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- Variations in Consciousness
- I. Basics
- A. Definition: subjective awareness of both internal and external stimuli (what’s going on around us)
- B. Levels of Consciousness
- 1. Consciousness
- 2. Preconsciousness
- 3. Freudian unconscious mind: holds unacceptable urges and impulses, traumatic memories, etc. that can’t be brought to the conscious mind
- 4. Cognitive unconscious mind: contains cognitive processes that can’t be brought into consciousness, some of which give rise to our thoughts, behaviors, emotions, but aren’t aware of them occurring
- 5. Continuum—from being fully conscious (know and are able to describe one’s mental state) to minimal consciousness
- C. Controlled vs. Automatic Processes
- 1. Controlled: require alert awareness, absorb your attention, require a good amount of effort
- 2. Automatic: they occur rapidly, don’t interfere with other activities much, relatively difficult to disrupt
- 3. Continuum
- 4. How do processes become automatic? Some are known at birth, others are developed over time by practice. “overlearned”—learned so well that we don’t have to attend to them
- 5. When do we attend to them? Desire to finish something or had a bad experience due to not attending to it
- II. Sleep
- A. Circadian rhythm
- 1. Biological clock: a sleep-wake cycle that tends to be a bit longer than the 24-hour cycle we have
- 2. Regulates
- a. Sleep
- b. Blood pressure
- c. Urine production
- d. Hormonal secretions
- e. Body temperature
- 3. Getting out of sync: causes the quality of our sleep to suffer which causes
- 4. Jet lag: crossing time zones, causing you to want to sleep at the wrong time; easier to fly westward than eastward
- 5. Swing or rotating shifts: constantly changes your circadian rhythm (bad usually)
- B. Stages of Sleep
- 1. Fully awake: beta waves are at a minimum
- 2. Pre-sleep
- a. Brain slows down and alpha waves appear
- b. Hypnagogic sleep: begin to lose some voluntary control over your movements, sensitivity of outside stimuli decreases, thoughts become more fanciful and less reality-like
- c. Myoclonia: occurs when you feel like your falling, so your body or body part violently jerks to wake you up
- 3. Stage 1 sleep
- a. Waves slow down even more and become Theta waves
- b. Eyes slowly roll from side to side, breathing slows down even more, muscles relax
- 4. Stage 2 sleep
- a. Spindles: brief burst of a lot of waves in a short period of time
- b. K complex: occurs in response to some sort of stimulation; a low frequency high amplitude wave
- 5. Stage 3 sleep—Deeper sleep with deeper and even slower waves called delta waves
- 6. Stage 4 sleep—more prominent delta waves, enter this stage about 30 minutes after falling asleep, believed to be the stage where skeletal muscles relax and are restored
- 7. REM sleep (rapid eye movement sleep)—eyes dart around underneath the eyeball, first one occurs 90 minutes after one falls asleep
- a. Deep sleep
- b. Brain waves look very similar to the brain waves seen in stage 1 sleep
- c. 4-5 times a night
- 8. Differences between REM and non-REM
- a. Muscles—limp/flaccid and immobile with some twitching movements usually in the hands, feet, and face in REM; movement is freer in non-REM (can roll over, sleepwalk)
- b. Blood pressure—increases and becomes variable in REM; low and steady in non-REM
- c. Heart rate and respiration—increase and become irregular in REM; low and steady in non-REM
- d. Harder to wake up in REM
- e. If awakened, fairly alert in REM; if awakened from stage 3 or 4 in non-REM, tend to be disoriented, cognitively slow, and a bit confused
- f. Most dreaming occurs in REM sleep; any dreams in non-REM are much more simple and less vivid
- 9. Cycle through stages—as night progresses, REM cycles get longer until they peak at 40 to 60 minutes each night; non-REM takes up most of the first half of the night, REM takes up more of the second half of the night
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