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Oct 31st, 2013
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  1. Variations in Consciousness
  2. I. Basics
  3. A. Definition: subjective awareness of both internal and external stimuli (what’s going on around us)
  4. B. Levels of Consciousness
  5. 1. Consciousness
  6. 2. Preconsciousness
  7. 3. Freudian unconscious mind: holds unacceptable urges and impulses, traumatic memories, etc. that can’t be brought to the conscious mind
  8. 4. Cognitive unconscious mind: contains cognitive processes that can’t be brought into consciousness, some of which give rise to our thoughts, behaviors, emotions, but aren’t aware of them occurring
  9. 5. Continuum—from being fully conscious (know and are able to describe one’s mental state) to minimal consciousness
  10. C. Controlled vs. Automatic Processes
  11. 1. Controlled: require alert awareness, absorb your attention, require a good amount of effort
  12. 2. Automatic: they occur rapidly, don’t interfere with other activities much, relatively difficult to disrupt
  13. 3. Continuum
  14. 4. How do processes become automatic? Some are known at birth, others are developed over time by practice. “overlearned”—learned so well that we don’t have to attend to them
  15. 5. When do we attend to them? Desire to finish something or had a bad experience due to not attending to it
  16. II. Sleep
  17. A. Circadian rhythm
  18. 1. Biological clock: a sleep-wake cycle that tends to be a bit longer than the 24-hour cycle we have
  19. 2. Regulates
  20. a. Sleep
  21. b. Blood pressure
  22. c. Urine production
  23. d. Hormonal secretions
  24. e. Body temperature
  25. 3. Getting out of sync: causes the quality of our sleep to suffer which causes
  26. 4. Jet lag: crossing time zones, causing you to want to sleep at the wrong time; easier to fly westward than eastward
  27. 5. Swing or rotating shifts: constantly changes your circadian rhythm (bad usually)
  28. B. Stages of Sleep
  29. 1. Fully awake: beta waves are at a minimum
  30. 2. Pre-sleep
  31. a. Brain slows down and alpha waves appear
  32. b. Hypnagogic sleep: begin to lose some voluntary control over your movements, sensitivity of outside stimuli decreases, thoughts become more fanciful and less reality-like
  33. c. Myoclonia: occurs when you feel like your falling, so your body or body part violently jerks to wake you up
  34. 3. Stage 1 sleep
  35. a. Waves slow down even more and become Theta waves
  36. b. Eyes slowly roll from side to side, breathing slows down even more, muscles relax
  37. 4. Stage 2 sleep
  38. a. Spindles: brief burst of a lot of waves in a short period of time
  39. b. K complex: occurs in response to some sort of stimulation; a low frequency high amplitude wave
  40. 5. Stage 3 sleep—Deeper sleep with deeper and even slower waves called delta waves
  41. 6. Stage 4 sleep—more prominent delta waves, enter this stage about 30 minutes after falling asleep, believed to be the stage where skeletal muscles relax and are restored
  42. 7. REM sleep (rapid eye movement sleep)—eyes dart around underneath the eyeball, first one occurs 90 minutes after one falls asleep
  43. a. Deep sleep
  44. b. Brain waves look very similar to the brain waves seen in stage 1 sleep
  45. c. 4-5 times a night
  46. 8. Differences between REM and non-REM
  47. a. Muscles—limp/flaccid and immobile with some twitching movements usually in the hands, feet, and face in REM; movement is freer in non-REM (can roll over, sleepwalk)
  48. b. Blood pressure—increases and becomes variable in REM; low and steady in non-REM
  49. c. Heart rate and respiration—increase and become irregular in REM; low and steady in non-REM
  50. d. Harder to wake up in REM
  51. e. If awakened, fairly alert in REM; if awakened from stage 3 or 4 in non-REM, tend to be disoriented, cognitively slow, and a bit confused
  52. f. Most dreaming occurs in REM sleep; any dreams in non-REM are much more simple and less vivid
  53. 9. Cycle through stages—as night progresses, REM cycles get longer until they peak at 40 to 60 minutes each night; non-REM takes up most of the first half of the night, REM takes up more of the second half of the night
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