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Shadowhunters
Sep 27th, 2018
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  1. SESSION 2 - NETWORK TERMINOLOGIES - I
  2. =====================================
  3.  
  4. 1. Physical Network
  5. 2. Virtual Network
  6.  
  7.  
  8. Social Network: The network where people gather with each other to communicate and share their resources with each other.
  9.  
  10.  
  11. NETWORK - A network is a place where two or more peripherals or machines interact with each other while sharing their resources.
  12.  
  13.  
  14. TYPES OF NETWORK
  15. ==================
  16. 1. PAN - Personal Area Network - eg. Bluetooth etc.
  17. 2. LAN - Local Area Network - eg. Organizations, Schools etc.
  18. 3. MAN - Metropolitan Area Network - eg. - cyber city , cyber hub etc.
  19. 4. WAN - Wide Area Network - eg. satelites
  20.  
  21.  
  22. NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
  23. ====================
  24.  
  25. Topologies mean architecture of the network.
  26.  
  27. There are 5 Network Topologies
  28.  
  29. 1. Star Topology - All machines are connected through the use of the central connecting devices like router, hub, or switch.
  30.  
  31. 2. Ring Topology - All machines are connected in a closed chain or circular shaped sharing there resources unidirectional or bidirectional.
  32.  
  33. 3. Bus Topology - In this, all machines are connected in the form of a bus. eg. Small Corporate Networks
  34.  
  35. 4. Mesh Topology - The messy form of network interconnection.
  36.  
  37. 5. Hybrid Topology - 2 or more topologies are connected with each other.
  38.  
  39. Disadvantages of Topologies. - Wireless Networks WIFIs came into existence.
  40.  
  41. PROTOCOLS
  42. ===========
  43.  
  44. They are the rules and regulation OR guidelines for communication in a Particular network.
  45. For example, if two persons are playing table tennis, then both need to go and play by the same rules. None of them should go out of the rules. Likewise, if two devices need to communicate, they need to follow some basic rules. So for that, protocols are used.
  46.  
  47. EG. Protocols in a school -
  48.  
  49. Cleanliness, Polished Shoes, Cutted Nails, Ironed Shirt, School Uniform, Proper DResses.
  50.  
  51. Well nounced Protocols examples -
  52. ==========================
  53.  
  54. IP - Internet Protocol : Logical Address of a network
  55. TCP : Transmission Control Protocol : Connection Oriented REliable Protocol
  56. UDP : User Datagram Protocol : Connectionless Protocol
  57. VOIP : vOICE oVER Internet Protocol : eg. whatsapp calling
  58. HTTP : Hyper Text TRanfer Protocol
  59. HTTPS : Hyper Text TRanfer Protocol S (Secure Socket Layer)
  60. REF : SSL Versions : SSLv1
  61. SSLv2
  62. SSLv3 : TLS (Transport Layer Security)
  63. DHCP : Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
  64. SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol : Mailing Services
  65. IMAP : Internet Messaging Access Protocol
  66. POP3 : Post Office Protocol v3
  67. FTP : File Transfer Protocol
  68.  
  69.  
  70. INTERNET / INTRANET
  71. ====================
  72. INTERNET is a "inter-connection" of networks which are connected to each other. All other people use their networks by sharing the resources of it with each other.
  73.  
  74. INTRANET is a network which is a standalone network and not connected to any other network.
  75.  
  76. ISP - INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER - IDEA , JIO ETC.
  77.  
  78. TYPES OF ADDRESSES IN A PARTICULAR NETWORK
  79. ===========================================
  80. 1. Logical Address/ Virtual address - These address are given to us by the router or isp which can be changed and unique for every network. - IP Address
  81.  
  82. 2. Physical Address - THese addresses are those which are given us by the manufacturer of your machine through its Network Interface Card. - MAC - Media Access Control
  83.  
  84.  
  85.  
  86. IP ADDRESSES
  87. ==============
  88.  
  89. IP Address is a virtual address, which is unique in a particular network. It is necessary for devices to communicate with the other devices.
  90.  
  91. VERSIONS IP ADDRESSES
  92. =======================
  93.  
  94. 1. IPV4 - 32 BIT ADDRESS - THese were the NUmerical IP Address which is described by a decimal and divided into an octet differentiated by a period. And in a Particular Network, there can be 2^32 IP Addresses.
  95.  
  96. EG. - 192.168.0.54
  97. X.X.X.X
  98.  
  99. DEFINED IN BINARY VALUES - 0 & 1
  100.  
  101.  
  102. 192 : 11000000
  103. 168 : 10101000
  104.  
  105.  
  106. 192.168.0.11
  107. X . X . X . X
  108.  
  109.  
  110. for eg. 192.168.0.25
  111.  
  112. 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
  113. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 192
  114. 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 - 168
  115.  
  116.  
  117. DEFINED IN BINARY VALUES - 0 & 1
  118.  
  119.  
  120.  
  121. 2. IPV6 - 128 BIT ADDRESS - these addresses are defined in the form of hexadecimal values.
  122.  
  123. eg. fe80::ab35:75cd:7ac3
  124.  
  125. HEXADECIMAL - 0-9, A-F
  126.  
  127. 0 A
  128. 1 B
  129. 2 C
  130. 3 D
  131. 4 E
  132. 5 F
  133. 6
  134. 7
  135. 8
  136. 9
  137.  
  138. 2^128 addresses - solution to the shortage of ipv4 addresses - IPV6
  139.  
  140. Additions from ipv4
  141. = Encryption BRO : 6116WE6D2SD262SD256
  142. = Tunneling
  143.  
  144. IP ADDRESS which is not connected to any network is called Loop Back Address/Localhost, and that address is "127.0.0.1".
  145.  
  146.  
  147. TYPES OF IP ADDRESSES
  148. ======================
  149.  
  150. 1. Private IP Addresses - THese IP Addresses are those which are given us by the router to our machine. for eg. - 192.168.0.54
  151.  
  152. 2. Public IP Addresses - THese IP Addresses are those which are given to the router by the ISP.
  153.  
  154. Where to find them?
  155. Private IP Address - Windows - CMD - "ipconfig" - IP configuration (ipconfig /all)
  156. UNIX/LINUX -CMD - "ifconfig" - Interface Configuration
  157.  
  158. PUBLIC IP Address - Google - my ip address,
  159. http://ipcow.com/
  160. ipchicken.com
  161.  
  162.  
  163. User Information
  164. =============
  165. 125.63.71.34
  166. Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:60.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/60.0
  167. Hostname = 125.63.71.34.reverse.spectranet.in
  168. Device = X11
  169. Operating System = Ubuntu
  170. Browser Name = Firefox
  171. Browser Version = 60.0
  172. Is Mobile Device = False
  173. Is Beta = False
  174. Screen Resolution = 939 x 704
  175.  
  176. ROUTER - GATEWAY. The Private IP Address of a Gateway or a Router is 192.168.0.1 / 192.168.1.1 in most of the cases.
  177.  
  178.  
  179. IP CATEGORIZATION ON THE BASIS OF ASSIGNING
  180. ============================================
  181.  
  182. 1. Dynamic IP Address - Randomly Generated IP Address by the Router.
  183. 2. Static IP Address - THese IP Addresses are defined by you only on the network configuration according to the network.
  184.  
  185. Priority to Static IP Address as compared to Dynamic IP Addresses.
  186.  
  187. SUBNET OR SUBNETTING
  188. =====================
  189. Subnet is a subpart of a network.
  190.  
  191. SUBNETTING = Dividing a particular network into different sub parts.
  192.  
  193. Syntax - 192.168.0.1/24 - THis depicts all the IP Addresses in a particular Subnet.
  194.  
  195. For eg. = 192.168.0.1 - 192.168.0.255
  196. More people will come ?? - SUBNETTING
  197. Solution - 192.168.1.1- 192.168.1.255
  198.  
  199.  
  200. ALL THESE IPs TO EVERYONE ALL OVER THE GLOBE ARE PROVIDE BY A ORGANIZATION NAMED AS "IANA" - internet assigned number authority which allocated global IPs to everyone.
  201.  
  202.  
  203. NAT - Network Address Translation
  204. ==================================
  205.  
  206. This is a function which converts my Public IP Address to my Private IP Address and vice versa. -> NAT (Vmware)
  207.  
  208.  
  209. DHCP AND DHCP SERVER
  210. =====================
  211. DHCP is Dynamic HOst Configuration Protocol which assigned us the dynamic IP to our machine randomly with the help of a SERVER aka DHCP Server. It is situated inside the router.
  212.  
  213. DHCP POOL - Consist all the Network IP's from which they assigned us Dynamic IP to Our Machine.
  214.  
  215. IP Lease Time - the Alive time of the IP Address.
  216. Mobile: DHCP Configuration
  217. Router: DHCP
  218.  
  219.  
  220. TASK
  221. ====
  222.  
  223. - What happened to IPV5?
  224. - How Does Torrent work?
  225.  
  226.  
  227. https://thehackernews.com/
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