2016-09-07 Core: 12 expeditions and regrets

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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p. 141 - How do you think the fisherman uses the birds to help him?
part 2-3 - What are these animals “experts” at doing? Do humans use their expertise for our own benefit?
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p. 142 - What is an expedition?
setting up a camp = preparing and arranging the area where you will stay when you’re camping
guide = person who’s an expert in the place and who can take you where you need to go
part 1 - With your partner, explain why you need each of the other things on the list during an expedition, and think of a few more things you should also bring.
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Read about the two women.
extinct = doesn’t exist any more
What extinct mammal do you think Beth was looking for in Siberia? (mammoth)
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part 4 - Which story includes each word?
Emma: eye-opener (experience that changes your perspective about something), flatten, steps, trumpeting
Beth: bite, bones, deserted, eaten alive, go crazy, mammoth, mummies, net, remote, tusks
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part 6 - Answer these questions.
1 local trackers and guides
2 guides screaming and shouting
3 They had camped in an elephant path.
4 it was destroyed and some tents were flattened
5 mammoth remains (bones, tusks, or mummies)
6 deserted and remote
7 there were millions of mosquitoes
8 they had mosquito nets over their heads, but they didn’t help much
What do you think “njoko” means?
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BREAK (15 minutes again!)
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p. 143 part 7 - Who do you think said each sentence?
1 We could have been killed. - Emma
2 We could have gone there at a different time of year. - Beth
3 We couldn’t have avoided the insects. - Beth
4 We should have checked the area before we camped. - Emma
5 We should have taken more repellent. - Beth
6 We shouldn’t have put up our tents in that spot. - Emma
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Grammar: Modals for advisability and regret in the past
We could have been killed. We could have gone there at a different time of year.
= This was a possibility, but it didn’t happen.

We couldn’t have avoided the insects. = This was not a possibility. (It was impossible to do, even if we had done something differently.)

We should have checked the area. We should have taken more repellent.
= This was a good idea, but it didn’t happen.

We shouldn’t have put up our tents in that spot. = This was not a good idea, but we did it anyway.
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That is advisable. = That is a good idea. (opposite: inadvisable)
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modal auxiliary verbs: will, would, can, could, shall, should, may, might, must
Modal verbs must come first in a verb phrase, and they are always followed by the base form of a verb.

To talk about the past, we often use the perfect structure: [have] + past participle
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part 10 - Complete the paragraph with “should have”, “could have”, “shouldn’t have”, or “couldn’t have”, and the past participle of the verb in parentheses
1 shouldn’t have eaten
2 couldn’t have felt (It was impossible to feel worse. = I felt the worst possible.)
3 should have had
4 should have taken
5 could have died
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Pronunciation: reduction of modal + “have” (+ past participle)
should have -> should’ve (sometimes people will write “should of”) -> shoulda
could have -> could’ve -> coulda
would have -> would’ve -> woulda
might have -> might’ve -> mighta
shouldn’t have -> shouldn’t’ve (like “shouldn’t of”) -> “shouldna”
couldn’t have -> couldn’t’ve -> “couldna”
wouldn’t have -> wouldn’t’ve -> “wouldna”
might not have -> might not’ve -> “might notta” (“mightn’t” is uncommon, even in speaking)

Affirmative forms (shoulda, woulda, coulda) are sometimes written in very informal situations, like text messages or to write dialogue in a story.
Negative forms are never written as “shouldna”, “couldna”, or “wouldna”.
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Most reduced pronunciations are important for you when you’re listening to native speakers. You don’t have to pronounce words like this.
However, you should reduce “can”, or it might sound like “can’t” to native speakers.
I can do it. / I can’t do it.
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In groups of 3, talk about a time when you made some mistake or had a bad experience with some of the things in the list in part 12. Then as a group, think of things you could have or should have done differently to make the situation better.
nausea = the feeling that you need to vomit
nauseous = the adjective when you have nausea

Share some of your experiences with the class.
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk/2172858.stm - Article about a couple who flew to the wrong Sydney
Sydney, NSW = the one in New South Wales, Australia
Sydney, NS = the one in Nova Scotia, Canada
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Homework: p. 172 practice 1 (extra grammar practice)