Costs of Immigration

 "there is a clear message for anyone examining the link between immigration and globalization: beware of social engineers who promise the existence  of  trillion-dollar  bills  on  a  mythical sidewalk at the end of the rainbow; those promises are often based on flimsy modeling and inadequate evidence."
https://sites.hks.harvard.edu/fs/gborjas/publications/journal/JEL2015.pdf

A 2016 NAS report on the costs of immigration found that
-There has been a slowdown in assimilation during the immigrants’ lifetime
-Immigration has a harmful effect on the earnings of low-skill workers
-Immigrants and their dependent children create a fiscal burden
-The economic impact of immigration is, at best, a net wash for the average native-born person. The gains accruing from the immigrants’ productive contributions are probably offset by the fiscal burden
https://gborjas.org/2016/09/21/a-users-guide-to-the-2016-nas-immigration-report/

Immigration from corruption-ridden countries boosts corruption in the destination country.
https://ethics.harvard.edu/blog/crook-crook-he-still-crook-abroad-effect-immigration-destination-country

Results suggest that the Portuguese labor market responded precisely the same way as the standard textbook model predicts: an increase in the number of workers lowered average labor productivity and wages.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292117301241

Using data for U.S. commuting zones over the period 1980 to 2012, we find that consistent with our theory a local influx of immigrants crowds out employment of native-born workers in more relative to less immigrant-intensive nontradable jobs[...]Reducing inflows from Latin America, which tends to send low-skilled immigrants to specific U.S. regions, raises local wages for native-born workers in more relative to less-exposed nontradable occupations by much more than for similarly differentially exposed tradable jobs
http://www.columbia.edu/~jev9/BHTV.pdf

U.S. Computer Scientists wages would've been 2.6-5.1% higher in absence of immigration in 2001
http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/pdf/rr16-857.pdf

A 10 percent immigration-induced increase in the supply of doctorates lowers the wage of competing workers by about 3 to 4 percent. About half of this adverse wage effect can be attributed to the increased prevalence of low-pay postdoctoral appointments in fields that have softer labor market conditions because of large-scale immigration.
http://www.nber.org/papers/w12085

In a recent paper, Ottaviano and Peri (2007a) report evidence that immigrant and native workers are not perfect substitutes within narrowly defined skill groups.[...]More generally, we cannot reject the hypothesis that comparably skilled immigrant and native workers are perfect substitutes once the empirical exercise uses standard methods to carefully construct the variables representing factor prices and factor supplies.
http://www.nber.org/papers/w13887.pdf

"Our analysis confirms William Julius Wilson’s hypothesis that contracting blue-collar employment catalyzes changes in marriage, fertility, household structures, and children’s living circumstances. Contractions in the supply of economically secure young adult men stemming from rising trade pressure spur a surge in male idleness and premature mortality, a decline in marriage and fertility, an increase in the fraction of mothers who are unmarried and who are heads of single, non-cohabiting households, and a growth in the fraction of children raised in poverty."
(Immigration replacing/displacing men in the workforce could be a reason for the decrease in fertility rates among blue collar workers)
https://economics.mit.edu/files/12736
http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/456291/marriage-fertility-blue-collar-male-employment-autor-dorn-hanson-study
https://archive.is/YN9NM

When second generation immigrants do assimilate, their crime levels rise up to that of native crime rates
http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/10/15/crime-rises-among-second-generation-immigrants-as-they-assimilate/

Shortage Of Foreign Labor Forces Maine Businesses To Hire Local Workers and raise wages
http://bangordailynews.com/2017/04/28/business/amid-foreign-worker-shortage-bar-harbor-businesses-turn-to-local-labor/?ref=comments

A 1998 study of the New York area by Howell and Mueller found that a 10 percentage point increase in the immigrant share of an occupation reduced wages of black men about five percentage points. Given the large immigrant share of the occupations they studied, this implies a significant impact on native-born blacks.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=104648

A 1995 study by Augustine Kposowa concluded that, "non-whites appear to lose jobs to immigrants and their earnings are depressed by immigrants."
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01419870.1995.9993881

A 2006 study found immigrants are displacing young native-born men in the labor market and that the largest impact is on blacks and Hispanics
http://ncee.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/NewForeignImmigrantWorkers.pdf
https://cis.org/Impact-New-Immigrants-Young-NativeBorn-Workers-20002005

Using data drawn from the 1960-2000 U.S. Censuses, analysis suggests that a 10-percent immigrant-induced increase in the supply of a particular skill group reduced the black wage by 4.0 percent, lowered the employment rate of black men by 3.5 percentage points, and increased the incarceration rate of blacks by almost a full percentage point.
http://www.nber.org/papers/w12518

Between December 2016 and December 2017, wages rose on the island of Guam by 4.5 percent for public sector workers and 2.53 percent for private sector workers, according to the Guam Department of Labor and local reporting. In the same time period, the number of H-2B workers on the island fell from 437 to just 35.
https://www.cis.org/Huennekens/Guam-Wages-Increase-Fewer-H2B-Workers
https://archive.is/GcqIo
https://archive.is/E9LHH

Report claims Hispanic and Asian immigrant workers are favored over any other ethnic group.
http://www.newsweek.com/immigration-facilitates-workplace-discrimination-against-americans-report-says-723681
https://archive.is/4bw8G

Low Skill Immigration is a large reason why America can't lower child poverty rates
https://www.city-journal.org/html/why-america-cant-lower-child-poverty-rates-15498.html
https://archive.is/U2Fi2

Immigrants replace low skill Natives in the work force, Immigration is also a substitute for fixing the actual unemployment problem
https://cis.org/Immigrants-Replace-LowSkill-Natives-Workforce

Higher skill immigration has minimal effects on the economic opportunities of high skill native workers but generally negative impacts on low skill workers
http://umdcipe.org/conferences/Maastricht/conf_papers/Papers/graefe_dejong_maastricht_manuscript.pdf

The instrumental variable (IV) estimates show that a ten percent increase in employment due to an influx of high-skilled immigrants reduces wages of natives in the same occupation by 2.8 to 4.4 percent. These results are consistent with theoretical predictions that increased labor supply puts downward pressure on wages.
https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/7831/Huang_ku_0099D_11427_DATA_1.pdf?sequence=1

While earnings for high-skill occupations have risen robustly, wages for both low- and middle-skill workers have remained subdued. We attribute this outcome to the rise in offshoring and low-skilled immigration. (Wage Stagnation)
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3033352
https://ssrn.com/abstract=3033352

Recent immigrants who have been in the United States for 10 to 20 years have a higher mortgage delinquency rate than native‐born
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2718683
https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.12092

After Immigration raid, Cloverhill Bakery Manager says it faces challenges in retaining staff in the U.S. and pressure to raise wages.
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-27/chicago-bakery-s-immigration-issues-plague-otis-spunkmeyer-maker

We find that the immigrant to native ratio has a small negative impact on average British wages, results also reveal that the biggest impact of immigration on wages is within the semi/unskilled services occupational group
https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/working-paper/2015/the-impact-of-immigration-on-occupational-wages-evidence-from-britain

After E-Verify was implemented in Arizona, a worker shortage began surfacing in industries relying on immigrants, documented or not.Wages rose about 15% for Arizona farmworkers and about 10% for construction between 2010 and 2014, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Some employers say their need for workers has increased since then, leading them to boost wages more rapidly and crimping their ability to expand. Fewer illegal immigrants has meant less overall economic output for Arizona, but also higher wages in some sectors and less of a financial strain on schools and hospitals.
https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/markets/the-thorny-economics-of-illegal-immigration/ar-BBpguEo
https://cis.org/Richwine/Most-Gains-Immigration-Go-Immigrants-Themselves-Not-Natives
https://archive.is/RHZz2

This paper develops a new approach for estimating the labor market impact of immigration by exploiting this variation in supply shifts across education-experience groups. I assume that similarly educated workers with different levels of experience participate in a national labor market and are not perfect substitutes. The analysis indicates that immigration lowers the wage of competing workers: a 10 percent increase in supply reduces wages by 3 to 4 percent
https://sites.hks.harvard.edu/fs/gborjas/publications/journal/QJE2003.pdf

Immigrants waves to the U.S. from 1970-1980 were of less quality than those of previous decades, Indicating they did not economically assimilate as well as the previous waves.
http://www.uh.edu/~adkugler/Borjas_1985.pdf

FAIR Study on Refugee Resettlement Costs finds that the annual cost to U.S. taxpayers is $1.8 billion and over five years, that financial burden skyrockets to $8.8 billion.
-The cost per refugee to American taxpayers just under $79,600 every year in the first five years after a refugee is resettled in the U.S.;
-In 2016, the State Department spent nearly $545 million to process and resettle refugees, including $140,389,177 on transportation costs;
-Of the $1.8 billion in resettlement costs, $867 billion was spent on welfare alone;
-In their first five years, approximately 54 percent of all refugees will hold jobs that pay less than $11 an hour;
-$71 million will be spent to educate refugees and asylum-seekers, a majority of which will be paid by state and local governments.
-Over five years, an estimated 15.7 percent of all refugees will need housing assistance, which is roughly $7,600 per household in 2014 dollars.
https://fairus.org/issue/legal-immigration/fiscal-cost-resettling-refugees-united-states
https://web.archive.org/save/https://fairus.org/issue/legal-immigration/fiscal-cost-resettling-refugees-united-states

According to DHS status indicators, over 243,000 criminal aliens have been booked into local Texas jails between June 1, 2011 and January 31, 2018. During their criminal careers, these criminal aliens were charged with more than 644,000 criminal offenses, those criminal charges have thus far resulted in over 288,000 convictions. Of the convictions associated with criminal alien arrests, over 191,000 or 66% are associated with aliens who were identified by DHS status as being in the US illegally at the time of their last arrest.
https://www.dps.texas.gov/administration/crime_records/pages/txCriminalAlienStatistics.htm

PISA scores of  2nd second generation immigrants (y axis) match scores of mother's native country (x axis) (except for India)
http://www.centreformacroeconomics.ac.uk/Discussion-Papers/2016/CFMDP2016-14-Paper.pdf
https://archive.is/ie6aX
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CsMvlysVIAE5bj6.jpg


Passage of a big new guestworker bill in California "would likely accelerate the influx of farm guest workers, which could reduce support for the engineers & scientists developing machines to replace farmworkers." Proving once again Immigration slows progress in the agricultural sector
http://ucanr.edu/t/~6WIZ

Wage growth has decreased for anyone with less than a bachelors since 2007
http://www.epi.org/blog/looking-at-the-latest-wage-data-by-education-level/

Immigration raises average house prices at the city level
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166046214000039

An immigration inflow equal to 1% of a city's population is associated with increases in average rents and housing values of about 1%. The results suggest an economic impact that is an order of magnitude bigger than that found in labor markets.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009411900600074X


Brain drain means loss of skills for the source country, loss of ideas and innovation, loss of the nation’s investment in education and loss of tax revenues, but most importantly, perhaps, the loss of critical services in the health and education sectors. "Brain overflow" in receiving countries can lead to misuse and subsequent downgrading of professional skills of migrants. There are other costs of emigration borne by sending countries: among them social effects which can create regional inequalities, and strains on families and gender roles, children and their schooling, and crime.
http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/policy-coherence-for-development-2007/the-brain-drain-and-negative-social-effects-when-is-the-home-country-hurt_9789264026100-6-en

H1-B Replacement Real World Evidence
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/26/us/lawsuit-claims-disney-colluded-to-replace-us-workers-with-immigrants.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/30/us/toys-r-us-brings-temporary-foreign-workers-to-us-to-move-jobs-overseas.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/11/us/large-companies-game-h-1b-visa-program-leaving-smaller-ones-in-the-cold.html

"Additional H-1Bs generally have insignificant and at most modest effects on firms’ patenting and use of the research and experimentation tax credit. There is some evidence that additional H-1Bs lead to lower average employee earnings and higher firm profits."
https://www3.nd.edu/~kdoran/Doran_Visas.pdf

A nation's average IQ helps predict wages of immigrants from that country to the US, even adjusting for migrant education levels. Jones/Schneider 2010, Ec Inquiry (Figure 2)
http://mason.gmu.edu/~gjonesb/Immigrant IQ

"Wage data reveal substantial  negative effects of immigration  for  both laborers and artisans from 1890-1923"
https://www.nber.org/chapters/c6577.pdf

"Immigration restriction significantly increased manufacturing wages from 1920-1930"
http://ftp.iza.org/dp11214.pdf
https://archive.is/hwZRl

"Results imply that the low-skilled immigration wave of the 1990s increased the purchasing power of high-skilled natives living in the 25 largest cities by 0.65 percent but decreased the purchasing power of native high school dropouts by 2.66 percent"
https://www.econ.ucla.edu/workshops/papers/Recruitment/cortes_jmp.pdf

"Estimates in table 1.11 imply that Mexican immigration from 1980 to 2000 reduced the wages of U.S. high school dropouts relative to college graduates by 7.7 percent."
https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/lkatz/files/the_evolution_of_the_mexican-born_workforce_in_the_united_states.pdf

Top Obama Era economist notes struggles of American Workers saying, showing employment rates fall from 97% in 1964 to 83% today. This has coincided with a decline in their relative wages: High-school grads in the 1970s earned two-thirds what their college-educated counterparts took home. Today it’s around half.
(But for some reason doesn't mention the cause, Immigration)
https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-to-get-american-men-back-into-the-workforce-1513538496
https://archive.is/jBm9z
http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2017/12/19/nine-million-men-pushed-out-of-workforce-by-government-low-wage-policies-obama-economist/

"Growth in the number of less‐educated immigrants may have considerably reduced youth employment rates"
https://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2010/201003/201003pap.pdf

In columbia, refugee migrations were found to substantially reduce wages for urban unskilled workers who compete for jobs with forced migrants.
https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article-abstract/16/3/695/2364687
*More research showing downward pressure on Native Wages*
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387817300822

Syrian refugees are found to increase unemployment and decrease informal and formal employment in turkey
www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/6/4/129/pdf

On average non-native-born adults in the United States had, on average, lower scores than native-born adult when tested in the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC)
https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/piaac/faq.asp (see #8)

65.5 Million U.S. Residents Spoke a Foreign Language at Home in 2016
Number has doubled since 1990 and nearly tripled since 1980
https://cis.org/Report/655-Million-US-Residents-Spoke-Foreign-Language-Home-2016

*Immigrants in the U.S. 2014-2015 Census Data*
-A large share of immigrants have low levels of formal education. Of adult immigrants (ages 25 to 65), 28 percent have not completed high school, compared to 8 percent of natives. The share of immigrants (25 to 65) with at least a bachelor's degree is only slightly lower than natives — 30 percent vs. 32 percent.
-In 2014, 21 percent of immigrants and their U.S.-born children (under 18) lived in poverty, compared to 13 percent of natives and their children. Immigrants and their children account for about one-fourth of all persons in poverty.
-In 2014, 42 percent of immigrant-headed households used at least one welfare program (primarily food assistance and Medicaid), compared to 27 percent for natives. Both figures represent an undercount. If adjusted for undercount based on other Census Bureau data, the rate would be 57 percent for immigrants and 34 percent for natives.
https://cis.org/Report/Immigrants-United-States

Illegal Immigration and Crime in Five SCAAP States
http://www.nationalreview.com/article/455549/crime-illegal-immigration
http://www.gao.gov/assets/320/316959.pdf

According  to  a  list  maintained  by  DOJ’s  National  Security  Division,  at  least  549 individuals  were  convicted  of  international  terrorism-related  charges  in  U.S.  federal  courts between September 11, 2001, and December 31, 2016.  An analysis conducted by DHS determined that approximately **73 percent (402 of these 549 individuals) were foreign-born**.  Breaking down the 549 individuals by citizenship status at the time of their respective convictions reveals that:
-254 were not U.S. citizens
-148 were foreign-born, naturalized and received U.S. citizenship
-147 were U.S. citizens by birth.
https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1026436/download?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery

US Immigrants are more likely to have a university degree. Perhaps, but according to data from the OECD, college-educated immigrants have skills much closer to those of natives who just finished high school.
https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/piaac
https://archive.is/Ku8h0

Country of origin matters, welfare use by country of origin
http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/455422/country-origin-matters
https://archive.is/trUOG

Non-Citizens Committed a Disproportionate Share of Federal Crimes, 2011-16
https://cis.org/Camarota/NonCitizens-Committed-Disproportionate-Share-Federal-Crimes-201116
https://archive.is/SYgbg

Between 2003 and 2009, the timeframe of The General Accounting Office’s (GAO) report on illegal migrants, there were just over 115,000 murders. Illegal invaders committed over 25,000 of those murders, almost 22% of the murders committed by 3.5% or so of the total population.
thehill.com/blogs/pundits-blog/crime/329589-the-truth-about-crime-illegal-immigrants-and-sanctuary-cities

41 percent of immigrants score at or below the lowest level of English literacy — a level variously described as "below basic" or "functional illiteracy".
Hispanic immigrants struggle the most with English literacy. Their average score falls at the 8th percentile, and 63 percent are below basic.
https://cis.org/Immigrant-Literacy-Self-Assessment-vs-Reality

Immigration has "undoubtedly' escalated housing prices in Vancouver, Toronto, says study
http://vancouversun.com/opinion/columnists/douglas-todd-canadas-immigration-targets-a-form-of-housing-policy-says-study
http://archive.is/Eg1MN

Agriculture: "Taylor said there's reason to believe that technology would take over before pay increased enough to attract U.S.-born employees to the fields in large numbers." In other words, access to foreign labor has retarded automation.
http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-american-born-field-workers-20180104-story.html
https://archive.is/aA4IS

Earnings of low skill workers dropped by between $800 and $1,500 each year due to low skill immigration
https://sites.hks.harvard.edu/fs/gborjas/publications/popular/POL091216.pdf

Wage growth over the past decade in nine of the top 10 H-2B Immigrant occupations was slower than wage growth for all workers, and some occupations actually lost ground.
http://www.epi.org/publication/h-2b-visas-and-labor-shortages-latest-data-do-not-justify-a-cap-increase/
https://www.politico.com/story/2017/09/04/summer-employers-trump-guest-worker-visas-immigration-242271