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- Greg Malivuk
- http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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- Homework (to start in class): p. 188 exercise 2 - Choose the correct option for each connector. Then identify the type and meaning of that connector and notice what things are connected.
- 1 on the other hand, sentence connector, contrastive
- 2 However, sentence connector, contrastive
- 3 Moreover, sentence connector, additive
- 4 As a result, sentence connector, cause/effect
- 5 and, coordinating conjunction, additive
- 6 under such circumstances, sentence connector, cause/effect
- 7 Even though, subordinating conjunction, contrastive
- 8 no connector
- 9 however/on the other hand, sentence connector, contrastive
- 10 In addition, sentence connector, additive
- 11 However, sentence connector, contrastive
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- p. 190 - Parallel structure (sometimes simply called “parallelism”)
- Coordinating conjunctions can only connect parallel structures (which have the same grammatical form).
- *Jeff likes relaxing and vacation. (gerund and noun)
- -> Jeff likes relaxing and going on vacation. (gerund and gerund [phrase])
- -> Jeff likes relaxation and vacation. (noun and noun)
- *Her brother either is a firefighter or flies planes. (noun or verb phrase)
- -> Her brother is either a firefighter or a pilot. (noun or noun)
- -> Her brother either fights fires or flies planes. (verb phrase or verb phrase)
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- Redundancy - when words are repeated unnecessarily
- Jeff likes to clean, and Jeff likes to cook. (This isn’t grammatically incorrect, but it’s usually not how we would say this sentence.)
- -> Jeff likes to clean and cook.
- Jeff likes to clean, but Jeff doesn’t like to clean on Saturday mornings.
- -> Jeff likes to clean, but not on Saturday mornings.
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- Not only does Jeff like to clean, but also to cook.
- Joe doesn’t like to clean, nor does he enjoy cooking. (Joe likes neither cleaning nor cooking.)
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- p. 193 exercise 6 - Connect the pairs of sentences with coordinating conjunctions. Make changes to remove redundancy and fix word order and punctuation.
- 1 Canada has a large French-speaking minority, and the United States (has) a (large) Spanish-speaking one.
- 2 Many people in Canada speak French, so all government publications are printed in both languages.
- 3 Canada has two official languages, but the United States discourages the use of languages other than English for official purposes.
- 4 ...but...
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- What are the differences in meaning between these sentences?
- Indian food is spicy, and I love it. - I normally like spicy food, including Indian food.
- Indian food is spicy, but I love it. - I don’t normally like spicy food, but I love Indian food.
- Indian food is spicy, so I love it. - I normally love spicy food, and this is the reason why I love Indian food.
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- Do these sentences make sense?
- I love Indian food, and it’s spicy. (no - “and” doesn’t imply cause as strongly as “so”, but this is still awkward because the spiciness isn’t a consequence of my love)
- I love Indian food, but it’s spicy. (yes: I love Indian food, but the spiciness is a problem for me.)
- I love Indian food, so it’s spicy. (no - My love for Indian food isn’t the cause of its spiciness.)
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- Homework: p. 193 exercise 5
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