2018-07-17 TOEFL: word roots, reading insertion

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word Roots (list 5) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
morph (amorphous, metamorphosis) = form
multi (multicolored, multilayers) = many (This is the Latin root.)
nat (native, innate, natal) = birth
neo (neoclassical, neocolonialism) = new
nom/nym (nominate, misnomer, pseudonym) = name
nov (innovate, novelty) = new
nov (November) = nine
ob (obstruct, object) = in front
omni (omnipotent, omnidirectional, omnivore) = all (This is the Latin root.)
optim (optimal, optimize) = best
opt (optician, optometry) = eyes/vision
paleo (paleontology, Paleolithic) = old (often in contrast to “neo”)
pan (panacea, panorama, pandemic) = all (This is the Greek root.)
path (pathology, antipathy, empathy) = feeling (Many words that start with “path” have to do with feeling sick.)
ped (pedestrian, pedicure) = foot
ped/paed (pediatrician) = child
peri (perimeter, peripheral) = around
phil (philanthropy, philosophy, bibliophile) = love
phob (arachnophobia, claustrophobia) = fear
phon (phonograph, microphone, homophone) = sound
photo (photograph, photosynthesis, photogenic) = light
pod (podium, podiatry, tripod) = foot
poly (polygon, polyglot) = many (This is the Greek root.)
port (transport, portable) = carry through
post (posthumous, postpone) = after
proto (prototype, proton, protocol) = first
pseudo (pseudonym, pseudopod) = false
psych (psychopath, psychotherapy, psychology) = mind
pute (computer, dispute) = think/reckon
pyro (pyromaniac, pyrotechnics) = fire
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pyro -> fire
pod -> foot
pater -> father
quod -> what
Grimm’s Law describes sound changes in Germanic languages (which includes English)
Voiced stops lose voicing: b -> p, d -> t, g -> k
Stops become fricatives: p -> f, t -> th, k -> /x/ or h
quod -> hwæt -> what
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TOEFL: four sections, four hours, 120 points total, 30 points for each section, $200
1 reading: 3 or 4 passages, 60 or 80 minutes total, 14 questions per passage
2 listening: 2 or 3 sets of 3 listenings each, 60-90 minutes total, 17 questions per set
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: 6 tasks, 20 minutes total, 5.5 minutes of speaking time
4 writing: 2 tasks, about 1 hour total, 20+30 minutes of writing time
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Reading Question Types:
- vocabulary
- paraphrase
- inference
- fact
- negative fact
- purpose
- reference (pronoun)
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize
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Sentence Insertion (Coherence) Questions: DELTA p. 124 explains what these questions are about
p. 125 - Pronoun clues are one of the most common ways to identify where a sentence should go.
	Are you comfortable with all of the pronouns in the box?
former = first of two
latter = last of two
either = any of two
neither = none of two
both = all of two
another = one other, but there are more
the other = the only other one (now you’re finished)
others = some others, but there are more
the others = the only others (now you’re finished)
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BREAK
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DELTA p. 126 - Make sure you’re also comfortable with how these transition signals are used in paragraphs.
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Handout (Cengage) p. 133-134 gives steps for answering sentence insertion questions.
Something else to keep in mind is that usually general information comes before specific.
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Exercise 7.1 p. 135-136 - Take 1 minute to choose where this sentence should go.
1 C (“this” in the last sentence refers to “imagination was as important as geographic reality” in the previous sentence, so a new sentence shouldn’t break that connection)
Take another minute for each of the other paragraphs.
2 C (Without this sentence, the “either” in the following sentence doesn’t make any sense.)
3 D (“For this reason” in the next sentence requires the new one.)
4 B
5 D
6 B (“This delay” refers to the “about a month” in the new sentence.)
7 C (This is the only position that makes “However” correct in the next sentence.)
8 D (The paragraph goes on to talk about layers in the crust, it never talks about layers in the mantle.)
9 C
10 C (The “This” that enabled performances in rain or shine was the circus tent.)
11 C
12 D
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Homework: finish the handout