CH01
cmdlet: A command used in the Windows PowerShell environment.
physical operating system environment (POSE): A term used to describe a Windows operating system installation on a physical computer.
Server Core: A Windows Server installation option that minimizes the hardware resources consumed by the operating system by eliminating most of the graphical user interface.
virtual operating system environment (VOSE): A term used to describe a Windows operating system installation on a virtual machine.
Windows PowerShell: A Windows command-line environment that provides command and script-based control over virtually all operating system functions.
WinSxS: A directory—also known as the side-by-side component store—created by a Windows Server 2012 installation, which contains all of the operating system components from the installation medium.

CH02

NIC teaming: A feature in Windows Server 2012 that enables administrators to combine multiple physical network adapters into a single interface.

role group: An element in Server Manager that contains all instances of a particular role found on any of the managed servers.

CH03

basic disk: The default disk type in Windows Server 2012. A basic disk supports up to four partitions, typically three primary and one extended, with logical drives to organize data.
direct-attached storage: Hard disk drives and other storage media connected to a computer using one of the standard disk interfaces, as opposed to network-connected storage.
disk duplexing: A fault-tolerance mechanism in which the computer stores duplicate data on two separate disks, each on a separate host adapter, so the data remains available if one disk fails.
disk mirroring: A fault-tolerance mechanism in which the computer stores duplicate data on two separate disks so the data remains available if a disk fails.
DiskPart.exe: A Windows Server 2012 command-line program that you can use to perform disk management tasks.
dynamic disk: The alternative to the basic disk type in Windows Server 2012. Dynamic disks can have an unlimited number of volumes using various configurations. The process of converting a basic disk to a dynamic disk creates a single partition that occupies the entire disk. You can create an unlimited number of volumes out of the space in that partition.
external drive array: Hard disk drives and other storage media connected to a computer using a network medium, such as Ethernet or Fibre Channel.
globally unique identifier (GUID) partition table (GPT): You can use GPT as a boot disk if the computer’s architecture provides support for an Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI)-based boot partition. Otherwise, you can use it as a non-bootable disk for data storage only. When used as a boot disk, it differs from the master boot record because platform operation critical data is located in partitions rather than unpartitioned or hidden sectors.
JBOD (Just a Bunch of Disks): A colloquial term for a drive array that is not configured to use RAID or any other type of special fault-tolerance mechanism.
master boot record (MBR): The default partition style used since Windows was released. Supports up to four primary partitions or three primary partitions and one extended partition, with unlimited logical drives on the extended partition.
network attached storage (NAS): A dedicated file server device, containing disk drives, which connects to a network and provides clients with direct, file-based access to storage resources. Unlike a storage area network, NAS devices include a rudimentary operating system and a file system implementation.
parity: A mathematical algorithm that some disk storage technologies use to provide data redundancy in their disk write operations.
partition style: The method that Windows operating systems use to organize partitions on a disk. Two hard disk partition styles can be used in Windows Server 2008: master boot record (MBR) and GUID partition table (GPT).
Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID): A series of data storage technologies that use multiple disks to provide computers with increased storage, I/O performance, and/or fault tolerance.
ReFS: A new file system in Windows Server 2012 that offers practically unlimited file and directory sizes and increased resiliency.
storage area network (SAN): A dedicated, high-speed network that connects block-based storage devices to servers. Unlike NAS devices, SANs do not provide a file system implementation. SANs require a server to provide clients with access to the storage resources.
storage pool: A Windows Server 2012 logical storage component that can span multiple drives invisibly, providing an accumulated storage resource that you can expand or reduce as needed by adding disks or removing them.
Storage Spaces: A generic term describing the new Windows Server 2012 storage technologies, including storage pools and virtual disks.
virtual disks: A Windows Server 2012 logical storage component that consists of space in a storage pool that behaves much like a physical disk, except that the actual bits might be stored on any number of physical drives in the system.
Virtual Hard Disk (VHD): A file format created by Microsoft that enables you to create a simulated hard disk, which you can mount into an operating system and access like a physical disk drive.






CH04

access-based enumeration (ABE): A Windows Server 2012 feature that applies filters to shared folders based on an individual user’s permissions to the files and subfolders in the share. Users who cannot access a particular shared resource cannot see that resource on the network.
access control entry (ACE): An entry in an object’s access control list (ACL) that grants permissions to a user or group. Each ACE consists of a security principal (the name of the user, group, or computer being granted the permissions) and the specific permissions assigned to that security principal. When you manage permissions in any of the Windows Server 2008 permission systems, you are creating and modifying the ACEs in an ACL.
access control list (ACL): A collection of access control entries that defines the access that all users and groups have to an object.
advanced permissions: An element providing a security principal with a specific degree of access to a resource.
authorization: The process of determining whether an identified user or process is permitted access to a resource and the user’s appropriate level of access.
basic permissions: A common combination of advanced permissions used to provide a security principal with a level of access to a resource.
effective access: The combination of Allow permissions and Deny permissions that a security principal receives for a given system element, whether explicitly assigned, inherited, or received through a group membership.
NTFS quotas: A Windows Server 2012 feature that enables you to set a storage limit for users of a particular volume.
Offline Files: A Windows feature that enables client computers to maintain copies of server files on their local drives. If the computer’s connection to the network is severed or interrupted, the client can continue to work with the local copies until network service is restored, at which time the client synchronizes its data with the data on the server.
security identifier (SID): A unique value assigned to every Active Directory object when it is created.
security principal: The user, group, or computer to which an administrator assigns permissions.


CH05

Enhanced Metafile (EMF): A standardized, highly portable print job format that is the default format used by the Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003 print subsystems.
print device: The hardware that produces hard copy documents on paper or other print media. Windows Vista supports local print devices, which are directly attached to the computer’s parallel, serial, Universal Serial Bus (USB), or IEEE 1394 (FireWire) ports; and network interface print devices, which are connected to the network directly or through another computer.
print server: A computer or stand-alone device that receives print jobs from clients and sends them to print devices that are attached locally or connected to the network.
printer: The software interface through which a computer communicates with a print device. Windows Vista supports numerous interfaces, including parallel (LPT), serial (COM), USB, IEEE 1394, Infrared Data Access (IrDA), and Bluetooth ports; and network printing services such as lpr, Internet Printing Protocol (IPP), and standard TCP/IP ports.
printer control language (PCL): A language understood by the printer. Each printer is associated with a printer driver that converts the commands generated by an application into the printer’s PCL.
printer driver: A device driver that converts the print jobs generated by applications into an appropriate string of commands for a specific print device. Printer drivers are designed for specific print devices and provide applications that access all of the print device’s features.
printer pool: A print subsystem configuration in which a single printer is connected to multiple print devices, to provide more timely service and fault tolerance.
Remote Desktop Easy Print: A Windows Server 2012 component that enables Remote Desktop clients to print to their local print devices.
spooler: A service running on a print server that temporarily stores print jobs until the print device can process them.
XML Paper Specification (XPS): A new platform-independent document format first included with Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista, in which print job files use a single XPS format for their entire journey to the print device.