2015-03-19 Evening: direct/indirect speech

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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p. 149

I told them something.
* I told something.
I told them.
"tell" always includes the listener with direct and indirect speech.
"tell" is only for information and instructions

(You can tell a story, tell the truth, tell a lie, tell a joke, etc. but these are not direct or indirect speech.)

I said something to them.
I said something.
* I said to them.
"say" always includes the content, but not necessarily the listener.
"say" is for information, instructions, and non-sentences (individual words, phrases like "thank you", sounds that don't have meaning, etc.)
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Mark said, "I need you here." Dorothy replied, "I can't come before next weekend."

"I need you here," Mark said. "I can't come before next weekend," Dorothy replied.

"When can you be here?" Mark asked. "Why do you want to know?" Dorothy replied.

"We will never give up!" shouted one of the demonstrators as he was dragged away.

She said, "I heard someone whisper 'Jan' and I turned, but no one was there."

She said, "Hello."
He said, "She said, 'Hello.'"
I said, "He said, 'She said, "Hello."'"
...

We can put the reporting verb in the middle of a sentence:
"Dorothy," said Mark, "you need to be here."
= Mark said, "Dorothy, you need to be here."
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p. 49 exercise 5

	"Susanna," Mrs. Alder called out, "I'd like you to come and meet Michael."
	A girl appeared in the doorway. "How do you do?" she said.
	"Nice to meet you," he mumbled.
	"Please don't call him 'Michelle' or 'Mikey' or any other silly names," warned Mrs. Alder as she swept out of the room.
	"Have you read 'Harry Potter'?" Susanna suddenly said(/asked).
	"What one?" he asked.
	"Oh, no, you little Mickey Mouse," she said as she came into the room, "you must say 'Which one?', not 'What one?', if you're going to survive here."
or: ... into the room. "You must say...

You must say this, not that, if you're ...
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.	period / full stop (or "dot" in websites, or "point" in numbers")
?	question mark
!	exclamation mark
,	comma
"	(double) quotation mark / quote
'	single quotation mark / single quote
'	apostrophe (in contractions like it's)
:	colon
;	semicolon
-	hyphen, as in "one-way street"
-	en-dash, as in "open from 3-5pm"
--	em-dash, for parenthetical additions to a sentence
	I don't want much for Christmas--just a couple books and a sweater.
( )	parentheses / brackets
[ ]	square brackets
{ }	curly brackets
/	slash
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INDIRECT SPEECH

Mrs. Adler said, "I'd like you to meet Michael."
-> Mrs. Adler said that she'd like Susanna to meet Michael.

-> She warned Susanna not to call him 'Michelle' or 'Mikey' or any other silly names.

"Have you read 'Harry Potter'?" Susanna suddenly said.
-> Susanna suddenly asked if he had read "Harry Potter".
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p. 151 exercise 6
1 He said that he had left his jacket there the day before.
2 The reviewer wrote that Carlin's new book was the funniest thing he had ever read.
3 She said that they wouldn't eat it then, but they might have it for lunch the next day.
4 He advised us that we should take as much water as we could carry.
  He advised us to take as much water as we could carry.
5 You told me that you had to get something to eat or you would faint.
6 CompCo is reporting that demand for new computers in the UK is declining.
7 She asked if she should get rid of those old boxes in the cupboard.

may	might
can	could
will	would
shall	would/should (depending on how "shall" is used in the original)
must	had to
mustn't	couldn't
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Homework: handout p. 153 (exercises 8, 9, 10)