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prototyperspective

Science Summary - 2020, April

prototyperspective
May 21st, 2020
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  1. ___ _ ___
  2. / __| __ (_) ___ _ _ __ ___ / __| _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _
  3. \__ \ / _| | | / -_) | ' \ / _| / -_) \__ \ | || | | ' \ | ' \ / _` | | '_| | || |
  4. |___/ \__| |_| \___| |_||_| \__| \___| |___/ \_,_| |_|_|_| |_|_|_| \__,_| |_| \_, |
  5. |__/
  6. -------------------------------------- April 2020 --------------------------------------
  7.  
  8. https://i.imgur.com/011VSVB.png
  9.  
  10. Monthly newsletter: https://mailchi.mp/359cae84aa22/science_summary
  11.  
  12. ----------------- Selection -----------------
  13.  
  14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_in_science
  15.  
  16. Items which I added to the Wikipedia list are marked with a star.
  17. Some more relevant information can be found on the list's talk page.
  18.  
  19. ------------------ Sources ------------------
  20.  
  21. Marine life*
  22. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-52122447
  23. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2146-7
  24.  
  25. Homo erectus
  26. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/science/skulls-africa-caves.html
  27. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6486/eaaw7293
  28.  
  29. Coral bleaching*
  30. https://www.forbes.com/sites/tamarathiessen/2020/04/07/great-barrier-reef-coral-bleaching-climate-change-tragedy/
  31. https://www.coralcoe.org.au/media-releases/climate-change-triggers-great-barrier-reef-bleaching
  32.  
  33. Expansion*
  34. https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-04/uob-dab040820.php
  35. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2020/04/aa36602-19/aa36602-19.html
  36.  
  37. SARS-CoV-2
  38. Glycans*
  39. https://phys.org/news/2020-04-scientists-reveal-coronavirus-camouflage-aid.html
  40. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.03.26.010322v1
  41. Novel coronaviruses*
  42. https://phys.org/news/2020-04-scientists-coronaviruses.html
  43. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7144984
  44. Reinfections
  45. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-southkorea/south-korea-reports-recovered-coronavirus-patients-testing-positive-again-idUSKCN21S15X
  46. Strains*
  47. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3080771/coronavirus-mutations-affect-deadliness-strains-chinese-study
  48. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.14.20060160v2
  49. Strain identification*
  50. https://phys.org/news/2020-04-genetic-barcode-rapidly-revealing-covid-.html
  51. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.07.030759v4
  52. Testing device*
  53. https://phys.org/news/2020-04-inexpensive-portable-detector-pathogens-minutes.html
  54. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/LC/D0LC00304B
  55. Genomic signature*
  56. https://phys.org/news/2020-04-covid-genome-signature.html
  57. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0232391
  58.  
  59. Memristor*
  60. https://phys.org/news/2020-04-unveil-electronics-mimic-human-brain.html
  61. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-15759-y
  62.  
  63. Fine-structure constant*
  64. https://phys.org/news/2020-04-laws-nature-downright-weird-constant.html
  65. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/17/eaay9672/tab-figures-data
  66.  
  67. Glowing plants*
  68. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/27/world/glowing-plants-intl-scli-scn/index.html
  69. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-020-0500-9
  70.  
  71. _________
  72.  
  73. Microbes
  74. https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-04/uot-dol033020.php
  75. https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-020-0860-1
  76.  
  77. Virus genes*
  78. https://phys.org/news/2020-04-viruses-dont-metabolism-blocks.html
  79. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7136201
  80.  
  81. Animal*
  82. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/14/science/longest-animal-ocean.html
  83. https://twitter.com/SchmidtOcean/status/1247231196347674625
  84.  
  85. Neanderthals
  86. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/09/science/neanderthals-fiber-string-math.html
  87. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7145842
  88.  
  89. Atlantic*
  90. https://phys.org/news/2020-04-ancient-teeth-peru-hint-now-extinct.html
  91. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6487/136
  92.  
  93. X-ray device*
  94. https://physicsworld.com/a/thin-film-perovskite-detectors-could-enable-extremely-low-dose-medical-imaging/
  95. https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/15/eaay0815
  96.  
  97. ʻOumuamua
  98. https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-04/uoc--nft041020.php
  99. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-1065-8
  100.  
  101. Supernova
  102. https://phys.org/news/2020-04-scientists-supernova-outshines.html
  103. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-1066-7
  104.  
  105. Methane emissions*
  106. https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-methane-study/us-underestimates-methane-emissions-from-offshore-oil-industry-study-idUSL2N2C112G
  107. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.0c00179
  108.  
  109. Anoxia*
  110. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/mass-extinction-oxygen-ocean-study-climate-change-ordovician-a9463866.html
  111. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-15400-y
  112.  
  113. Wolfram Physics Project*
  114. https://phys.org/news/2020-04-wolfram-physics-fundamental-theory.html
  115. https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2020/04/finally-we-may-have-a-path-to-the-fundamental-theory-of-physics-and-its-beautiful/
  116.  
  117. Exoplanet
  118. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/15/world/kepler-earth-size-exoplanet-discovery-scn/index.html
  119. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab84e5
  120.  
  121. Quantum processor*
  122. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2240539-quantum-computer-chips-demonstrated-at-the-highest-temperatures-ever/
  123. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2171-6
  124.  
  125. Greenland ice melting*
  126. https://in.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-greenland/greenland-ice-sheet-shrinks-by-record-amount-climate-study-idINKCN21X1UG
  127. https://www.the-cryosphere.net/14/1209/2020/
  128.  
  129. Bacteriocin*
  130. https://phys.org/news/2020-04-bactericidal-nanomachine-reveal-mechanisms-natural.html
  131. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2186-z
  132.  
  133. Face masks*
  134. https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/queensland-researchers-hit-sweet-spot-with-new-mask-material-20200414-p54jr2.html
  135. https://www.qut.edu.au/news?id=161468
  136.  
  137. R&D program*
  138. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/apr/16/brightening-clouds-and-coral-larvae-study-picks-best-great-barrier-reef-rescue-ideas
  139. https://minister.awe.gov.au/ley/media-releases/150-million-drive-innovations-boost-reef-resilience
  140.  
  141. Pheromones*
  142. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/16/africa/male-lemurs-stink-flirting-scn/index.html
  143. https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(20)30407-3
  144.  
  145. Local food crops*
  146. https://phys.org/news/2020-04-local-food-distant-world.html
  147. https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-020-0060-7
  148.  
  149. Arctic*
  150. https://phys.org/news/2020-04-north-pole-ice-free-summer.html
  151. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GL086749
  152.  
  153. Borisov*
  154. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2240989-interstellar-comet-borisov-came-from-a-cold-and-distant-home-star/
  155. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-1095-2
  156. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-1087-2
  157.  
  158. Cognition*
  159. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01134-w
  160. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GH000237
  161.  
  162. Collective memory*
  163. https://phys.org/news/2020-04-microbes-memory.html
  164. https://www.cell.com/cell-systems/pdf/S2405-4712(20)30116-2.pdf
  165.  
  166. FRB
  167. https://www.sciencealert.com/a-galactic-magnetar-just-spat-out-something-shockingly-like-a-fast-radio-burst
  168. http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=13681
  169. http://www.astronomerstelegram.org/?read=13679
  170.  
  171. ATLAS
  172. https://phys.org/news/2020-04-hubble-captures-breakup-comet-atlas.html
  173. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/hubble-watches-comet-atlas-disintegrate-into-more-than-two-dozen-pieces
  174.  
  175. ------------------ Not included ------------------
  176.  
  177. - *Traces of rainforest discovered on Antarctica indicate a CO2 level higher than expected 115-80 million years ago
  178. - *Stretching cells alone can activate genes without intermediates, enzymes or signaling molecules in the cell being necessary; tests with forces common in activities like breathing
  179. - *Genetic information retrieved from the fossils of H. antecessor ~800,000 y.o. and Homo erectus 1.77 million y.o. via proteomes; H. antecessor is a closely related sister-lineage to subsequent hominins incl. modern humans and Neanderthals
  180. - Report on vaccine candidate PittCoVacc
  181. - Report on a trial drug that can substantially block early stages of the COVID-19 disease in engineered human tissues
  182. - Further data on fragmentation of interstellar comet 2I/Borisov
  183. - Astronomers report possible disintegration of comet ATLAS
  184. - *Mini ozone hole discovered over the Arctic; like due to unusual atmospheric conditions, incl. freezing temperatures in the stratosphere
  185. - *Study with first photograph of a relativistic jet from an ongoing galaxy merger; young jet pointed near Earth emerges from from one of the two galaxies active galactic nuclei and proves that such merge events can trigger such jets
  186. - *Highest resolution images of Sun's coronal loops published
  187. - *Microbes can actively colonize high-pH environments of radioactive waste storage sites; implications for the safety of such sites and the knowledge about extremophile microbial life
  188. - First direct measurement of winds on a brown dwarf star
  189. - *Wireless control of adrenal hormone secretion in genetically unmodified rats through the use of injectable, magnetic, heatable nanoparticles
  190. - According to US government SARS-CoV-2 may have accidentally come from a Wuhan laboratory; no data or proof provided
  191. - *Predictive algorithm can show visualizations how combinations of genetic mutations can make proteins highly effective or ineffective developed; incl. for viral evolution
  192. - *Rashba effect proven perovskites
  193. - *The 2000–2018 Southwestern North American drought was second driest 19-year period since 800 CE, exceeded only by a late-1500s megadrought
  194. - *Origin of shark fins of endangered hammerhead sharks from a retail market in Hong Kong back to the location where the sharks were first caught using DNA analysis
  195. - New approach to fabricate metallic polymers with atomic precision
  196. - *Researchers demonstrate a method to direct self-assembly – in terms of size, position and geometry – of a multitude of materials made out of components of more than four orders of magnitude different in size and mass using femtosecond laser pulses
  197. - *Eurasian ice sheet collapse was a major source meltwater pulse 1A sea level rise 14,600 years ago, causing up to half of the ca. 16 meter rise
  198. - *Perovskite electrochemical cells which can efficiently convert electricity and water into hydrogen and back developed
  199. - Microplastic pollution is recorded in Antarctic sea ice for the first time
  200. - *Extreme rainfall can trigger volcanic eruptions
  201. - *Ferroelectricity in a material structure with functional features down to a thickness of one nanometre discovered; candidate for e.g. powering very small devices
  202. - *Mass DNA analysis of over 27,000 Icelanders shows that the Neanderthal population that mixed with modern Icelanders was more similar to a Neanderthal found in Croatia than to Neanderthals found in Russia, that Icelanders carry traces of Denisovan DNA, that on average these Neanderthal children had older mothers and younger fathers compared to modern humans and that Neanderthal DNA has a relatively minor effect on human health and appearance today
  203. - *Oil and gas operations in the United States' Permian Basin are releasing methane at twice the average rate found in earlier studies of 11 other major oil and gas regions of the United States
  204. - NASA built a successful COVID-19 ventilator; received FDA fast-track approval for emergency use in late April
  205. - Nitrogen-bearing organics discovered in Allan Hills 84001, a Martian meteorite found on Earth
  206. - *Improper fit of a face mask can decrease the filtration efficiency by over 60%; filtration efficiencies of hybrid homemade face mask such as cotton–chiffon are larger than single-layer homemade masks
  207. - Astronomers describe a way of detecting exoplanetary life using oxygen on water worlds
  208. - *Researchers publish an analysis of the growth of confirmed infected COVID-19 cases in 9 countries which characterizes the spread and identifies efficient flatten the curve-strategies
  209. - New study of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus claims to have found the first unambiguous evidence for an aquatic propulsive structure in a non-avian dinosaur
  210. - Melting in Antarctica and Greenland has contributed 14 mm of global sea level rise since 2003
  211. - NASA selects three U.S. companies to design and develop human landing systems for the agency's Artemis program, one of which is planned to deliver the first woman and next man on the Moon by 2024.
  212. - *One of the climate models – the CMIP6 model CESM2 – is not supported by paleoclimate records; comparing simulations of this model with geological evidence suggests that it's climate sensitivity is too high; it overestimated global warming at high levels of CO2 where its equilibrium climate sensitivity is 5.3 °C and tropical land temperature exceed 55°C
  213. - *Astronomers publish 15 images of proto-planetary disks believed to undergo planet formation
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