subroutine mlrmodel(fvec,n,d,m,c,cgrad)
  implicit none
  integer, intent(in) :: n,d,m !training data sizes and number of classes
  real(kind=8), dimension((m-1)*(n+1)), intent(in) :: fvec !fitting parameters
  real(kind=8), intent(out) :: c !cost
  real(kind=8), dimension((m-1)*(n+1)), intent(out) :: cgrad !gradient of cost
  integer :: i1,j1,i,j,k,y, bias_column
  real(kind=8), dimension(m-1,n) :: w
  real(kind=8), dimension(m-1) :: b
  !Declare other variables as needed

  real(kind=8), dimension(n) :: x
  real(kind=8), dimension(m-1) :: z, a

  bias_column = (m-1) * (n)

  !unpack fitting parameters (use if needed)
  do i1=1,n
    j1 = (i1-1)*(m-1)+1
    w(:,i1) = fvec(j1:j1+m-2) !weight matrix
  end do
  b = fvec((m-1)*n+1:(m-1)*(n+1)) !bias vector

  ! Add cost and gradient contributions from each training data
  do k = 1, d
    ! Fetch required training input and label
    x = lr_x(:, k)
    y = lr_y(k)

    a = compute_mlr_a(w, b, x, n, m)

    ! Compute gradient and cost
    do i = 1, m - 1
      ! y+1 to adjust for indexing
      if (y + 1 == i) then
        ! Cost log term
        c = c - safe_log(a(i))

        ! Bias gradient with y == i
        cgrad(bias_column + i) = cgrad(bias_column + i) - (1 - a(i))

        ! Weight gradient y == i
        do j = 0, n - 1
          cgrad(j * (m - 1) + i) = cgrad(j * (m - 1) + i) - (1 - a(i)) * x(j)
        end do
      else
        ! Bias gradient i /= j, y == j
        cgrad(i +  bias_column) = cgrad(i + bias_column) + a(i)

        ! Weight gradient i /= j, y == j
        do j = 0, n - 1
          cgrad(j * (m - 1) + i) = cgrad(j * (m - 1) + i) + a(i) * x(j)
        end do
      end if
    end do
  end do

  do i = 0, n - 1
    do j = 1, m - 1
      ! Add penalty terms
      cgrad(i * (m - 1) + j) = cgrad(i * (m-1) + j) + w(j, i)
      c = c + lr_lambda * w(j,i) * w(j,i)
    end do
  end do
end subroutine mlrmodel