
It'll be different from the ocean field.

1183
01:02:18,818 --> 01:02:20,362
Yeah. Yeah.

1184
01:02:20,404 --> 01:02:22,947
So, it will look a bit random

1185
01:02:22,989 --> 01:02:24,449
with lots of ancient things.

1186
01:02:24,491 --> 01:02:26,451
But believe me, all the cables there...

1187
01:02:26,493 --> 01:02:28,870
There is a purpose for all these cables.

1188
01:02:31,873 --> 01:02:34,167
I'll take you right into

1189
01:02:34,209 --> 01:02:36,878
this particular system right here.

1190
01:02:36,920 --> 01:02:40,131
If you look just to the right side of this lens,

1191
01:02:40,173 --> 01:02:42,467
into the vacuum chamber,

1192
01:02:42,509 --> 01:02:44,386
do you see that little ball of blue light?

1193
01:02:44,428 --> 01:02:47,180
-Yes! -These are 10 million atoms

1194
01:02:47,222 --> 01:02:49,974
of strontium fluorescing under this light.

1195
01:02:50,016 --> 01:02:52,227
And you can see, it's stationary.

1196
01:02:52,269 --> 01:02:53,645
There's nothing else in there.

1197
01:02:53,687 --> 01:02:55,939
It's a vacuum chamber and a light.

1198
01:02:55,980 --> 01:02:59,025
Those atoms provide this swing

1199
01:02:59,067 --> 01:03:01,361
of the pendulum when you open a grandfather clock,

1200
01:03:01,403 --> 01:03:03,363
that's the first thing you see,

1201
01:03:03,405 --> 01:03:05,532
that there's something swinging back and forth, a pendulum.

1202
01:03:05,574 --> 01:03:07,033
That's your pendulum right there.

1203
01:03:07,075 --> 01:03:08,952
The blue ball, which is oscillating

1204
01:03:08,993 --> 01:03:11,788
at about a million billion cycles per second.

1205
01:03:16,668 --> 01:03:18,545
This is actually the world's

1206
01:03:18,587 --> 01:03:21,423
most accurate atomic clock that's ever built.

1207
01:03:21,465 --> 01:03:24,509
It's called a strontium optical lattice clock.

1208
01:03:24,551 --> 01:03:27,471
What it means, over the entire age of the universe,

1209
01:03:27,512 --> 01:03:30,432
it would lose less than one second of the time.

1210
01:03:30,474 --> 01:03:32,225
The fact that we have this open right now

1211
01:03:32,267 --> 01:03:34,311
and we are filming it...

1212
01:03:34,352 --> 01:03:36,020
The clock won't work very well right now

1213
01:03:36,062 --> 01:03:37,522
because we are all here.

1214
01:03:37,564 --> 01:03:39,274
We are warm bodies.

1215
01:03:39,316 --> 01:03:41,610
We have a lot of temperature gradient.

1216
01:03:41,652 --> 01:03:43,487
It's probably changing these mirrors by

1217
01:03:43,528 --> 01:03:45,822
just such a small, tiny amount

1218
01:03:45,863 --> 01:03:48,241
that can cause a little bit of a misalignment.

1219
01:03:51,286 --> 01:03:53,830
[Victoria] The fact that they can control atoms

1220
01:03:53,871 --> 01:03:56,166
under super-cooled conditions, but we're looking at it

1221
01:03:56,207 --> 01:03:58,168
like it's just hanging like a magic ball

1222
01:03:58,209 --> 01:04:01,254
of light, it's wild.

1223
01:04:05,300 --> 01:04:08,804
So Chris and I are academic brothers.

1224
01:04:08,845 --> 01:04:11,431
Yes, we've known each other for

1225
01:04:11,473 --> 01:04:13,433
more than 20... about 25 years, I guess.

1226
01:04:20,816 --> 01:04:22,359
So this laboratory has one of our

1227
01:04:22,400 --> 01:04:24,528
optical atomic clocks in it.

1228
01:04:24,569 --> 01:04:26,613
Atomic clocks play, actually, a very important role,

1229
01:04:26,655 --> 01:04:28,699
even in driving your car in the sense that

1230
01:04:28,740 --> 01:04:31,451
the whole GPS constellation is full of atomic clocks.

1231
01:04:31,493 --> 01:04:33,286
How many people hit...

1232
01:04:33,328 --> 01:04:36,206
and just use a data server

1233
01:04:36,247 --> 01:04:38,249
to synchronize their clock?

1234
01:04:38,291 --> 01:04:40,627
We get something like 20 billion hits a day.

1235
01:04:40,669 --> 01:04:42,796
-20 billion? -Billion! Which is...

1236
01:04:42,838 --> 01:04:45,256
I mean, Google, I think, gets something like 7 billion hits.

1237
01:04:45,298 --> 01:04:47,258
Now granted, Google's requests are a little more complicated

1238
01:04:47,300 --> 01:04:49,052
than "What time is it?"

1239
01:04:49,093 --> 01:04:51,805
Computers all around the world are constantly hitting

1240
01:04:51,847 --> 01:04:54,015
this to re-clock, asking for what time it is.

1241
01:04:55,975 --> 01:04:57,935
So what we have here is

1242
01:04:57,977 --> 01:04:59,396
the calcium thermal beam clock.

1243
01:04:59,437 --> 01:05:01,565
By far the best part is when the light

1244
01:05:01,606 --> 01:05:04,317
is hitting the atoms, and the atoms are telling you stuff.

1245
01:05:04,359 --> 01:05:06,444
-Communicating. -This process just...

1246
01:05:06,486 --> 01:05:07,738
It really is infectious.

1247
01:05:07,779 --> 01:05:09,489
You can tell Chris is very passionate.

1248
01:05:09,531 --> 01:05:12,325
He's talking about atoms and humanizing them.

1249
01:05:12,367 --> 01:05:15,328
He's talking about he and she, and she is communicating back.

1250
01:05:15,370 --> 01:05:18,331
Once you get into this very intimate game of

1251
01:05:18,373 --> 01:05:20,667
getting information, you do feel like you're talking to something

1252
01:05:20,709 --> 01:05:23,086
almost intelligent, but... But, it's...

1253
01:05:23,127 --> 01:05:25,255
It's just something you can't help because you get

1254
01:05:25,296 --> 01:05:27,841
such an intimate working relationship with them.

1255
01:05:29,300 --> 01:05:31,177
Some people say, what do you need

1256
01:05:31,219 --> 01:05:33,388
another digit on your atomic clock for?

1257
01:05:33,430 --> 01:05:35,599
I get asked that question all the time.

1258
01:05:35,640 --> 01:05:38,268
And the answer is that time, sort of paradoxically,

1259
01:05:38,309 --> 01:05:40,771
is a quantity that we don't understand

1260
01:05:40,812 --> 01:05:42,689
philosophically very well at all. I mean...

1261
01:05:42,731 --> 01:05:45,692
no one really has a great sense of what time really is.

1262
01:05:45,734 --> 01:05:47,402
But we can measure it,

1263
01:05:47,444 --> 01:05:49,279
5,6,7 orders of magnitude better

1264
01:05:49,320 --> 01:05:51,072
than any other physical quantity.

1265
01:05:51,114 --> 01:05:53,700
We have not really seen any fundamental limits

1266
01:05:53,742 --> 01:05:56,578
-to...to clocks. -What you can't do yet, yeah.

1267
01:05:56,620 --> 01:05:58,455
-Right, exactly. -You can't just say, "Oh!

1268
01:05:58,496 --> 01:05:59,915
We'll never get better than that."

1269
01:05:59,956 --> 01:06:01,499
We haven't really seen that.

1270
01:06:16,681 --> 01:06:18,516
[Jun] To build the very best clock,

1271
01:06:18,558 --> 01:06:20,685
if you say, I raise my clock

1272
01:06:20,727 --> 01:06:22,729
from the ground up,

1273
01:06:22,771 --> 01:06:25,273
and the time speeds up a little bit.

1274
01:06:25,315 --> 01:06:27,191
As you move towards the mountain,

1275
01:06:27,233 --> 01:06:29,402
time will slow down.

1276
01:06:29,444 --> 01:06:31,112
[Victoria] Just like going to the center of the earth.

1277
01:06:31,154 --> 01:06:32,697
You're moving towards a bigger mass.

1278
01:06:32,739 --> 01:06:34,783
Exactly! It's the big mass that matters.

1279
01:06:34,825 --> 01:06:37,619
Could you by following how much time

1280
01:06:37,661 --> 01:06:39,871
slows back out the mass?

1281
01:06:39,913 --> 01:06:41,957
-That it's? -Yes.

1282
01:06:41,998 --> 01:06:45,126
Say we place a clock around Yellowstone National Park,

1283
01:06:45,168 --> 01:06:47,754
and see whether there will be a danger,

1284
01:06:47,796 --> 01:06:50,465
where there's too much mass starting to amass underneath.

1285
01:06:50,507 --> 01:06:52,049
Eventually, it's going to erupt.

1286
01:06:52,091 --> 01:06:54,928
It would be great to have that warning.

1287
01:06:54,970 --> 01:06:56,972
The clock will tell you that.

1288
01:07:05,480 --> 01:07:08,441
Measurement really is at the heart of modern science.

1289
01:07:08,483 --> 01:07:12,612
Everything is based on measurement.

1290
01:07:12,654 --> 01:07:15,866
There's still certainly many mysteries out there.

1291
01:07:15,907 --> 01:07:17,951
Science has always gone this way...

1292
01:07:17,993 --> 01:07:20,495
You use what you have understood.

1293
01:07:20,537 --> 01:07:22,789
You build better instrumentation and you go out there.

1294
01:07:22,831 --> 01:07:25,166
You measure, you find things

1295
01:07:25,208 --> 01:07:27,711
which is different from what you predict.

1296
01:07:27,752 --> 01:07:29,838
You have heard the terms of

1297
01:07:29,880 --> 01:07:31,840
dark matter, dark energy.

1298
01:07:31,882 --> 01:07:33,633
There's something beyond.

1299
01:07:33,675 --> 01:07:36,135
We don't know yet what that is.

1300
01:07:36,177 --> 01:07:38,013
There are explosions happening when the black holes merge.

1301
01:07:39,931 --> 01:07:41,641
There's gravitational waves being emitted

1302
01:07:41,683 --> 01:07:43,267
throughout the universe.

1303
01:07:43,309 --> 01:07:44,811
Maybe we can even hear the echo

1304
01:07:44,853 --> 01:07:47,271
of the Big Bang

1305
01:07:47,313 --> 01:07:49,816
coming back from the edge of the universe.

1306
01:07:51,234 --> 01:07:54,153
As you build the clock to the 19s, 20s digits,

1307
01:07:54,195 --> 01:07:56,614
what are we going to see?

1308
01:08:22,933 --> 01:08:25,769
[man] I guess I was always interested in the brain.

1309
01:08:27,353 --> 01:08:30,607
It still, at the end of the day, might prove to be

1310
01:08:30,648 --> 01:08:34,235
this mystery that we can't understand.

1311
01:08:38,448 --> 01:08:41,910
-Hi. Jun. Nice to meet you. -Anil Seth. Very nice

1312
01:08:38,448 --> 01:08:41,910
to meet you.

1313
01:08:41,952 --> 01:08:43,620
Thank you for coming to meet both of us.

1314
01:08:43,661 --> 01:08:46,163
Welcome to the beautiful Sussex countryside.

1315
01:08:46,205 --> 01:08:47,999
This is incredible. I've never been here.

1316
01:08:48,041 --> 01:08:49,876
The ocean's right here. Anil, what do you do?

1317
01:08:49,918 --> 01:08:52,211
I'm a neuroscientist.

1318
01:08:52,253 --> 01:08:54,338
Actually, my background is quite varied.

1319
01:08:54,380 --> 01:08:56,257
I was trained in physics, actually.

1320
01:08:56,299 --> 01:08:58,301
-To begin with, or I started. -I'm a physicist.

1321
01:08:58,342 --> 01:09:00,720
That's what I've been told. Looking forward to...

1322
01:09:00,762 --> 01:09:03,264
I'm just learning about you right now, as we speak.

1323
01:09:03,306 --> 01:09:04,933
I'm a physicist. I build instrumentations.

1324
01:09:04,975 --> 01:09:07,435
That's why I'm curious about

1325
01:09:07,477 --> 01:09:09,813
how you interface with the brain.

1326
01:09:09,854 --> 01:09:12,816
I think what's frustrating is

1327
01:09:12,857 --> 01:09:15,485
we recognize how poorly we're able to measure things.

1328
01:09:15,526 --> 01:09:18,404
There's always this analogy

1329
01:09:18,446 --> 01:09:20,406
that the current brain imaging methods that we have,

1330
01:09:20,448 --> 01:09:24,119
it's a little bit like having a microphone like this,

1331
01:09:24,160 --> 01:09:26,537
500 kilometers in the sky, and you're trying to listen

1332
01:09:26,579 --> 01:09:28,456
to a whole bunch of people shouting

1333
01:09:28,498 --> 01:09:30,083
different things in a field below.

1334
01:09:30,125 --> 01:09:32,127
We may still just lack

1335
01:09:32,168 --> 01:09:34,211
the sufficient technology, yeah.

1336
01:09:34,253 --> 01:09:37,298
-And it's... -You hit a resonance there

1337
01:09:37,340 --> 01:09:39,717
when you said it's all about measurement in science.

1338
01:09:39,759 --> 01:09:42,386
I have colleagues who build magnetometers,

1339
01:09:42,428 --> 01:09:44,263
which can be implemented.

1340
01:09:44,305 --> 01:09:47,100
-Oh really? -Around brains to

1341
01:09:44,305 --> 01:09:47,100
do brain imaging.

1342
01:09:47,142 --> 01:09:48,852
So, we develop instrumentation

1343
01:09:48,893 --> 01:09:50,812
that hopefully can be useful for you guys.

1344
01:09:50,854 --> 01:09:52,939
Excellent! Bring any with you?

1345
01:09:52,981 --> 01:09:55,191
No, I didn't.

1346
01:09:58,486 --> 01:10:00,321
That's the other important part...

1347
01:10:00,363 --> 01:10:03,240
-Welcome to the UK, of course. -Thank you very much, yeah.

1348
01:10:03,282 --> 01:10:04,826
See some countryside, have a drink.

1349
01:10:07,162 --> 01:10:08,705
And a...

1350
01:10:08,746 --> 01:10:10,623
-Do you just want... -Just a glass of water.

1351
01:10:10,665 --> 01:10:12,208
Yeah, thank you.

1352
01:10:12,249 --> 01:10:15,753
I'm interested about our experience

1353
01:10:15,795 --> 01:10:17,839
of what you might call psychological time.

1354
01:10:17,881 --> 01:10:20,257
-Speeding up as we get older. -It can be very subjective.

1355
01:10:20,299 --> 01:10:22,301
Part of the puzzle is that

1356
01:10:22,343 --> 01:10:24,888
we don't have time detectors

1357
01:10:24,929 --> 01:10:27,015
in in our brains.

1358
01:10:27,057 --> 01:10:28,933
I think it's one of the longstanding...

1359
01:10:28,975 --> 01:10:30,351
challenges

1360
01:10:30,393 --> 01:10:32,228
is to figure out

1361
01:10:32,269 --> 01:10:34,898
how the brain constructs the experience of time

1362
01:10:34,939 --> 01:10:37,358
given that it's got no time sensors.

1363
01:10:37,400 --> 01:10:39,903
What's it based on?

1364
01:10:39,944 --> 01:10:42,697
I'll be very interested to see what you think of this.

1365
01:10:42,739 --> 01:10:44,824
-And this is... -Warrick Roseboom.

1366
01:10:44,866 --> 01:10:46,826
Hi, I'm Jun. Nice to meet you.

1367
01:10:46,868 --> 01:10:48,619
He really knows much more about time than I do.

1368
01:10:48,661 --> 01:10:50,830
This will be the first time

1369
01:10:50,872 --> 01:10:52,916
we've run a person as subject

1370
01:10:52,957 --> 01:10:55,793
on this particular experiment.

1371
01:10:55,835 --> 01:10:57,795
What's going to happen is he's going to watch this video.

1372
01:10:57,837 --> 01:11:00,715
That will go for some duration.

1373
01:11:00,757 --> 01:11:03,218
If you look through the, through the magnet ball.

1374
01:11:03,259 --> 01:11:05,929
-Yes. -At the back, there's a screen.

1375
01:11:05,970 --> 01:11:08,514
It's showing the same thing you see here.

1376
01:11:08,556 --> 01:11:10,516
And then after that video finishes, this will come up.

1377
01:11:10,558 --> 01:11:12,977
You just move the joystick

1378
01:11:13,019 --> 01:11:15,438
until the number on the scale represents

1379
01:11:15,479 --> 01:11:17,815
-how long you felt it went for. -Okay.

1380
01:11:25,740 --> 01:11:27,742
[Anil] We are going to be recording

1381
01:11:27,784 --> 01:11:30,578
what his brain is doing.

1382
01:11:30,620 --> 01:11:32,413
The reason we're doing this is...

1383
01:11:32,455 --> 01:11:34,331
It's obviously nice to see inside somebody's brain

1384
01:11:34,373 --> 01:11:36,542
but we are trying to see

1385
01:11:36,584 --> 01:11:39,003
how well our model of time perception

1386
01:11:39,045 --> 01:11:41,965
matches to what Jun's brain is doing.

1387
01:11:42,006 --> 01:11:44,592
[machine beeping]

1388
01:11:45,426 --> 01:11:47,553
Quite loud.

1389
01:11:47,595 --> 01:11:50,265
Is that okay if we start the experiment now, Jun?

1390
01:11:50,306 --> 01:11:52,058
-Are you ready? -Yes, I'm ready.

1391
01:11:52,100 --> 01:11:54,185
Okay.

1392
01:11:54,227 --> 01:11:56,980
So now, we're waiting for the first video to come up.

1393
01:11:59,482 --> 01:12:02,110
Pretty stable scene. There's not much going on.

1394
01:12:02,152 --> 01:12:04,028
This is one of our office spaces

1395
01:12:04,070 --> 01:12:05,905
in the other building.

1396
01:12:05,947 --> 01:12:07,490
It's just lots of people thinking very hard,

1397
01:12:07,531 --> 01:12:09,200
not much actual visual stuff happening.

1398
01:12:09,242 --> 01:12:11,619
Good, you can see he's making a response.

1399
01:12:11,661 --> 01:12:14,247
Let's see how long he thought that was.

1400
01:12:32,515 --> 01:12:33,766
How well did you think you did?

1401
01:12:33,808 --> 01:12:35,893
I felt...

1402
01:12:35,935 --> 01:12:39,981
I felt I was doing well.

1403
01:12:40,023 --> 01:12:42,441
We think you may not have done quite so well.

1404
01:12:42,483 --> 01:12:43,985
Okay, that's good. Yeah.

1405
01:12:44,027 --> 01:12:45,695
The first few videos, it seemed that...

1406
01:12:45,736 --> 01:12:47,155
-I was way off? -You were.

1407
01:12:47,197 --> 01:12:49,365
It looked like you were overestimating.

1408
01:12:49,406 --> 01:12:51,450
-Okay. -Quite, quite a lot.

1409
01:12:51,492 --> 01:12:53,410
Which is interesting, for somebody who's built

1410
01:12:53,452 --> 01:12:56,331
the world's most accurate clock.

1411
01:12:56,372 --> 01:12:57,540
That is my brain, huh?

1412
01:12:57,581 --> 01:12:59,625
That. That's your brain.

1413
01:12:59,667 --> 01:13:02,461
Do you recognize any bits of your brain there?

1414
01:13:02,503 --> 01:13:04,380
I don't.

1415
01:13:04,421 --> 01:13:06,966
This is my first time looking at my brain.

1416
01:13:07,008 --> 01:13:10,970
-I've never done this scan before.

1417
01:13:07,008 --> 01:13:10,970
-Okay.

1418
01:13:11,012 --> 01:13:14,390
[Anil] We don't have time sensors in the brain.

1419
01:13:14,431 --> 01:13:17,476
Time has to be a construction.

1420
01:13:18,895 --> 01:13:21,105
One idea is that our experience

1421
01:13:21,147 --> 01:13:23,733
of time comes about through

1422
01:13:23,774 --> 01:13:26,361
how things change in our visual perception.

1423
01:13:26,402 --> 01:13:29,155
There's lots of change, and maybe

1424
01:13:29,197 --> 01:13:32,158
our durations will seem longer.

1425
01:13:32,200 --> 01:13:33,910
If nothing changes,

1426
01:13:33,951 --> 01:13:36,537
our experience of time will be really impoverished.

1427
01:13:36,579 --> 01:13:40,875
We're trying to close the loop and come up with

1428
01:13:40,917 --> 01:13:43,586
a unified explanation of human time perception.

1429
01:13:46,214 --> 01:13:48,632
But it goes deeper than that.

1430
01:13:51,010 --> 01:13:52,720
If you want to understand

1431
01:13:52,762 --> 01:13:55,932
the relationship between brains and consciousness,

1432
01:13:55,973 --> 01:13:58,475
in my lab we've got mathematicians

1433
01:13:58,517 --> 01:14:01,520
and physicists and virtual reality engineers.

1434
01:14:01,562 --> 01:14:04,774
[Jun] Oh, now it looks very strange!

1435
01:14:04,815 --> 01:14:07,735
For a second, this didn't turn into animals.

1436
01:14:07,777 --> 01:14:10,113
I've never seen things like that before.

1437
01:14:11,239 --> 01:14:13,616
[Anil] One of the things that I've

1438
01:14:13,657 --> 01:14:15,243
really tried to cultivate

1439
01:14:15,285 --> 01:14:17,370
is a very interdisciplinary approach

1440
01:14:17,412 --> 01:14:19,622
to get at this problem, this basic problem,

1441
01:14:19,663 --> 01:14:21,540
of how consciousness happens.

1442
01:14:30,716 --> 01:14:33,219
What a beautiful place.

1443
01:14:34,553 --> 01:14:36,306
There's this perspective,

1444
01:14:36,347 --> 01:14:38,349
I think it's a pretty poor argument,

1445
01:14:38,391 --> 01:14:40,017
but it's called Mysterianism.

1446
01:14:40,059 --> 01:14:41,560
So there's the idea that

1447
01:14:41,602 --> 01:14:44,021
even if we have arbitrarily fast computers

1448
01:14:44,063 --> 01:14:45,648
and all the technology that we want,

1449
01:14:45,689 --> 01:14:47,691
there will still be some things

1450
01:14:47,733 --> 01:14:50,611
that will forever defy our understanding,

1451
01:14:50,653 --> 01:14:51,946
because we humans are

1452
01:14:51,988 --> 01:14:54,324
cognitively limited in some way.

1453
01:14:54,365 --> 01:14:57,118
However much we magnify our cognitive abilities

1454
01:14:57,160 --> 01:15:00,288
through technology, there must be things

1455
01:15:00,330 --> 01:15:02,206
that we cannot understand

1456
01:15:02,248 --> 01:15:04,083
however much help we have.

1457
01:15:04,125 --> 01:15:05,835
In the same way that if you're a frog,

1458
01:15:05,876 --> 01:15:07,795
however much help you give the frog,

1459
01:15:07,837 --> 01:15:10,256
it's not going to understand quantum mechanics.

1460
01:15:10,298 --> 01:15:11,841
It's still a frog.

1461
01:15:11,882 --> 01:15:13,801
So there might be an equivalent for us.

1462
01:15:13,843 --> 01:15:16,346
On the other hand, the history of science

1463
01:15:16,387 --> 01:15:18,264
has been quite astounding.

1464
01:15:18,306 --> 01:15:20,391
There have been things that people would've thought

1465
01:15:20,433 --> 01:15:21,684
completely beyond our understanding.

1466
01:15:21,725 --> 01:15:23,769
We can and we have.

1467
01:15:27,357 --> 01:15:29,692
[Jun] Though I have only known Anil for two days,

1468
01:15:29,733 --> 01:15:32,778
I feel he's a... a true scientist.

1469
01:15:32,820 --> 01:15:35,448
It's really appealing to me that

1470
01:15:35,490 --> 01:15:37,158
we can speak from, coming from

1471
01:15:37,200 --> 01:15:38,993
very different scientific disciplines.

1472
01:15:39,035 --> 01:15:40,744
And yet, we speak a common language.

1473
01:15:40,786 --> 01:15:42,830
It's been a really pleasure to spend time with Jun.

1474
01:15:42,872 --> 01:15:45,624
He's a... such a nice man,

1475
01:15:45,666 --> 01:15:47,668
in addition to being a brilliant scientist.

1476
01:15:47,710 --> 01:15:51,214
And you never know where...

1477
01:15:51,255 --> 01:15:53,966
where these conversations go. [Jun] Step by step, we can ask

1478
01:15:54,008 --> 01:15:56,719
deeper, deeper questions,

1479
01:15:56,760 --> 01:15:59,638
so we know we are making progress.

1480
01:15:59,680 --> 01:16:01,598
But how long it's going to get there?

1481
01:16:01,640 --> 01:16:03,059
If you asked me that question,

1482
01:16:03,100 --> 01:16:04,977
I couldn't really make that prediction

1483
01:16:05,019 --> 01:16:08,105
because discovery itself is a very uncertain process.

1484
01:16:10,024 --> 01:16:12,402
It's actually exciting that there remains to be

1485
01:16:12,443 --> 01:16:14,862
very many mysteries out there

1486
01:16:14,904 --> 01:16:17,240
that are waiting for us to discover.

1487
01:16:19,200 --> 01:16:22,119
[Anil] The history of science is full of examples

1488
01:16:22,161 --> 01:16:24,955
where an understanding has been developed

1489
01:16:24,997 --> 01:16:27,333
for something that seemed previously entirely mysterious.

1490
01:16:27,375 --> 01:16:29,043
And the reason it can do that

1491
01:16:29,085 --> 01:16:31,170
is because it's a cumulative enterprise.

1492
01:16:31,212 --> 01:16:33,005
You don't start from scratch.

1493
01:16:33,047 --> 01:16:35,716
Every time in science, you're building on

1494
01:16:35,758 --> 01:16:38,052
a whole tradition, not only of knowledge

1495
01:16:38,094 --> 01:16:40,637
but also of methods and techniques.

1496
01:16:59,490 --> 01:17:02,743
[woman] The mind is all the time processing all this stuff

1497
01:17:02,785 --> 01:17:05,621
that it shouldn't have the capacity to process.

1498
01:17:07,290 --> 01:17:09,833
One of these things is our experiences.

1499
01:17:20,719 --> 01:17:22,472
How do we make sense of an event?

1500
01:17:22,513 --> 01:17:24,557
Like you're, you're...

1501
01:17:24,599 --> 01:17:26,392
Folks are watching this movie, and at the end of this movie,

1502
01:17:26,434 --> 01:17:28,727
someone might be like, "Hey, how was The Most Unknown?

1503
01:17:28,769 --> 01:17:30,980
How was that film?" And people will have an answer.

1504
01:17:31,021 --> 01:17:32,565
How did they do that?

1505
01:17:32,607 --> 01:17:34,358
Is your mind keeping a running ticker

1506
01:17:34,400 --> 01:17:35,776
of how good the movie is?

1507
01:17:35,818 --> 01:17:37,069
They see the monkey parts,

1508
01:17:37,111 --> 01:17:38,488
that was really good and it goes up.

1509
01:17:38,529 --> 01:17:40,281
But, this physics... boring.

1510
01:17:40,323 --> 01:17:42,408
But, so it turns out that

1511
01:17:42,450 --> 01:17:45,161
when psychologists look at that, people simplify it.

1512
01:17:45,202 --> 01:17:47,746
So people only take into account two points:

1513
01:17:47,788 --> 01:17:50,374
the peak of how good it was and how it ended.

1514
01:17:50,416 --> 01:17:52,585
That's all we're taking into account,

1515
01:17:52,627 --> 01:17:54,878
which is kind of amazing.

1516
01:17:54,920 --> 01:17:57,214
It means that the movie has to end really well.

1517
01:17:57,256 --> 01:17:59,925
So, I'm glad I get to be the last scientist.

1518
01:18:01,636 --> 01:18:03,762
We're here in Puerto Rico,

1519
01:18:03,804 --> 01:18:06,056
and in a few minutes, we're going to be going to

1520
01:18:06,098 --> 01:18:08,601
an even smaller island in the Caribbean,

1521
01:18:08,643 --> 01:18:10,645
which is an island that's just off the coast of Puerto Rico

1522
01:18:10,686 --> 01:18:12,229
called Cayo Santiago.

1523
01:18:12,271 --> 01:18:16,733
It's home to about 1,000 free-ranging monkeys.

1524
01:18:16,775 --> 01:18:18,694
Glasses fog up.

1525
01:18:18,735 --> 01:18:21,030
[gasps] Puppy!

1526
01:18:21,071 --> 01:18:23,491
I know! I know you don't these folks.

1527
01:18:25,909 --> 01:18:27,744
You want non-shiny glasses.

1528
01:18:27,786 --> 01:18:29,288
Non-shiny? So not these ones.

1529
01:18:29,330 --> 01:18:30,914
Yeah, they won't like that.

1530
01:18:30,956 --> 01:18:33,334
See? That's good advice. Yeah, I didn't...

1531
01:18:33,376 --> 01:18:35,419
They'll see themselves, and it'll be very threatening.

1532
01:18:35,461 --> 01:18:36,920
Ah, okay.

1533
01:18:40,174 --> 01:18:41,300
Hola!

1534
01:18:41,342 --> 01:18:43,010
It's prettier than the lab.

1535
01:18:43,052 --> 01:18:46,180
-This is a lot prettier. -It's an early wake-up call,

1536
01:18:46,222 --> 01:18:48,140
but it's really beautiful and you get to enjoy it.

1537
01:18:48,182 --> 01:18:50,560
[Anil] It's fantastic.

1538
01:18:55,147 --> 01:18:59,776
First question: What is the main motivation

1539
01:18:55,147 --> 01:18:59,776
for your research out here?

1540
01:18:59,818 --> 01:19:02,238
So, I... I am a psychologist,

1541
01:19:02,279 --> 01:19:04,240
a cognitive psychologist by training,

1542
01:19:04,281 --> 01:19:06,158
which means, I'm kind of interested in how humans think.

1543
01:19:06,200 --> 01:19:08,952
But I find it's really hard to test humans

1544
01:19:08,994 --> 01:19:10,663
by testing humans.

1545
01:19:10,705 --> 01:19:12,873
We have culture, we teach it.

1546
01:19:12,915 --> 01:19:14,958
To get, to kind of get down to human cognition

1547
01:19:15,000 --> 01:19:16,586
without all the extra stuff is hard.

1548
01:19:16,627 --> 01:19:18,879
And the beauty of the monkeys, as you'll see,

1549
01:19:18,921 --> 01:19:21,173
is they're just being monkeys.

1550
01:19:27,263 --> 01:19:28,681
You guys into Pokemon Go?

1551
01:19:28,723 --> 01:19:30,140
There's really good Pokemon on the docks.

1552
01:19:30,182 --> 01:19:32,226
I always try to catch the Pokemon.

1553
01:19:32,268 --> 01:19:35,020
No one can get these 'cause they're here.

1554
01:19:35,062 --> 01:19:36,897
However we're walking around the island,

1555
01:19:36,939 --> 01:19:38,941
find a path that's, like,

1556
01:19:38,982 --> 01:19:41,110
furthest from all monkeys.

1557
01:19:41,151 --> 01:19:43,446
Staring at them right in the face is like a threat.

1558
01:19:43,487 --> 01:19:45,656
If they get upset with you, you'll know about it.

1559
01:19:45,698 --> 01:19:47,491
They'll start threatening you like, "Ah!"

1560
01:19:47,533 --> 01:19:49,201
How close is this to

1561
01:19:49,243 --> 01:19:51,495
the natural habitat they might have come from?

1562
01:19:51,537 --> 01:19:54,123
Macaques are the most

1563
01:19:54,164 --> 01:19:56,417
ubiquitous primate, other than humans.

1564
01:19:56,459 --> 01:19:58,461
The lore is they treat us like walking trees.

1565
01:19:58,502 --> 01:20:00,713
If we almost stepped on them, they would move.

1566
01:20:00,755 --> 01:20:03,382
But we're just kind of part of their environment.

1567
01:20:03,424 --> 01:20:06,469
We're a slightly bigger group with the camera

1568
01:20:06,510 --> 01:20:09,430
than we normally would be, so some of them are like, "What?"

1569
01:20:11,307 --> 01:20:13,643
Our group does cognition work down here,

1570
01:20:13,684 --> 01:20:16,646
which means we're really setting up experiments.

1571
01:20:16,687 --> 01:20:19,148
We have to kind of stay in a compact spot

1572
01:20:19,189 --> 01:20:20,899
so we're not interfering with data.

1573
01:20:25,279 --> 01:20:27,615
We're going to also get a little poolside show.

1574
01:20:27,657 --> 01:20:29,742
Those are a bunch of kid monkeys.

1575
01:20:29,784 --> 01:20:32,035
Who's gonna go for it?

1576
01:20:32,077 --> 01:20:33,870
-Psych yourself up. -Great!

1577
01:20:35,122 --> 01:20:37,708
But, it's... It's so high, right?

1578
01:20:37,750 --> 01:20:40,753
[Anil] So they... are they having fun?

1579
01:20:40,795 --> 01:20:42,755
[Laurie] Yeah, this is playing.

1580
01:20:49,094 --> 01:20:50,929
Maybe, do you think the female on the rock?

1581
01:20:50,971 --> 01:20:52,515
-I was looking at her, yeah. -Yeah.

1582
01:20:52,556 --> 01:20:55,100
So what we're going to do is,

1583
01:20:55,142 --> 01:20:58,521
we're going show the monkeys a little show about what,

1584
01:20:58,562 --> 01:21:01,440
what information Casey has about where an object is.

1585
01:21:01,482 --> 01:21:03,734
So this one, she's going to do is the boring one.

1586
01:21:03,776 --> 01:21:05,778
So, this is one that

1587
01:21:05,820 --> 01:21:08,238
the monkeys shouldn't look for a very long time at all.

1588
01:21:08,280 --> 01:21:10,324
They see her, watch it go into that box...

1589
01:21:10,366 --> 01:21:12,075
and she reaches for it there.

1590
01:21:12,117 --> 01:21:15,788
What we're looking for is long they watch that.

1591
01:21:15,830 --> 01:21:17,956
You can see Shireen is behind her and she's filming

1592
01:21:17,998 --> 01:21:20,250
how long they watch it.

1593
01:21:20,292 --> 01:21:24,004
The expectation is the monkeys should lose interest

1594
01:21:20,292 --> 01:21:24,004
more quickly.

1595
01:21:24,046 --> 01:21:26,923
Is this something that works in controlled conditions,

1596
01:21:26,965 --> 01:21:28,676
that monkeys can do, or...

1597
01:21:28,718 --> 01:21:30,219
I think it would work under controlled conditions.

1598
01:21:30,260 --> 01:21:31,970
But, you don't often in captivity have

1599
01:21:32,012 --> 01:21:34,431
big enough sample sizes to do it.

1600
01:21:34,473 --> 01:21:37,476
So, now the monkey is going to have a different belief

1601
01:21:34,473 --> 01:21:37,476
than Casey.

1602
01:21:37,518 --> 01:21:40,312
They see Casey watch it go into one spot,

1603
01:21:40,354 --> 01:21:43,148
but then when Casey's not paying attention,

1604
01:21:43,190 --> 01:21:45,275
the monkey can see a switch.

1605
01:21:45,317 --> 01:21:47,236
Now...

1606
01:21:47,277 --> 01:21:49,238
You can see this monkey doesn't seem to fine anymore.

1607
01:21:49,279 --> 01:21:52,032
He's looking for a long time because it's unexpected.

1608
01:21:54,076 --> 01:21:55,828
We're interested in whether the monkeys know

1609
01:21:55,870 --> 01:21:59,498
that somebody has a different perspective than they do.

1610
01:21:59,540 --> 01:22:02,042
We're expecting other minds

1611
01:22:02,084 --> 01:22:03,878
to do these kind of jumps

1612
01:22:03,919 --> 01:22:05,921
that our own minds do.

1613
01:22:05,962 --> 01:22:08,632
It's not clear if they do the same thing.

1614
01:22:11,802 --> 01:22:14,346
There's been this real question about whether another animal

1615
01:22:14,388 --> 01:22:16,724
can think about what somebody else is thinking.

1616
01:22:16,766 --> 01:22:19,435
Can they think about what somebody else sees?

1617
01:22:21,186 --> 01:22:24,231
If monkeys know what other individuals see,

1618
01:22:24,273 --> 01:22:27,276
they should use that information in productive ways.

1619
01:22:27,317 --> 01:22:30,529
One productive way is in the concept of deception.

1620
01:22:33,365 --> 01:22:37,202
We've got to find a nail or a stick.

1621
01:22:37,244 --> 01:22:40,163
Most of monkey science happens with duct tape...

1622
01:22:40,205 --> 01:22:41,832
and foam board.

1623
01:22:44,501 --> 01:22:45,878
What are you making?

1624
01:22:45,920 --> 01:22:47,337
We're going to make a little platform

1625
01:22:47,379 --> 01:22:49,089
for them to steal grapes off of.

1626
01:22:51,759 --> 01:22:54,637
We give them the opportunity to steal stuff from humans.

1627
01:22:54,678 --> 01:22:57,055
The question is, do the monkeys steal more

1628
01:22:57,097 --> 01:22:59,266
when folks aren't paying attention?

1629
01:23:02,269 --> 01:23:04,939
This experiment is a first pass to see,

1630
01:23:04,980 --> 01:23:08,108
can they use any of the social abilities they have

1631
01:23:08,150 --> 01:23:09,735
to deceive us?

1632
01:23:09,777 --> 01:23:11,445
Are they sensitive to this simple thing

1633
01:23:11,487 --> 01:23:13,906
of what we can see, and what we can't see?

1634
01:23:13,948 --> 01:23:17,075
Take one step towards them, like this.

1635
01:23:17,117 --> 01:23:19,829
Then now, hold your platform horizontal, like this

1636
01:23:19,870 --> 01:23:21,664
and show him the grape.

1637
01:23:21,705 --> 01:23:25,125
Then place the grape down onto the shish kebab.

1638
01:23:25,167 --> 01:23:27,002
Good.

1639
01:23:27,043 --> 01:23:28,963
Now we're going to put the platform on the-- Hey! Wait!

1640
01:23:29,004 --> 01:23:31,214
No, buddy. You've got to wait.

1641
01:23:31,256 --> 01:23:33,717
Step back. Take your grape off.

1642
01:23:33,759 --> 01:23:35,678
Yeah, he's very forceful.

1643
01:23:35,719 --> 01:23:37,930
Nope, now you don't get to play 'cause you're being mean.

1644
01:23:37,972 --> 01:23:40,474
We could try again but let's do it from slightly further back

1645
01:23:40,516 --> 01:23:42,392
-So, we'll do it even from here. -Okay.

1646
01:23:42,434 --> 01:23:44,520
Hey... Monkey!

1647
01:23:46,313 --> 01:23:47,815
Okay, turn around.

1648
01:23:50,484 --> 01:23:52,402
All right, he's...

1649
01:23:52,444 --> 01:23:54,738
-I have no idea what's going on. -One sec.

1650
01:23:54,780 --> 01:23:57,282
-You can turn around and grab the grape.

1651
01:23:54,780 --> 01:23:57,282
-I can turn around?

1652
01:23:57,324 --> 01:23:59,785
And turn around.

1653
01:24:00,911 --> 01:24:03,330
Anything happening?

1654
01:24:03,372 --> 01:24:05,666
They're staring at the film crew a little bit.

1655
01:24:06,917 --> 01:24:09,670
Now he's threatening the film crew again.

1656
01:24:09,712 --> 01:24:11,672
I'm trying to just stare off into the distance

1657
01:24:11,714 --> 01:24:14,466
and pretend I'm not paying attention.

1658
01:24:14,508 --> 01:24:17,052
What's fascinating here, is we just tried this experiment

1659
01:24:17,093 --> 01:24:19,013
and it didn't really quite work.

1660
01:24:19,054 --> 01:24:20,764
Typically, when we run these studies

1661
01:24:20,806 --> 01:24:22,683
it's just two people, two grapes.

1662
01:24:22,725 --> 01:24:24,309
No one else is around.

1663
01:24:24,351 --> 01:24:26,979
Quite a large camera crew hanging around too...

1664
01:24:27,021 --> 01:24:29,565
[Laurie] It fits with our hypothesis, right?

1665
01:24:29,606 --> 01:24:31,316
The hypothesis of, monkeys see people are paying attention,

1666
01:24:31,358 --> 01:24:34,361
they just hold back, they don't steal from anyone.

1667
01:24:34,403 --> 01:24:38,198
And there's a lot of people here paying attention.

1668
01:24:38,240 --> 01:24:40,158
They're very worried about the surveillance

1669
01:24:40,200 --> 01:24:42,578
that you guys started on their core island.

1670
01:24:44,038 --> 01:24:45,956
[Laurie] Whatever we do down here, it's nice if

1671
01:24:45,998 --> 01:24:48,584
other folks are doing similar work in other places,

1672
01:24:48,625 --> 01:24:52,629
so we can triangulate what the animals really understand.

1673
01:24:52,671 --> 01:24:54,840
Even when we find things that don't work,

1674
01:24:54,882 --> 01:24:57,384
we replicate it, we try it again.

1675
01:24:57,426 --> 01:24:59,636
Part of our task is to put the pattern together

1676
01:24:59,678 --> 01:25:03,515
of what works and what doesn't.

1677
01:25:03,557 --> 01:25:06,476
To be a scientist, you have to deal with uncertainty

1678
01:25:03,557 --> 01:25:06,476
all the time.

1679
01:25:07,937 --> 01:25:10,564
But you're just thinking about other possibilities

1680
01:25:10,606 --> 01:25:12,441
in general.

1681
01:25:12,482 --> 01:25:14,944
What if the world was this way?

1682
01:25:14,985 --> 01:25:18,488
Science is all about holding multiple things in mind.

1683
01:25:18,530 --> 01:25:21,491
And ultimately it's probably using

1684
01:25:21,533 --> 01:25:23,619
these very same rudimentary capacities

1685
01:25:23,660 --> 01:25:26,162
that we're seeing in the monkeys.

1686
01:25:27,372 --> 01:25:29,458
Getting outside your own head

1687
01:25:29,499 --> 01:25:32,878
is a lot of what science is about.

1688
01:25:32,920 --> 01:25:35,881
That's what we're trying to do with the brains we have,

1689
01:25:35,923 --> 01:25:39,175
to understand our place in the universe.

1690
01:26:13,251 --> 01:26:15,587
You might think, watching scientists,

1691
01:26:15,629 --> 01:26:18,132
that we go through a lot of frustrating things

1692
01:26:18,173 --> 01:26:20,717
to do our science, like, why would we do it?

1693
01:26:22,803 --> 01:26:24,805
Functionally, what scientists are doing is that

1694
01:26:24,847 --> 01:26:27,223
we're trying to solve a really long mystery novel

1695
01:26:27,265 --> 01:26:28,684
all the time.

1696
01:26:28,725 --> 01:26:30,060
We get to the end of the chapter,

1697
01:26:30,102 --> 01:26:31,687
and we think we've made progress.

1698
01:26:31,728 --> 01:26:34,148
but then there's a new door and a new twist!

1699
01:26:34,189 --> 01:26:36,817
For us, that's fun, that there's more to go.

1700
01:26:38,568 --> 01:26:39,987
Are you Jen?

1701
01:26:40,029 --> 01:26:42,031
-Hi, I'm Jen! -It's good to meet you.

1702
01:26:42,072 --> 01:26:43,740
I'm going to give you a hug. I feel like I know you already.

1703
01:26:43,782 --> 01:26:45,742
I can't believe you made it here before I did.

1704
01:26:45,784 --> 01:26:48,162
I was so excited about the caves, I couldn't help myself.

1705
01:26:50,205 --> 01:26:51,623
So, let's see...

1706
01:26:51,665 --> 01:26:53,125
Suit.

1707
01:26:57,713 --> 01:26:59,756
All right, I've got to figure out how this hat works.

1708
01:26:59,798 --> 01:27:01,383
Is it, like...

1709
01:27:01,424 --> 01:27:03,177
See, there's a...

1710
01:27:03,218 --> 01:27:05,179
-a little button there. -Oh, yeah.

1711
01:27:07,222 --> 01:27:08,849
I think you gave me a broken one.

1712
01:27:10,809 --> 01:27:13,436
One thing I feel at a gut level

1713
01:27:13,478 --> 01:27:15,271
is that humans get smarter,

1714
01:27:15,313 --> 01:27:17,566
the more different things they experience.

1715
01:27:20,777 --> 01:27:23,197
We can't possibly imagine the things that

1716
01:27:23,238 --> 01:27:26,491
we might learn, that might be useful to us.

1717
01:27:27,784 --> 01:27:31,788
We're slowly creeping towards understanding.

1718
01:27:31,830 --> 01:27:34,499
But we're... We're sort of toward the beginning.