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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. This bibliography guides the reader through the literature on what has come to be called “neoliberalism,” providing a representative sample of viewpoints and approaches. Although little known in the United States, the term has been ubiquitous in discussions of contemporary Latin America by social scientists, journalists, and politicians since the 1960s. While some treat it as self-evident and in need of no explanation, others reject the term as pejorative and have preferred to use the language of market reforms, free market policies, monetarism, economic liberalism, or simply “sensible” economics. Its Latin American origin is tied up with the aftermath of a violent 1973 coup in Chile that led to the application, under dictatorial conditions, of a set of policies associated with the Chicago school of economics (see Letelier 1976, cited under Chile). After the debt crisis of 1982 and the hyperinflation that followed, neoliberal policies and discourse were adopted throughout the region under the influence of the 1989 “Washington Consensus” (a synonym for neoliberalism). Neoliberalism aimed to reconfigure the prevailing balance between state and market in Latin America. It can be understood, in part, as economic policies that elevated macroeconomic stability to the top of the national policy agenda while rejecting profligate government spending as wasteful “economic populism.” Critical of government involvement in the economy and established social policy regimes, neoliberalism sought to end “excessive” regulation, downsize the state to its purported “proper role,” and “open up” the region to free trade and foreign investment (as with Mexico and the North American Free Trade Agreement). Neoliberalism thus identifies a “new” economic paradigm that replaced an import-substituting industrialization (ISI) system in crisis, and it represents, in some views, the economic “common sense” that emerged from the dark years of the debt crisis in 1980s. As it spread well beyond Latin America in the 1990s, the definition, significance, applicability, and normative status of the term have remained subject to contestation. For many, neoliberalism was above all a US imperial project to restore that country’s power, both within the hemisphere and globally, with the assistance of US-dominated international financial institutions and the newly created World Trade Organization in 1995. Viewed in this fashion, neoliberalism is a project of capitalist development that culminated in a new era of globalization in the 1990s. For others, it is an ethos that has been instilled into the cultures and social structures of Latin America, whether driven by global forces or internal national political projects, provoking a significant reformulation of state-society relations. Defining an epoch in Latin America going back to 1973, neoliberalism has been repudiated rhetorically by the leftist political parties that swept to power in many Latin American countries after 1998 (see Post-neoliberalism).
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  5. General Overviews
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  7. The sheer breadth of publications detailing some aspect of neoliberalism—exacerbated by a notorious terminological inconsistency—make wading through the literature particularly difficult for those new to the topic. This section, organized by scale, aims to provide the reader with a firm grounding in the pool of debates, issues, concepts, and arguments from which the wider literature draws from. The first subsection (Defining Neoliberalism) assembles multiple definitions and ways of approaching neoliberalism conceptually, while the second subsection (Regional Analyses) compiles regional surveys of what neoliberalism has meant for Latin America as a whole. The final subsection (Global Perspectives) situates Latin America within global neoliberal processes and interregional comparison.
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  9. Defining Neoliberalism
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  11. This section offers a genealogy within which to locate the literature specific to Latin America. Boas and Gans-Morse 2009 shows the term to be widely used, but seldom defined, in social science production on Latin America. Harvey 2005 and Mirowski and Plehwe 2009 link it to the irradiating Austrian economics of Friedrich von Hayek and the Mont Pelerin Society. While some, like Harvey, offer apparently authoritative definitions, the concluding essay in Mirowski and Plehwe 2009 points to the ambiguities inherent in attempts to demarcate its meaning. Different theoretical angles are explored in the collections Saad-Filho and Johnston 2005 and Soederberg, et al. 2005, which also range beyond the region. Finally, the two influential books by Hernando de Soto (de Soto 1989, de Soto 2000) serve as “on-the-ground” Latin American manifestos for global neoliberalism.
  12.  
  13. Boas, T. C., and J. Gans-Morse. “Neoliberalism: From New Liberal Philosophy to Anti-Liberal Slogan.” Studies in Comparative International Development 44.2 (2009): 137–161.
  14. DOI: 10.1007/s12116-009-9040-5Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  15. Content analysis demonstrates the terminological inconsistency across the social science disciplines in the use of the term and offers an interesting discussion of its origin, emanating from the German Freiburg School of economic thought, as it was transmitted to pro-market Chilean intellectuals in the 1960s before assuming highly negative connotations after 1973.
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  17. de Soto, Hernando. The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World. Translated by June Abbott. New York: Harper & Row, 1989.
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  19. A much-debated study of Peruvian development that became a classic political text of Latin American neoliberalism. It reinterpreted traditional narratives of cultural deficiency or dependency by focusing on informality and weak property rights while calling for reform through legal channels. Initially published as El otro sendero: La revolución informal in 1987 (Mexico City: Editorial Diana).
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  21. de Soto, Hernando. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. New York: Basic Books, 2000.
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  23. Highly touted political treatise focuses on formal property ownership as critical to successful capitalist development. Represents a mature neoliberal response to continuing socioeconomic challenges facing Latin America by emphasizing institutional barriers—primarily legal and informational—to an equitable capitalism. Received praise from both Margaret Thatcher and Milton Friedman.
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  25. Harvey, David. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
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  27. While not analytically rigorous, this account of neoliberalism targeted toward popular audiences provides a stylized overview in clear prose of the enigmatic concept from an anti-capitalist viewpoint. Latin America is treated throughout, but particularly in chapter 4.
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  29. Mirowski, Philip, and Dieter Plehwe. The Road from Mont Pélerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.
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  31. Uses the Mont Pelerin Society, with its distinct national origins, to examine its diffusion across the decades. Two chapters cover neoliberalism in Chile and Peru, while the conclusion seeks to balance generality and particularity in definitional terms. Also of interest is a chapter on the emergence of the Chicago school of economics.
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  33. Saad-Filho, Alfredo, and Deborah Johnston, eds. Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader. Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto, 2005.
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  35. This edited collection of thirty essays approaches neoliberalism from theoretical, thematic, and case study perspectives. Short chapter by Saad-Filho provides an overview of neoliberalism’s displacement of import-substituting industrialization (ISI) in Latin America, focusing on Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico.
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  37. Soederberg, Susanne, Georg Menz, and Philip G. Cerny. Internalizing Globalization: The Rise of Neoliberalism and the Decline of National Varieties of Capitalism. International Political Economy Series. Basingstoke, UK, and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
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  39. Introductory essay provides a broad theoretical overview of neoliberalism. Essays cover the rise of neoliberalism globally, organized along developing country/developed country lines. Three chapters focus on the generally negative consequences of neoliberalism in Mexico, Peru, and Chile.
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  41. Regional Analyses
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  43. These surveys demonstrate the importance accorded to neoliberalism by those who study the economics, politics, and intellectual life of Latin America. Used to define an historical epoch in Chasteen 2011, rival journalistic accounts offer both critical readings (Green 2003) and a measured defense of late neoliberalism under attack (Reid 2007). Huddle 1997 reviews two opposed texts from the mid-1990s while also offering the author’s own interpretation of the neoliberal phenomenon. Gwynne and Kay 2004 offers a textbook-like thematic reader, while the Caribbean is covered by Klak 1998. A supportive overview of the economic policies enacted when neoliberalism was at its height can be found in Edwards 1995, while Panizza 2009 provides a broad critical narrative of neoliberalism’s rise and fall.
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  45. Chasteen, John Charles. Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America. 3d ed. New York: Norton, 2011.
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  47. Final chapter, titled “Neoliberalism,” situates neoliberalism within the broader sweep of Latin American history, particularly 1870–1930. Suitable for undergraduate use.
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  49. Edwards, Sebastian. Crisis and Reform in Latin America: From Despair to Hope. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
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  51. Thorough overview by the notable World Bank economist of Latin America’s neoliberal economic reforms, beginning in 1982, which portrays neoliberalism very favorably. Chapter coverage includes privatization and deregulation, trade liberalization, and poverty and income distribution. Numerous tables and graphs provide robust data on socioeconomic indicators.
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  53. Green, Duncan. Silent Revolution: The Rise and Crisis of Market Economics in Latin America. 2d ed. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2003.
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  55. Detailed journalistic overview of neoliberalism throughout the region between 1982–2003. Explains major facets of economic policies undertaken in accessible language. Two appendices offer country-by-country analysis of economic trajectories, and issue-by-issue comparison of neoliberalism with alternative economic models. Originally published in 1995.
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  57. Gwynne, Robert N., and Cristóbal Kay, eds. Latin America Transformed: Globalization and Modernity. 2d ed. London: Arnold, 2004.
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  59. Significantly revised version of the first edition (1999), this edited collection covers broad thematic aspects of Latin American life under neoliberal globalization, including political processes, livelihoods, and modernity. Constructed as a textbook; the “further reading” sections are useful.
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  61. Huddle, D. L. “Post-1982 Effects of Neoliberalism on Latin American Development and Poverty: Two Conflicting Views.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 45.4 (1997): 881–897.
  62. DOI: 10.1086/452311Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  63. Review article of two juxtaposed books on neoliberalism, one by World Bank economist Sebastian Edwards (Edwards 1995), and the other by Duncan Green (Green 2003, originally published in 1995). The author breaks down each book before critiquing both, concluding with his own assessments of necessary policy priorities.
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  65. Klak, Thomas, ed. Globalization and Neoliberalism: The Caribbean Context. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998.
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  67. One of the few edited collections exclusively focusing on neoliberalism in the Caribbean. The introductory essay is of note for its thirteen theses on globalization and neoliberalism, while the concluding chapter discusses alternatives to neoliberalism. There are four case studies in the book, of which the Cuban case is of most interest.
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  69. Panizza, Francisco. Contemporary Latin America: Development and Democracy beyond the Washington Consensus. London and New York: Zed, 2009.
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  71. Overview of the ideas, interests, and institutions involved in the rise and fall of the Washington Consensus. This trajectory is framed within the process of democratization in the region, including the eventual ascendency of left-of-center parties eclipsed by the rise of neoliberalism.
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  73. Reid, Michael. Forgotten Continent: The Battle for Latin America’s Soul. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007.
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  75. Solid journalistic account of the region’s political and economic trajectory by a longtime editor of the Economist. Chapters 5 through 9 detail the reform process favorably, as well as the responses it provoked. Critical of the term “neoliberalism” along the same lines as Williamson 2003 (cited under the 1989 Washington Consensus and the United States).
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  77. Global Perspectives
  78.  
  79. Global narratives routinely cite Pinochet’s Chile as a pioneering site for the implementation of neoliberalism, but the phenomenon—and the term—have spread well beyond the region. Yergin and Stanislaw 2002 offers a compelling global narrative of neoliberalism with substantial focus on Latin America, painting its rise in favorable terms. The political economy of liberalization in the Global South is addressed in Fernández Jilberto and Mommen 1996, while Fernández-Kelly and Shefner 2007 addresses broader theoretical issues with case studies on Asia as well as Latin America. Manzetti 2009 offers a global perspective comparing economic reforms in the ex-Soviet bloc with Latin America. Craig and Porter 2006 documents a shift in international financial institution (IFI) priorities toward the more “inclusive” policies associated with what some call “second-wave neoliberalism.”
  80.  
  81. Craig, David, and Doug Porter, eds. Development beyond Neoliberalism? Governance, Poverty Reduction and Political Economy. London and New York: Routledge, 2006.
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  83. While not focused on Latin America, this book analyzes the recent shift of international development strategy away from the austere line of structural adjustment toward a more socially oriented “inclusive liberalism.” Poverty reduction strategies and good governance approaches of the IFIs have been influential for students of Latin American international political economy (see Macdonald and Ruckert 2009, cited under Post-neoliberalism).
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  85. Fernández Jilberto, Alex E., and André Mommen, eds. Liberalization in the Developing World: Institutional and Economic Changes in Latin America, Africa and Asia. London and New York: Routledge, 1996.
  86. DOI: 10.4324/9780203030066.ch7Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  87. The introductory chapter puts Latin America in comparative perspective with Africa and East Asia, which provides a useful heuristic for determining what is unique. Case studies address political and economic aspects of liberalization in Brazil, Mexico, Bolivia, and Argentina, with two chapters on Nicaragua.
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  89. Fernández-Kelly, María Patricia, and Jon Shefner, eds. NAFTA and Beyond: Alternative Perspectives in the Study of Global Trade and Development. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 610. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2007.
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  91. Useful volume by distinguished scholars addresses broad questions about neoliberalism in Latin America as well as issues specific to NAFTA and Mexican society. Section 2 includes labor, identity politics and civil society themes, while the volume also contains a “Quick Read Synopsis.”
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  93. Manzetti, Luigi. Neoliberalism, Accountability, and Reform Failures in Emerging Markets: Eastern Europe, Russia, Argentina, and Chile in Comparative Perspective. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2009.
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  95. Broad comparative study examining the dark side of seemingly successful reform processes abetted by IFIs, but characterized by weak or nonexistent political accountability. The book challenges neoliberal political assumptions by arguing that the manner in which economic policies are implemented decisively affects their efficacy and overall success.
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  97. Yergin, Daniel, and Joseph Stanislaw. The Commanding Heights: The Battle between Government and the Marketplace That Is Remaking the Modern World. Revised and updated ed. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002.
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  99. Widely acclaimed overview of the global rise of neoliberalism, assembled through extensive interviews. Chapter 9 covers Latin America specifically. The book also has an accompanying documentary film available on the companion website that includes chronologies and full texts of interviews, including those with former presidents of Mexico, Bolivia, and Chile.
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  101. The 1989 Washington Consensus and the United States
  102.  
  103. Often used interchangeably with neoliberalism, the term Washington Consensus was a ten-point policy agenda developed in 1989 that was favored by US and European technocrats and enforced by the international financial institutions (IFIs). Williamson 1990 sparked a monumental debate on the essential role played by the United States and the IFIs in forcefully advancing a neoliberal agenda within the national polities and economies of Latin America. The key role of foreign economic advisors since the early 20th century is addressed by Drake 1994, while Babb 2009 explores the domestic US politics of the Washington Consensus. Arceneaux and Pion-Berlin 2005 covers key themes, while inter-American relations are the focus of Prevost and Campos 2002. The “consensus,” as Massey, et al. 2006 explains, became rightly controversial, leading policymakers to shift to the language of “second-generation” reforms (as in Burki and Perry 1998, Williamson 2003, and Kuczynski Godard and Williamson 2003).
  104.  
  105. Arceneaux, Craig L., and David Pion-Berlin. Transforming Latin America: The International and Domestic Origins of Change. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005.
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  107. Concentrates on US influence in shaping neoliberal economic and security policy. Chapter 3 deals with reforms in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, while human rights, immigration, and environmental degradation are addressed elsewhere.
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  109. Babb, Sarah L. Behind the Development Banks: Washington Politics, World Poverty, and the Wealth of Nations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.
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  111. While not dealing with Latin America per se, the book details the important US side of the Washington Consensus. Explores how IFI policies are determined by the intersection between US national politics and expert knowledge, with the United States leading the charge.
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  113. Burki, Shahid Javed, and Guillermo Perry. Beyond the Washington Consensus: Institutions Matter. World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies Viewpoints. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1998.
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  115. Widely cited World Bank report addresses the limitations that came to be associated with neoliberalism. Coinciding with a broader shift in World Bank philosophy, it proposes second-generation institutional reforms with an emphasis on human resource development, stronger financial markets, public sector reform, and “reregulation.”
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  117. Drake, Paul W. Money Doctors, Foreign Debts, and Economic Reforms in Latin America from the 1890s to the Present. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1994.
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  119. Offers a broad historical approach to the relationship between foreign economic advisors and economic policymaking in Latin America. Of particular interest is Part 4, which contains two chapters on Jeffrey Sachs.
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  121. Kuczynski Godard, Pedro-Pablo, and John Williamson, eds. After the Washington Consensus: Restarting Growth and Reform in Latin America. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 2003.
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  123. Volume assembles influential neoliberal Latin American technocrats and politicians to tackle the question of reform in the 21st century. Seeks distance from the “Washington Consensus” label, while focusing primarily on second-generation neoliberal reforms.
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  125. Massey, Douglas S., Magaly Sánchez, and Jere R. Behrman. Chronicle of a Myth Foretold: The Washington Consensus in Latin America. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 606. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 2006.
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  127. Critically assesses the Washington Consensus while focusing on the negative social impacts of its policy agenda. Significant coverage of Brazil, Mexico, and Peru, as well as thematic essays. Offers “Quick Read Synopsis” that summarizes the articles.
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  129. Prevost, Gary, and Carlos Oliva Campos, eds. Neoliberalism and Neopanamericanism: The View from Latin America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
  130. DOI: 10.1057/9780230107434Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  131. Edited collection by mostly Latin American scholars who focus on a new stage of inter-American relations, dubbed “neopanamericanism,” which coincided with neoliberalism. First section addresses hemispheric issues, notably governance and security, while second section addresses regional issues, including Latin American alternatives to US-led projects of hemispheric economic integration and globalization, such as the Common Market of the South (Mercosur).
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  133. Williamson, John. “The Washington Consensus and Beyond.” Economic and Political Weekly 38.15 (2003): 1475–1481.
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  135. Williamson revisits his brainchild, providing a summary of how it emerged and what it was comprised of. He derides “neoliberalism,” stating that his ideas were misinterpreted, but defends his initial usage relatively intact. He lists four areas for continued reform, and suggests including questions of income distribution.
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  137. Williamson, John, ed. Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1990.
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  139. This volume contains the famous and controversial “What Washington Means by Policy Reform” by its editor, which lays out the key points of the economic program associated with neoliberalism and the Washington Consensus at a decisive moment of transition.
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  141. Economists, Technocrats, and Experts
  142.  
  143. The role played by experts—especially economists—in legitimating, implementing, and spreading a once marginal economic philosophy has blossomed into a rich literature. Valdés 1995, a study of the interconnections between the University of Chicago and the Catholic University of Chile, helps explain how the post-1973 neoliberal turn was made possible. Centeno 1997 and Babb 2001 cover distinct aspects of the rise of technocrats in Mexico: the former focuses on the rise of these elites within the institutional structure of the bureaucracy, while the latter discusses their relation to the Mexican university system and their US counterparts. A solid comparative regional approach may be found in Centeno and Silva 1998, while Domínguez 1997 favorably dubs this cadre “technopols,” referring to prominent social scientists who all transitioned into the political arena later in their professional careers. Dezalay and Garth 2002 focuses on the domestic and international circuits of key lawyers and economists, while Silva 2008 suggests that a favorable connection exists between technocrats and democratic consolidation over the course of the past two centuries in Chile.
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  145. Babb, Sarah L. Managing Mexico: Economists from Nationalism to Neoliberalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
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  147. Charts the ideological transition of economic expertise in Mexico from developmentalism to neoliberalism with the rise of the new technocrats in the 1980s. Focuses extensively on Mexican universities and relations with US professionals.
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  149. Centeno, Miguel Angel. Democracy within Reason: Technocratic Revolution in Mexico. 2d ed. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997.
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  151. Important contribution to the study of how expert economic knowledge successfully hijacked democracy under Mexican President Carlos Salinas. The rise of the technocratic elites is charted in terms of their role within the bureaucracy, their social origins and insertion into patronage networks, and their links to the social and economic ideology of neoliberalism.
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  153. Centeno, Miguel Angel, and Patricio Silva, eds. The Politics of Expertise in Latin America. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998.
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  155. Excellent essays that plumb the depths of symbioses between technocracy and neoliberalism in Latin America.
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  157. Dezalay, Yves, and Bryant G. Garth. The Internationalization of Palace Wars: Lawyers, Economists, and the Contest to Transform Latin American States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.
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  159. Analysis of how domestic and international professional expertise in Chile, Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico played a vital role in the economic and legal reforms that flowed from and through the Washington Consensus. Draws on extensive set of interviews.
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  161. Domínguez, Jorge I., ed. Technopols: Freeing Politics and Markets in Latin America in the 1990s. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997.
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  163. A solid comparative collection on the new breed of experts-cum-political operatives. Based on interviews with their respective figures of study, all originally social scientists.
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  165. Silva, Patricio. In the Name of Reason: Technocrats and Politics in Chile. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008.
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  167. A useful synthesis of his work on Chilean technocrats that offers a long view of the relationship between technocrats and democratic consolidation from the 19th century to the post-Pinochet Concertación governments. Chapters 6 and 7 focus on the neoliberal period.
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  169. Valdés, Juan Gabriel. Pinochet’s Economists: The Chicago School in Chile. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
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  171. Focusing on the 1950s and 1960s, the book examines the transfer of ideas through an inter-institutional arrangement between the economists of the University of Chicago and the Catholic University of Chile, which would triumph once Pinochet assumed power after 1973. Also suggests that neoliberalism is more than an economic program.
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  173. Debates in Latin American Economics
  174.  
  175. Neoliberalism has provoked a particularly intense debate in the field of economics in, and about, Latin America. In a region tightly integrated with North Atlantic economies, it fits into a specific lineage of economic thought and 20th-century controversy about whether sustained economic development is best achieved by an outward-oriented path following the tenets of economic liberalism. Sanderson 1992 examines trade strategies pursued by Latin American nations, in relation to the United States, and how these were affected by shifts in the larger developmental paradigm of the region (see also Thorp 1998). Colclough and Manor 1991 hones in on the role that neoliberalism played in attacking the very premise of development economics, as opposed to a universal economics whose postulates are everywhere relevant. Portes 1997 charts the intertwined relationship between neoliberal political economy and the ascendancy of a market-oriented sociology of development through his review of the literature. Both FitzGerald and Thorp 2005 and Pérez Caldentey and Vernengo 2007 offer historical approaches that situate neoliberal economic thought in relation to its immediate predecessor known as “Latin American structuralism.” Widening the perspectives still further, Salvatore 1999 traces the trajectory of Latin American liberalisms in the 18th and 19th centuries to explain the ebb and flow in the predominance of market discourses. All texts provide crucial bigger-picture perspective on the ideational trajectory leading to the hegemony, however brief, achieved by neoliberalism at the end of the 20th century.
  176.  
  177. Colclough, Christopher, and James Manor, eds. States or Markets? Neo-liberalism and the Development Policy Debate. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
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  179. Interdisciplinary collection assessing neoliberal contributions to development studies, and evaluating neoliberalism within the context of key policy and thematic areas. The introduction, which compares neoliberalism with structuralism in detail, is particularly useful.
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  181. FitzGerald, Valpy, and Rosemary Thorp. Economic Doctrines in Latin America: Origins, Embedding and Evolution. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
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  183. Collection takes a historical approach to understanding the diffusion of liberal economic doctrine in collective consciousness. Chapters 2 through 5 assess the mechanisms for ideational change, while 6 through 8 deal with different ebbs and flows of liberal ideas in the 19th and 20th centuries. The last three examine neoliberal embeddedness in Colombia, Mexico, and the region.
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  185. Pérez Caldentey, Esteban, and Matias Vernengo, eds. Ideas, Policies and Economic Development in the Americas. Routledge Studies in Development Economics 56. London and New York: Routledge, 2007.
  186. DOI: 10.4324/9780203964026Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  187. Collection of essays by mostly Latin American economists provides a critique of neoliberalism and the Washington Consensus through a reinfusion of structuralist economic ideas. Chapters deal with the ideas and works of Furtado and Prebisch and other structuralist thinkers and experiments, as well as specific policy areas such as inflation and terms of trade.
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  189. Portes, Alejandro. “Neoliberalism and the Sociology of Development.” Population and Development Review 23.2 (1997): 229–259.
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  191. Interprets the historical shift in approaches to the sociology of development within the neoliberal turn, and its creation of a “commonsense” approach to development. Contains good discussion on both Chile and Mexico.
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  193. Salvatore, Ricardo D. “The Strength of Markets in Latin America’s Sociopolitical Discourse, 1750–1850: Some Preliminary Observations.” Latin American Perspectives 26.1 (1999): 22–43.
  194. DOI: 10.1177/0094582X9902600102Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  195. Examines important 18th- and 19th-century texts in Latin America to demonstrate how the perception of the strength of markets is discursively constituted and changes at different times. As such, provides a critical historical perspective on earlier economic liberalisms in Latin America.
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  197. Sanderson, Steven E. The Politics of Trade in Latin American Development. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992.
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  199. Offers an excellent historical perspective on export-oriented economic strategies across Latin American history, while keeping the asymmetrical US relationship with the region’s economies in view. Focuses on the “political” terms of trade, or how trade fits within the larger spectrum of development.
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  201. Thorp, Rosemary. Progress, Poverty and Exclusion: An Economic History of Latin America in the 20th Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press for Inter-American Development Bank, 1998.
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  203. Commissioned by the Inter-American Development Bank, the book situates two chapters on “the new paradigm” within the historical sweep of the region’s 20th-century development strategies. Rich with quantitative data, it contains a lengthy statistical appendix covering major economic indicators.
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  205. From Debt Crisis to Neoliberalism
  206.  
  207. Apart from Chile and Mexico, neoliberalism came to most countries in Latin America on the heels of the 1982 debt crisis. Its “surprise” implementation by populists—as in Venezuela, Brazil, and Argentina—has attracted attention in Stokes 2001; Demmers, et al. 2001; and Weyland 2003. Coinciding with the end of military regimes, the same reforms produced distinct results in different countries (Fanelli 2007) depending on the political trends associated with its rise (Torre 1998; Smith, et al. 1994; Gustafson 1994).
  208.  
  209. Demmers, Jolle, A. E. Fernández Jilberto, and Barbara Hogenboom, eds. Miraculous Metamorphoses: The Neoliberalization of Latin American Populism. London and New York: Zed, 2001.
  210. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  211. Despite neoliberal attacks on Latin American “populism,” neoliberal reforms in many countries were advanced by arguably populist politicians and parties. Case studies include Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, and Peru as well as leftist difficulties in Central America.
  212. Find this resource:
  213. Fanelli, Jose Maria, ed. Understanding Market Reforms in Latin America: Similar Reforms, Diverse Constituencies, Varied Results. Basingstoke, UK, and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
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  215. Tightly integrated case studies by Latin American scholars explore the what, why, and how of market reform in Argentina (Menem), Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Peru (Fujimori), Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Introduction operationalizes variables clearly and provides chapter summaries.
  216. Find this resource:
  217. Gustafson, Lowell S., ed. Economic Development under Democratic Regimes: Neo-liberalism in Latin America. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1994.
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  219. Approaches the implementation of neoliberalism under democratic regimes from a multiscalar perspective with country studies on Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, and chapters on NAFTA and Mercosur. Ends with a discussion of the International Monetary Fund and a comparison between neoliberalism and other development paradigms.
  220. Find this resource:
  221. Smith, William C., Carlos Acuña, and Eduardo Gamarra, eds. Latin American Political Economy in the Age of Neoliberal Reform: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives for the 1990s. Coral Gables, FL: North-South Center, 1994.
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  223. Senior social scientists cover a wide range of region-wide themes relating to neoliberal reform. Among them are support for and contestation of reforms, a critique of Washington Consensus policies, and analysis of political trends under economic reform.
  224. Find this resource:
  225. Stokes, Susan Carol. Markets, Mandates, and Democracy: Neoliberalism by Surprise in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
  226. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511612978Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  227. Explores the reasons elected politicians switched to neoliberal policies, despite election promises to the contrary, while exploring the repercussions. Argues such policy switches derive from a drive for electoral success, not rent seeking, but nonetheless erode the quality of democracy. Neoliberalism is also termed “efficiency-oriented policies.”
  228. Find this resource:
  229. Torre, Juan Carlos. El proceso político de las reformas económicas en América Latina. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Paidós, 1998.
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  231. Notable Argentine social scientist examines the introduction of the neoliberal policy agenda across Latin America. Chapter 1 examines how structural reforms became a part of the public agenda; chapter 2 uses examples from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia to explore its transformation into policies.
  232. Find this resource:
  233. Weyland, Kurt. “Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America: How Much Affinity?” Third World Quarterly 24.6 (2003): 1095–1115.
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  235. Argues that neoliberalism, contrary to its critics, has inclusionary features and is thus amenable to populism. The two were strongest during bold reforms, but weakened when regular administrative stability was required. Menem and Fujimori are the main exemplars.
  236. Find this resource:
  237. Neoliberal Policy in Focus
  238.  
  239. Studies of specific neoliberal policies across multiple countries offer special insight into the withdrawal or weakening of the state and the privatization and marketization of arenas previously under the purview of the state, including labor relations (Cook 2007). Together, Borzutzky 2005 and Madrid 2003 explore neoliberal efforts to move from public to private pension systems. The examination of the privatization of public enterprises, another key policy, in Lawton 1995 and Manzetti 1999 is complemented by the focus on the shifting state role in development offered in Vellinga 1998. Otero 2008 is a specialized empirical volume examining the biotechnology sector in Latin America, asking what neoliberal reforms have meant for dietary patterns, safety, and the broader ecological system. Country sections of this bibliography also contain relevant sectoral studies, such as Silva 1987 (cited under Chile) and MacLeod 2004 and Mitchell 2001 (cited under Mexico).
  240.  
  241. Borzutzky, S. “From Chicago to Santiago: Neoliberalism and Social Security Privatization in Chile.” Governance: An International Journal of Policy and Administration 18.4 (2005): 655–674.
  242. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0491.2005.00296.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  243. Taking a Polanyian approach, the article examines the politics surrounding Chile’s adoption of a privately capitalized defined-contribution pension plan in 1981 and its impact through 2004. While neoliberalism disdains the “welfare state,” study notes the new system required more state involvement than the previous system. Discussion throughout of European neoliberal icon Friedrich von Hayek.
  244. Find this resource:
  245. Cook, Maria Lorena. The Politics of Labor Reform in Latin America: Between Flexibility and Rights. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007.
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  247. Neoliberalism is powerfully associated with the “flexibilization” of labor relations and a general hostility to trade unionism. Cook examines labor law reform efforts in the 1990s in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Peru. The legacy of earlier labor law regimes and actions by labor organizations influenced the outcome.
  248. Find this resource:
  249. Lawton, Jorge A., ed. Privatization amidst Poverty: Contemporary Challenges in Latin American Political Economy. Coral Gables, FL: North-South Center, 1995.
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  251. While generally supportive, this volume focuses on the social costs incurred in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Venezuela. Five essays deal with regional and international political and economic relations.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Madrid, Raúl L. Retiring the State: The Politics of Pension Privatization in Latin America and Beyond. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003.
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  255. Through case studies of Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico, this book argues that executive control of the policy process was central while emphasizing the north-south and intraregional transfer of ideas that rationalized the reforms on the basis of macroeconomic rather than social grounds.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Manzetti, Luigi. Privatization, South American Style. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  258. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198294665.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  259. Detailed study of the circumstances under which Argentina, Brazil, and Peru approached the privatization of public enterprises. Suggests that weak support and piecemeal efforts in the 1980s gave way to a watershed of state divestiture because willingness and opportunity coincided with strong executive leadership in both the deliberation and implementation stages.
  260. Find this resource:
  261. Otero, Gerardo, ed. Food for the Few: Neoliberal Globalism and Biotechnology in Latin America. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2008.
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  263. A dozen essays explore the biotechnology subsector of agricultural production within the context of neoliberalism. First four chapters provide an overview of themes relevant to the region, while five examine cases in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico.
  264. Find this resource:
  265. Vellinga, Menno, ed. The Changing Role of the State in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1998.
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  267. Contributions from influential scholars focus on the shift in the state’s developmental role under neoliberalism. Covers the retreat of the state in the economic and administrative fields, the redefinition of the state’s roles in policy arenas, and the relationship between nongovernmental actors and the state.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Institutional and Electoral Dynamics
  270.  
  271. The advent of neoliberalism marked a rapid and radical shift in government policy and the bases of political legitimacy, central concerns of political science. This section addresses the political and institutional dynamics and electoral undercurrents that precipitated and sustained neoliberalism. While Conaghan and Malloy 1994 focuses on statecraft, which the authors define as actors in institutional positions seeking to “mandate and regulate the basic relationships among actors in the state, civil society, and market” (p. 14), Corrales 2002 turns its attention to the intersection between the executive and the party system, and Weyland 2002 to the interaction of the executive and the electorate in terms of risk taking and risk aversion. Wise and Roett 2003 addresses both electoral politics and the party system while also accounting for political competition in its study of post-authoritarian and neoliberal Latin America. Teichman 1988 deals with Mexico’s policymaking apparatus before the neoliberal policy tendency had displaced developmentalism. Teichman 2001 addresses the relationship between neoliberal reforms and their consequences for democratic governance, while emphasizing exogenous pressures in the form of the international financial institutions (IFIs).
  272.  
  273. Conaghan, Catherine M., and James M. Malloy. Unsettling Statecraft: Democracy and Neoliberalism in the Central Andes. Pitt Latin American Series. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994.
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  275. This influential study of democratic governance under difficult economic circumstances in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru unpacks the neoliberal projects of presidents Belaúnde Terry, Febres Cordero, and Paz Estenssoro. Theoretically informed, the authors argue there is a coincidence between neoliberal advocacy and civilian rule.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Corrales, Javier. Presidents without Parties: The Politics of Economic Reform in Argentina and Venezuela in the 1990s. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002.
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  279. Focuses on the key relationship between the executive branch and the ruling party in the successful implementation of economic liberalization under President Menem in Argentina, while explaining the failure of President Carlos Andrés Pérez in Venezuela.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Teichman, Judith A. Policymaking in Mexico: From Boom to Crisis. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1988.
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  283. Focuses on the López-Portillo presidency (1976–1982) during the weakening of state-led economic policymaking, to a policy regime that became increasingly schizophrenic. Neoliberalism figures as a not yet dominant but increasingly powerful tendency.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Teichman, Judith A. The Politics of Freeing Markets in Latin America: Chile, Argentina, and Mexico. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
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  287. Analyzes the relationship between neoliberal reform and democratic governance. Based in part on more than one hundred interviews with national and multilateral officials. Informative tables throughout, and the third appendix lists the World Bank officials working on Chile, Argentina, and Mexico between 1985 and 1995.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Weyland, Kurt Gerhard. The Politics of Market Reform in Fragile Democracies: Argentina, Brazil, Peru, and Venezuela. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002.
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  291. Examines the convergence of democracy and market reform using cognitive psychology to explain both why politicians adopted “risky” neoliberal programs in the wake of economic crises and why a risk-averse electorate generally supported them. Extensive discussion on existing explanatory theories.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Wise, Carol, and Riordan Roett, eds. Post-stabilization Politics in Latin America: Competition, Transition, Collapse. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003.
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  295. Examines Latin American politics in the wake of post-authoritarianism and neoliberal reform. The first part focuses on questions of electoral politics, citizenship, and social mobility regionally, while the subsequent three parts deal with political competition, transitional politics, and the collapse of parties in case studies of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Democracy and the Impact of Regime Type
  298.  
  299. The coincidence between the ascendency of neoliberalism and the reemergence of electoral democracy has led many scholars to assess what impact these reforms have had on the “quality” of democracy throughout the region. Still, neoliberalism had its genesis in Latin America under authoritarian circumstances (see Chile). Kurtz 2006 explores the significance of this transition by focusing on the cases of early adopters Chile and Mexico. Two volumes with a shared editor have proven especially influential (Oxhorn and Ducatenzeiler 1998 on the Southern Cone, and the more focused Oxhorn and Starr 1999), while Wilson 1994 offers a Costa Rican case study of why leaders pursue policy platforms radically distinct from their typical ideological affinities. Weyland 2004 attempts a balanced approach to the impact of neoliberalism on the quality of democracy. Elite-centered studies are increasingly being complemented by examinations of popular-sector participation (Posner 2008) and mass public opinion (Baker 2009).
  300.  
  301. Baker, Andy. The Market and the Masses in Latin America: Policy Reform and Consumption in Liberalizing Economies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  302. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511576447Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. Draws on cross-national survey data on both elite and mass opinion about privatization, globalizing policies, and fiscal reform to produce an attitudinal assessment of opinions toward neoliberalism across the region. Suggests that consumption overrides class politics in shaping positive support for neoliberalism, while the specific policy matters most in determining citizen attitudes. Challenges some interpretations of Latin America’s recent left turns (see Post-neoliberalism).
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Kurtz, Marcus J. Free Market Democracy and the Chilean and Mexican Countryside. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
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  307. In seeking to explain the mechanics of the emergence of free market democracy from authoritarianism, this book proposes that, paradoxically, neoliberal reform platforms obtained support from their quintessential victim: the rural peasantry. By fragmenting and atomizing them, agricultural marketization rendered peasants susceptible to alignment with the local economic elite.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Oxhorn, Philip, and Graciela Ducatenzeiler, eds. What Kind of Democracy? What Kind of Market? Latin America in the Age of Neoliberalism. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998.
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  311. This volume attempts to square processes of neoliberal transformation in the mid-1990s with the different forms of democracy in the region with case studies of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Oxhorn, Philip, and Pamela K. Starr, eds. Markets and Democracy in Latin America: Conflict or Convergence? Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999.
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  315. Analyzes the contingent and varied relationship between market reform and democratization, while eschewing linear causality. Case studies examine the political constraints on economic reform, as well as its reverse, in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Posner, Paul W. State, Market, and Democracy in Chile: The Constraint of Popular Participation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
  318. DOI: 10.1057/9780230611962Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319. Explores the impediments to political participation by the popular sectors in the urban shantytowns around Santiago during the Pinochet years and how they have persisted through the post-dictatorial government of the Concertación. After two chapters that address a similar topic in Argentina and Mexico, the book offers a comparative perspective on the three countries.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Weyland, Kurt. “Neoliberalism and Democracy in Latin America: A Mixed Record.” Latin American Politics and Society 46.1 (2004): 135–157.
  322. DOI: 10.1353/lap.2004.0012Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  323. Middle-of-the-road essay assessing the impact of neoliberalism on democracy. On the one hand, the globalizing component of neoliberalism has strengthened ties with the international system while the weakening of trade unions and leftist parties has reassured elites, thereby strengthening democracy. On the other, policy convergence has reduced the capacity for democratic participation.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Wilson, Bruce. “When Social Democrats Choose Neoliberal Economic Policies: The Case of Costa Rica.” Comparative Politics 26.2 (1994): 149–168.
  326. DOI: 10.2307/422265Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  327. Article emphasizes domestic factors, such as coalitions between party factions, to explain why certain ideological tenets are ejected in the policymaking process. Focusing on bank reform, the article contradicts IFI-centered explanations that posit external pressure as the primary cause.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Political, Social, and Cultural Impacts
  330.  
  331. What were the consequences of neoliberal policy reform? How did these policies alter the politics, social fabric, and cultures of the countries they were implemented in? These questions are contentious for both ideological and analytical reasons, and these disputes are reflected in the following subsections. Economics and Equity comprises debates over whether neoliberalism was a positive force in terms of economic distribution and social inequality, while Social Impacts looks into its wide-reaching effects on citizens and movements from a variety of different social classes. The globalizing implications of neoliberalism are addressed in Reimagining the Nation, while the relations between identity politics and neoliberalism are considered in Neoliberal Multiculturalism. The final subsection, Cultural Politics, hones in on the transformative effects of neoliberalism on cultural logics and products.
  332.  
  333. Economics and Equity
  334.  
  335. The debate over whether neoliberal economic policies have been successful—and what is meant by success—has only intensified as neoliberal policies have been called into question in the political arena. While the end of hyperinflation is a recognized gain, the positive arguments advanced by neoliberal advocates in Larraín and Selowsky 1991 (see also Edwards 1995, cited under Regional Analyses) are challenged by studies that criticize the results for weak growth, increased impoverishment, and greater income inequality (Stallings and Peres 2000, Bulmer-Thomas 1996). A special issue forum in Latin American Research Review addressed the question directly in 2004 (Huber and Solt 2004, Walton 2004, and the introduction to these two articles by Kurt Gerhard Weyland).
  336.  
  337. Bulmer-Thomas, Victor, ed. The New Economic Model in Latin America and Its Impact on Income Distribution and Poverty. New York: St. Martin’s, 1996.
  338. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  339. This early collection assesses the outcomes of neoliberalism—dubbed the “new economic model”—on two key areas of social policy. Thematic portion looks at the new trade, labor market, and financial regimes across the region, while the second part includes case studies of poverty and income distribution in Honduras, Brazil, Mexico, and Chile.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Huber, Evelyne, and Fred Solt. “Successes and Failures of Neoliberalism.” Latin American Research Review 39.3 (2004): 150–164.
  342. DOI: 10.1353/lar.2004.0049Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  343. Juxtaposes neoliberal reforms against a counterfactual social democratic model to demonstrate the relative failure of neoliberalism in terms of four indicators: growth, stability, poverty, inequality. The final one, quality of democracy, is assessed favorably when related to intense liberalization. See also editor’s introduction (Kurt Gerhard Weyland, same issue).
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Larraín, Felipe, and Marcelo Selowsky, eds. The Public Sector and the Latin American Crisis. San Francisco: International Center for Economic Growth, 1991.
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  347. Collection of essays by leading neoliberal Latin American economists on public-sector responses to external oil shocks in the largest debtor nations. Favorably portrays the Chilean case under Pinochet, with chapters on Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Stallings, Barbara, and Wilson Peres, eds. Growth, Employment, and Equity: The Impact of the Economic Reforms in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000.
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  351. Multiyear study commissioned by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean suggests limited positive impacts in terms of growth and equity as a result of the reforms through an analysis of nine large and small economies in the region (including Jamaica and Costa Rica). Good compilation of new and existing data, including sectoral variables.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Walton, Michael. “Neoliberalism in Latin America: Good, Bad, or Incomplete?” Latin American Research Review 39.3 (2004): 165–183.
  354. DOI: 10.1353/lar.2004.0061Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355. Argues restrainedly in favor of neoliberal reforms while acknowledging that the results fell short of the expectations of advocates in terms of growth, volatility, inequality, and other socioeconomic indicators. Takes the revised World Bank perspective by suggesting that the reforms were hampered by the poor institutional contexts within which the policies were implemented. See also editor’s introduction (Kurt Gerhard Weyland, same issue).
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Social Impacts
  358.  
  359. Much ink has been spilled assessing neoliberalism in terms of its economic performance and its political repercussions. The literature on neoliberalism has expanded since 2000 to comprise more works by sociologists, anthropologists, human geographers, and historians, which has shifted the focus toward the social impacts of neoliberalism. With regard to Chile, the country with the longest neoliberal trajectory against which to assess these social consequences, Lomnitz and Melnick 1991 examines primary and secondary teachers—the bulwarks of Chile’s middle class—to show how neoliberalism effectively redefined their social networks and survival strategies in ways that resembled those of shantytown dwellers in Mexico City. Winn 2004 looks primarily at laborers in different economic sectors in Chile to show what the real cost of neoliberal reform has been. Its editor’s lengthy introduction is an excellent overview of nearly forty years of Chilean history in relation to labor. Smith and Korzeniewicz 1997 looks at the large-scale processes of social transformation initiated by neoliberal reform. The section on citizenship and social movements is particularly worth reading. Phillips 1998 examines marginalized social actors under neoliberalism from an anthropological perspective, with sections on both rural and urban actors, while Deere and León 2001 explores the impacts of agricultural reform for women and indigenous peoples in twelve countries. Gill 2000 looks at what nearly two decades of neoliberalism in Bolivia have meant for residents in the migrant city of El Alto, focusing on how social relations have been transformed in the process. More recently, Fernández-Kelly and Shefner 2006, in rethinking the role of the informal sector in the political process, has studied this group during the neoliberal period, with most examples coming from Mexico. This complements Portes and Hoffman 2003, which takes a region-wide view of employment and inequality resulting from neoliberal reforms. Moodie 2010 constructs a neoliberal subjectivity out of the ashes of El Salvador’s civil war in an ethnographic study of crime and security.
  360.  
  361. Deere, Carmen Diana, and Magdalena León. “Institutional Reform of Agriculture under Neoliberalism: The Impact of the Women’s and Indigenous Movements.” Latin American Research Review 36.2 (2001): 31–63.
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  363. Based on focus groups and two hundred interviews in twelve countries, the article assesses the consequences of neoliberal agricultural reform for gender equity and collective land rights, while also examining the tensions between the two interests. Good summary tables of reform process for countries studied.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Fernández-Kelly, Patricia, and Jon Shefner. Out of the Shadows: Political Action and the Informal Economy in Latin America. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006.
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  367. Addresses the role played by the informal sector in the development of Latin American politics, with emphasis on the neoliberal period. Chapters cover thematic issues along with numerous chapters on Mexico and some discussion of Brazil and Argentina.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Gill, Lesley. Teetering on the Rim: Global Restructuring, Daily Life, and the Armed Retreat of the Bolivian State. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
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  371. Focusing on the migrant city of El Alto outside La Paz, this book explores neoliberalism’s destructive impact on social relations between ordinary people, and between citizens and the state. The concluding section discusses the expansion of nongovernmental organizations in the wake of state retreat.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Lomnitz, Larissa, and Ana Melnick. Chile’s Middle Class: A Struggle for Survival in the Face of Neoliberalism. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991.
  374. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  375. A critical anthropological study of Pinochet-era neoliberalism’s impact on middle-class survival strategies and social networks, using five case studies of primary and secondary teachers.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Moodie, Ellen. El Salvador in the Aftermath of Peace: Crime, Uncertainty, and the Transition to Democracy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010.
  378. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379. Ethnographic account of post-1992 Salvadoran society that examines the narratives that emerge out of uncertain, changing times. Examines narratives produced by the state to reinforce neoliberalism, as well as everyday crime stories circulated by ordinary citizens that internalized it.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Phillips, Lynne, ed. The Third Wave of Modernization in Latin America: Cultural Perspectives on Neoliberalism. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1998.
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  383. Anthropological approach to neoliberal transformation with a focus on marginalized social actors. Three sections deal with rural and urban life, and social, health, and environmental issues, with country coverage on Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Peru.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Portes, Alejandro, and Kelly Hoffman. “Latin American Class Structures: Their Composition and Change during the Neoliberal Era.” Latin American Research Review 38.1 (2003): 41–82.
  386. DOI: 10.1353/lar.2003.0011Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  387. A comprehensive regional survey of the impact of two decades of economic crisis and neoliberal reform marked by a decrease in formal sector employment and the rise of informal labor and micro-entrepreneurialism related to increased income inequality.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Smith, William C., and Roberto Patricio Korzeniewicz, eds. Politics, Social Change, and Economic Restructuring in Latin America. Coral Gables, FL: North-South Center, 1997.
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  391. Structured around a Polanyian perspective, this collection explores large-scale social and political transformations wrought by neoliberalism. A strong section on citizenship and social movements precedes four case studies covering Brazil, the Caribbean Basin, and Mexico.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Winn, Peter, ed. Victims of the Chilean Miracle: Workers and Neoliberalism in the Pinochet Era, 1973–2002. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004.
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  395. This collection examines the human costs of Pinochet’s macroeconomic success through a series of case studies of industrial, agricultural, and natural-resource workers. The lengthy introductory essay provides an excellent overview of labor’s relationship with both the harshly anti-labor Pinochet regime and its successor Concertación government, which was only marginally more favorable.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Reimagining the Nation
  398.  
  399. Discussions of borders, territoriality, and national imagining have proliferated with the intensification of neoliberal globalization. This section highlights a handful of texts on Mexico and Argentina that address how the nation and nationalism were reimagined culturally within these societies as they were reconfigured by neoliberalism. Day 2004 and Reati 2006 focus on the plays and fiction produced by the literati, while O’Toole 2010 and Grimson and Kessler 2005 discuss the transformation of official nationalism instigated by the rise of neoliberal political economy.
  400.  
  401. Day, Stuart A. Staging Politics in Mexico: The Road to Neoliberalism. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2004.
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  403. Book explores cultural manifestations of Mexico’s neoliberal transition through interpretation of popular theatrical performances and dramatic scripts of the 1990s. Four chapters cover six plays that deal with contemporary neoliberalism directly, as well as allegorically through the figures of Pancho Villa, La Malinche, and Subcomandante Marcos.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Grimson, Alejandro, and Gabriel Kessler. On Argentina and the Southern Cone: Neoliberalism and National Imaginations. Globalizing Regions 3. New York: Routledge, 2005.
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  407. The meaning of the Argentine nation has been both transformed under neoliberalism and reconfigured within the region. Covers the legitimation of neoliberalism in public discourse, the reconstitution of Argentina’s ethnic and racial composition in response to new waves of immigration, and the formation of Mercosur.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. O’Toole, Gavin. The Reinvention of Mexico: National Ideology in a Neoliberal Era. Liverpool Latin American Studies n.s. 12. Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press, 2010.
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  411. Examines the transformation of Mexican nationalism under neoliberalism, with a special focus on the Salinas period. Extensive and well-organized bibliography brings together hundreds of government and congressional documents, newspaper and magazine articles, books, and interviews, as well as a number of secondary sources.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Reati, Fernando O. Postales del porvenir: La literatura de anticipación en la Argentina neoliberal (1985–1999). Teoría y Crítica. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Biblos, 2006.
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  415. Through twelve speculative fiction novels written during the height of Argentina’s neoliberal period, this book analyzes how contemporary writers were unconsciously influenced by the reforms. Addresses themes of national disintegration, the spectacle of politics, and the transformation of language.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Neoliberal Multiculturalism
  418.  
  419. One of the more coherent subtopics related to neoliberalism is its relation to multiculturalism and identity politics. Albó 1994 offers a fascinating account of the challenges and possibilities for the political wing of the Katarista Aymara movement that saw its leader become vice president under the first administration of Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada. Hale 2002, defining the debate around the axis of redistribution or recognition by arguing that multicultural policies displace the possibility for redistributive politics, gave the subfield its tighter focus. This is particularly evident in Van Cott 2006, Assies 2006, Postero 2007, and French 2009, all of which argue that claims for recognition have not crowded out redistributive politics, but have fed into struggles for redistribution, whether strengthening them, opening up new political avenues, or serving as a direct link for redistributive claims. Sieder 2002 and Fischer 2009 look at the relationship between indigenous peoples and the state, focusing on multicultural policies and questions of citizenship. Fischer’s volume, in particular, links this relationship to the growth of civil society organizations and social movements capable of challenging neoliberalism. Gustafson 2002, on the other hand, challenges the very notions of “indigenous peoples” and “the state” by showing how these categories comprise a myriad of political interests and claims.
  420.  
  421. Albó, Xavier. “And from Kataristas to MNRistas? The Surprising and Bold Alliance between Aymaras and Neoliberals in Bolivia.” In Indigenous Peoples and Democracy in Latin America. Edited by Donna Lee Van Cott, 55–81. New York: St. Martin’s, 1994.
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  423. Book chapter explores the cross-fertilization between Bolivia’s principal political party and the political wing of the Aymara identity movement, culminating in the 1993 election coalition. Early analysis seeks to characterize this process by detailing both the promise and challenges such an institutional arrangement might hold.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Assies, Willem. “Neoliberalism and the Re-emergence of Ethnopolitics in Bolivia.” In Multiculturalism and the Welfare State: Recognition and Redistribution in Contemporary Democracies. Edited by Will Kymlicka and Keith G. Banting, 297–319. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
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  427. Chapter questions whether multiculturalism aided the progression of neoliberalism, arguing that demands for recognition did not inhibit demands for redistribution. Rather, neoliberalism predated indigenous movements and helped spur their emergence. Section details recognition policies during the second wave of neoliberalism.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Fischer, Edward F., ed. Indigenous Peoples, Civil Society, and the Neo-liberal State in Latin America. New York: Berghahn, 2009.
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  431. Edited collection takes an ethnographic approach to the study of indigenous political movements in relation to neoliberal statecraft. Nine chapters cover Guatemala, Mexico, Ecuador, Colombia, and Bolivia. Primary emphasis is on the creation of civil society institutions.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. French, Jan H. “Ethnoracial Identity, Multiculturalism, and Neoliberalism in the Brazilian Northeast.” In Beyond Neoliberalism in Latin America? Societies and Politics at the Crossroads. Edited by John Burdick, Philip Oxhorn, and Kenneth M. Roberts, 101–113. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  434. DOI: 10.1057/9780230618428Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  435. Article seeks to link identity-based to redistributive politics by focusing on indigenous and Black mobilization for recognition by the Brazilian state, which translated into concrete land reform in Sergipe.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Gustafson, Brett. “Paradoxes of Liberal Indigenism: Indigenous Movements, State Processes, and Intercultural Reforms in Bolivia.” In The Politics of Ethnicity: Indigenous Peoples in Latin American States. Edited by David Maybury-Lewis, 267–306. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.
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  439. Chapter seeks to complicate the relationship between indigenous movements and the state by decentering them as uniform and homogenous groups, and instead brings out their varied and layered facets. Examines key government multicultural policies, as well as recent indigenous mobilizations to shake up these categories.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Hale, Charles R. “Does Multiculturalism Menace? Governance, Cultural Rights and the Politics of Identity in Guatemala.” Journal of Latin American Studies 34.3 (2002): 485–524.
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  443. Widely debated and influential article proposed the term “neoliberal multiculturalism” to characterize the twin movements of indigenous mobilization and neoliberal reforms in the 1990s. Article provides both regional and local analysis for the argument.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Postero, Nancy Grey. Now We Are Citizens: Indigenous Politics in Postmulticultural Bolivia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007.
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  447. Building on the analysis of Hale 2002, the book examines the transition to a post-multicultural politics that arose out of the tensions of neoliberal multiculturalism in the early 2000s. Particularly noteworthy is chapter 5, on neoliberal governmentality and nongovernmental organizations.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Sieder, Rachel, ed. Multiculturalism in Latin America: Indigenous Rights, Diversity, and Democracy. Institute of Latin American Studies Series. Basingstoke, UK, and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
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  451. A collection of eminent scholars examines the implementation of multicultural policy frameworks under the purview of neoliberal governments in Latin America since 1986, with case studies of Mexico, Guatemala, Peru, and Bolivia. Deals with multicultural constitutional reforms as well.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Van Cott, Donna Lee. “Multiculturalism versus Neoliberalism in Latin America.” In Multiculturalism and the Welfare State: Recognition and Redistribution in Contemporary Democracies. Edited by Will Kymlicka and Keith G. Banting, 272–296. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
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  455. Engagement with Hale 2002 suggests that multicultural policies did not crowd out redistributive efforts, but contributed to the strengthening of redistributive coalitions that changed over time. Argument supported by four brief examinations of Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Cultural Politics
  458.  
  459. If neoliberalism is an economic philosophy with a coherent but diverse policy toolkit, and has specific political and social repercussions, it certainly has a cultural component as well. This section assembles texts on the cultural politics of the neoliberal era, bringing together both general and specific studies in the region. Hopenhayn 2001 examines the transition from a macro-cultural project of modernity to one of postmodernity, assessing the consequences of this for the region’s political economy. Williams 2002 offers a theoretical exhibition in a dense deliberation on the shifting cultural and political logics involved in Latin America’s ongoing project of modernity. Tinsman 2006 and Cárcamo-Huechante 2007 both examine different cultural features of Chile under Pinochet. While Cárcamo-Huechante utilizes a cultural studies approach to understand how neoliberalism became an acceptable, and accepted, common-sense reality, Tinsman reviews the historical literature to argue against the simplified claim that the consumption culture that arose in the wake of the coup was a wholly buttressing force for the regime. Babb 2001 provides an ethnographic account of the cultural transformations occurring in neoliberal Nicaragua in the 1990s, while McAnany and Wilkinson 1996 looks at the state of the culture industries in North America under NAFTA, with the Mexican section focusing on issues of personal and national identity aroused by tighter cultural integration with the globe’s largest hegemon.
  460.  
  461. Babb, Florence E. After Revolution: Mapping Gender and Cultural Politics in Neoliberal Nicaragua. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001.
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  463. This study of Managua residents in the post-Sandinista era blends cultural anthropology with political economy to explore how neoliberalism refashioned different aspects of the city’s culture, including labor, women’s, and gay and lesbian movements. The final chapter examines the ways in which Nicaraguans’ national memory was being constructed in the broader context of neoliberal ascendancy.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Cárcamo-Huechante, Luis E. Tramas del mercado: Imaginación económica, cultura pública y literatura en el Chile de fines del siglo veinte. Serie Ensayo. Santiago, Chile: Editorial Cuarto Propio, 2007.
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  467. Focuses on the discursive webs that bound the idea of the “free” market to popular imagination in Chile under Pinochet, effectively creating a cultural hegemony that supported the economic policies undertaken. Draws on an interdisciplinary body of texts from political economy, public discourse, and literary fiction that share an economistic orientation.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Hopenhayn, Martin. No Apocalypse, No Integration: Modernism and Postmodernism in Latin America. Post-contemporary Interventions. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2001.
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  471. Philosophical meditation on the large-scale cultural processes in flux since the 1980s. The book suggests that three crises—of utopian visions, of state modernization, and of intellectuals—underwrite Latin America’s neoliberal turn. See especially the chapter “Postmodernism and Neoliberalism.”
  472. Find this resource:
  473. McAnany, Emile G., and Kenton T. Wilkinson, eds. Mass Media and Free Trade: NAFTA and the Cultural Industries. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996.
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  475. Volume collects essays on the impact of NAFTA on the culture industries of Mexico, Canada, and the United States. Contains four essays on Mexico, including chapters on the reshaping of Mexican identity and an assessment of nationalism under NAFTA, and youth self-perception in the wake of US cultural inundation.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Tinsman, Heidi. “Politics of Gender and Consumption in Authoritarian Chile, 1973–1990: Women Agricultural Workers in the Fruit-Export Industry.” Latin American Research Review 41.3 (2006): 7–31.
  478. DOI: 10.1353/lar.2006.0049Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. Article rethinks earlier culture-of-consumption arguments associated with Pinochet, positing that consumer culture enclaves that emerged were not wholly reactionary, but enabled new forms of community and provided for the criticism of patriarchy.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Williams, Gareth. The Other Side of the Popular: Neoliberalism and Subalternity in Latin America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002.
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  483. Takes a Gramscian approach to the study of neoliberal cultural production, particularly focusing on the transition from national to transnational political and cultural paradigms in Mexico, Peru, El Salvador, Argentina, and Chile. Assesses themes of transculturation, subalternity, cultural hybridity, language, and hegemony.
  484. Find this resource:
  485. Anti-neoliberal Protest and Politics
  486.  
  487. Resistance to neoliberalism has been the subject of both political commentary and calls to action, and more dispassionate scholarly investigation. Certainly, this has intensified in the first decade of the 21st century, with the pejoratively termed “pink tide” sweeping through formal political channels in the majority of Latin American nations, and this is reflected in the temporal focus of the section. De la Barra 2011 provides a platform for distinguished Chilean intellectuals to provocatively decry neoliberal reform, with chapters on how key areas of social policy fared under thirty-five years of neoliberalism. Ellner 2005 brings together luminary left and once-left thinkers to debate the appropriate strategy to be pursued by the left in challenging neoliberalism. Likewise, Rivero 2006 hails the 2003 Gas War as the moment in which neoliberal discourse was shattered, and provides a detailed analysis and chronology of the process. Assies 2003 continues the focus on Bolivia by examining the peculiar factors that made Cochabamba the successful site of resistance to Bolivia’s water privatization at the turn of the millennium. Both Silva 2009 and French 2009 attempt to find commonalities and differences between different counter-neoliberal trends. While French looks at the leadership styles of Lula and Chávez, examining their similarities alongside their obvious differences, Silva looks at mass protest movements, and their absence, in a half-dozen South American nations, establishing a typology of necessary and sufficient criteria to explain their operation along the way.
  488.  
  489. Assies, Willem. “David versus Goliath in Cochabamba: Water Rights, Neoliberalism, and the Revival of Social Protest in Bolivia.” Latin American Perspectives 30.3 (2003): 14–36.
  490. DOI: 10.1177/0094582X03030003003Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  491. Article recounts the water wars in Cochabamba in detail, in which new social movements played the primary role in successfully challenging the consortium and government. Highlights the specific factors that made Cochabamba the site of struggle.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. de la Barra, Ximena, ed. Neoliberalism’s Fractured Showcase: Another Chile Is Possible. Studies in Critical Social Sciences 27. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill, 2011.
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  495. Volume brings together distinguished collection of Chilean leftist politicians, academics, and professionals to critically assess the legacies of neoliberalism in the country. Topics covered include recent health, income, education, and social security policy, and a synthesis of social movements contra neoliberalism from Pinochet onward.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Ellner, Steve, ed. Neoliberalismo y anti-neoliberalismo en América Latina: El debate sobre estrategias. Caracas, Venezuela: Editorial Tropykos, 2005.
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  499. Looks at the various strategies taken by the left to combat neoliberalism, with interviews and contributions from Jorge Castañeda, Marta Harnecker, and James Petras. Includes concluding chapter evaluating Chávez’s anti-neoliberal approach.
  500. Find this resource:
  501. French, John D. “Understanding the Politics of Latin America’s Plural Lefts (Chavez/Lula): Social Democracy, Populism and Convergence on the Path to a Post-neoliberal World.” Third World Quarterly 30.2 (2009): 349–370.
  502. DOI: 10.1080/01436590802681090Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  503. Examines neoliberalism under the guise of social democracy and the consolidation of an anti-neoliberal politics through the Forum of São Paulo from 1989 to 2005, drawing comparisons between the leadership styles of Lula and Chávez along the way. These similar but contrasting styles are linked to the successes of mobilizing support for their respective anti-neoliberal projects.
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Rivero, María del Carmen. El poder de las luchas sociales: 2003, quiebre del descurso neoliberal. La Paz, Bolivia: Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo, Laboral y Agrario, 2006.
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  507. Focuses on the Gas War of 2003 in Bolivia, heralded as the moment of disintegration of neoliberal discourse and the Washington Consensus. Includes full-text interviews with major activists and a detailed day-by-day chronology of the conflict.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Silva, Eduardo. Challenging Neoliberalism in Latin America. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  510. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511803222Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  511. Seeking to find the thread that links mass protest in Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, as well as its absence in Peru and Chile, this book follows Polanyi in identifying the creation of a contemporary “market society” as critical in producing bouts of contention to neoliberalism. Additional factors are analyzed to particularize each case.
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Post-neoliberalism
  514.  
  515. Is neoliberalism still a dominant force? Has it depleted its transformational capacity and lost its legitimacy? If so, when did this happen, and what is replacing it? This section offers a necessary component of the literature on neoliberalism in Latin America, despite its transcendental prefix, since it is perhaps the fastest-growing subtopic that cannot shake the use of the term. The eminent Chilean economist Ricardo Ffrench-Davis expands on his earlier work criticizing neoliberal economic policies in the volume cited here (Ffrench-Davis 2005), while the Wood and Roberts 2005 edited collection looks at development policy while heralding shifts in the scholarly agenda in the process. Three collections—Grugel and Riggirozzi 2009; Macdonald and Ruckert 2009; and Burdick, et al. 2009—address different aspects of the successor to neoliberalism. Grugel and Riggirozzi explicate the emergent modes of political and economic governance in their European-based volume, while Burdick, et al. offer an assessment of the transformation through predominantly politically and socially themed essays. Macdonald and Ruckert take a hemispheric approach in seeking continuity between neoliberalism and its heir, detailing a range of theoretical and thematic issues. Leiva 2008 provides a firmer characterization and critique of the developmental paradigm replacing neoliberalism, dubbed “neostructuralism.” Kurtz and Brooks 2008 follows in this track, suggesting that an embedded neoliberalism blending strong supply-side state involvement with economic liberalization is emerging. Kingstone 2011 continues to advance the revised World Bank approach, focusing on the need for closer attention to the quality and character of institutions.
  516.  
  517. Burdick, John, Philip Oxhorn, and Kenneth M. Roberts, eds. Beyond Neoliberalism in Latin America? Societies and Politics at the Crossroads: Basingstoke, UK, and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  518. DOI: 10.1057/9780230618428Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  519. Edited volume addresses emerging alternatives to neoliberalism organized around four thematic headings: electoral politics, identity politics, environmental governance, and transnational migration. The Andean region is particularly well represented, with chapters on Brazil, Nicaragua, and Chile complementing region-wide essays.
  520. Find this resource:
  521. Ffrench-Davis, Ricardo. Reforming Latin America’s Economies: After Market Fundamentalism. Basingstoke, UK, and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
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  523. This critical analysis of neoliberal economic policies in Latin America is situated within detailed policy prescriptions, focused on issues of macroeconomic, trade, and financial policy. Also published in Spanish as Reformas para América Latina: Después del fundamentalismo neoliberal (Buenos Aires, Argentina: Siglo Veintiuno Editores Argentina, 2005).
  524. Find this resource:
  525. Grugel, Jean, and Pía Riggirozzi, eds. Governance after Neoliberalism in Latin America. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  526. DOI: 10.1057/9780230622425Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  527. Assuming that neoliberalism is in crisis, this book focuses on various aspects of alternative modes of political economic governance throughout the region. Special attention is given to economic governance post-Washington Consensus, as well as case study chapters on Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Venezuela, and Brazil.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Kingstone, Peter R. The Political Economy of Latin America: Reflections on Neoliberalism and Development. London: Routledge, 2011.
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  531. Seeks a middle road between support and condemnation of neoliberalism, arguing that both markets and governments have not performed efficiently because of weak institutions and rule of law. Broad historical overview of the transition from import-substituting industrialization (ISI) to neoliberalism precedes brief analysis of the rise of left governments and a chapter rethinking institutions.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Kurtz, Marcus J., and Sarah M. Brooks. “Embedding Neoliberal Reform in Latin America.” World Politics 60.2 (2008): 231–280.
  534. DOI: 10.1353/wp.0.0015Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  535. This article suggests that the legacies of ISI have contributed to a new “embedded neoliberalism” in the region that blends supply-side state intervention with economic liberalization. While predominantly a policy program of the right, this mature neoliberal variant also benefits key constituencies of the left, such as organized labor.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. Leiva, Fernando Ignacio. Latin American Neostructuralism: The Contradictions of Post-neoliberal Development. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.
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  539. Dissects and criticizes the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean’s variant of neostructuralism from a broadly French Regulation School perspective. The book offers an interpretation of the historical trajectory of the development discourse before providing a thorough deconstruction of it. Focuses primarily on Chile, with analysis of Brazil as well.
  540. Find this resource:
  541. Macdonald, Laura, and Anne Ruckert, eds. Post-neoliberalism in the Americas. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
  542. DOI: 10.1057/9780230232822Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  543. Collection seeks to demonstrate the continuities linking neoliberalism to its hyphenated counterpart within a hemispheric perspective. First part addresses conceptual and theoretical issues, while the latter two sections address thematic issues in Latin America and the Americas, respectively, such as poverty reduction, foreign direct investment, and securitization.
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Wood, Charles H., and Bryan R. Roberts, eds. Rethinking Development in Latin America. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2005.
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  547. Volume focuses on development policy in the region, as well as anticipates shifts within the research agenda of Latin American social sciences, focusing on state-society relations, dimensions of poverty, and methodological issues. Contributions by eminent Latin American social scientists, particularly on social policy.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Country-Specific Studies
  550.  
  551. This final section contains seven country-focused subsections grappling with a variety of aspects related to neoliberalism. Hardly a comprehensive categorization of the literature on neoliberalism, the countries selected here are those that stand out most clearly in the literature, whether for the depth or the intensity of their neoliberal application. This section highlights Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Bolivia, where the success of neoliberal implementation has been the strongest and provoked a growth in the literature. This section also addresses Brazil, which initiated neoliberal reforms, though hardly as successfully, with the return of democracy after 1985. The subsection Peru and Ecuador offers selections addressing the role of populism and state capacity in implementing neoliberal reforms, while the final subsection Venezuela looks at the spectacular abortion of the neoliberal project through mass protest, and ultimately, the electoral victory of Hugo Chávez in 1998.
  552.  
  553. Argentina
  554.  
  555. Argentinean neoliberalism peaked, surprisingly for many observers, during the Justicialist (Juan Perón’s party) administration of Carlos Menem from 1989 to 1999. Many studies have focused on this enigmatic leader, including Palermo and Novaro 1996, which focuses on the relationship between political style and economic policy during his first term. Ramírez 2000 turns its attention to the establishment and rise to prominence of the Mediterranean Foundation, a nongovernmental organization (NGO) that provided the ideological spawning grounds of many of the Menem-era neoliberal architects, including finance minister Domingo Cavallo. Llach 1997, by a former Cavallo acolyte, provides a defense of the policies he helped implement only a few years before their failure was made evident, while Tulchin and Garland 1998 invited prominent politicians to comment on the state, and future, of their country alongside scholarly treatments of the Argentine economy. Yet, macroeconomic neoliberal policies were initiated under the military junta’s reign of terror, a relationship which Pion-Berlin 1989 seeks to unpack analytically. While comparative in orientation, focusing on Peru as well, the treatment of Argentina is particularly good. Both Veigel 2009 and Lewis 2009 take a longer historical view in assessing Argentina’s radical political economic transformation. While Veigel studies the ascendancy of neoliberalism with the military’s seizure of power to the resignation, amidst massive protest and economic collapse, of Menem successor Fernando de la Rúa, Lewis addresses the trajectory from Menem to the Kirchners. Giarraca and Teubal 2004 chronicles the intensification of social protest through the 1990s in response to neoliberal policies. In addition, Silva 2009 (cited under Anti-neoliberal Protest and Politics) discusses Argentina, while Posner 2008 (under Democracy and the Impact of Regime Type) also offers a chapter on Argentina.
  556.  
  557. Giarraca, Norma, and Miguel Teubal. “‘Que se vayan todos’: Neoliberal Collapse and Social Protest in Argentina.” In Good Governance in the Era of Global Neoliberalism: Conflict and Depolitisation in Latin America, Eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa. Edited by Jolle Demmers, A. E. Fernández Jilberto, and Barbara Hogenboom, 66–90. London and New York: Routledge, 2004.
  558. DOI: 10.4324/9780203478691Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  559. Examines the intensification of social protest under the Convertibility Plan of the Menem regime in the 1990s. Breaks down, with charts, the types, prevalence, and demands of protest that occurred with a focus on relating these to the existing power structure. Edited collection also contains other essays relevant to Latin America.
  560. Find this resource:
  561. Lewis, Paul H. The Agony of Argentine Capitalism: From Menem to the Kirchners. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2009.
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  563. Final installment of a trilogy seeking to understand Argentina’s shift in development strategy over the course of the 20th century. This book explores the neoliberal period of this shift, though it does not use the term, with good discussion of resistance to the new political economy.
  564. Find this resource:
  565. Llach, Juan José. Otro siglo, otra Argentina: Una estrategia para el desarrollo económico y social nacida de la Convertibilidad y de su historia. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ariel, 1997.
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  567. Political tract by former economic functionary in both Menem administrations, the book provides an overview of Argentina on the eve of 1989, the steps taken between 1989 and 1996 to reform the Argentina economy, and a future vision of the country for the 21st century. Provides a defense of the Convertibility Plan.
  568. Find this resource:
  569. Palermo, Vicente, and Marcos Novaro. Política y poder en el gobierno de Menem. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Grupo Editorial Norma, 1996.
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  571. Lengthy political biography of the masterful executor of Argentine neoliberalism unpacks his enigmatic style of political leadership by honing in on its relation to his package of deep reform initiated during his first term (1989–1995).
  572. Find this resource:
  573. Pion-Berlin, David. The Ideology of State Terror: Economic Doctrine and Political Repression in Argentina and Peru. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1989.
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  575. Comparative study of the relationship between monetarist economic policy and state repression. The book traces the role of these ideas in eliciting brutal violence under the military regimes of Argentina and Peru, despite contextual differences between the two countries. Good treatment of Argentina.
  576. Find this resource:
  577. Ramírez, Hernán. La Fundación Mediterránea y de cómo construir el poder: La génesis de un proyecto hegemónico. Cordoba, Argentina: Ferreyra, 2000.
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  579. Genealogical study of the Argentine NGO that, in a short span of less than twenty years, had risen to prominence as the seedbed for many of the country’s leading neoliberal architects, including former finance minister Domingo Cavallo, through its think tank.
  580. Find this resource:
  581. Tulchin, Joseph S., and Allison M. Garland, eds. Argentina: The Challenges of Modernization. Latin American Silhouettes. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1998.
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  583. Edited volume examines various facets of Argentina’s recent political economy. First section contains essays by four politicians, including a Menem cabinet minister, discussing their policy visions in their areas of interest. Third section brings former Menem insiders and recognized scholars to address Argentina’s economic shifts in the 1980s and 1990s.
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Veigel, Klaus Friedrich. Dictatorship, Democracy, and Globalization: Argentina and the Cost of Paralysis, 1973–2001. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2009.
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  587. Attempting to provide continuity between the initiation of the military dictatorship and the resignation of Fernando de la Rúa (2001), the book charts the crisis of consensus during the transition to a neoliberal political economic model, which ultimately led to its dazzling failure. Comparison with Brazil and Chile made as well.
  588. Find this resource:
  589. Bolivia
  590.  
  591. Neoliberalism in Bolivia manifested itself in a mixed bag of policy reforms that also instigated a reversal of the nation’s mythology to one more embracing of its cultural and ethnic diversity. As a result, understanding the nature of neoliberal “hegemony” and its relationship to widespread protest has been a central concern in the literature, evidenced in Sanabria 1999, Haarstad and Andersson 2009, and Kohl and Farthing 2006. The emphasis on the political and policy process leading to neoliberal implementation, whether from a critical or a supportive standpoint, is exhibited in Vargas 2008, Grindle 2003, Mayorga 2002, and Grebe and Chávez Corrales 1998. Perrault 2006 takes Bolivia’s fractured geographic identity into consideration in examining the generalization of protest out of local settings. Also focusing substantially on Bolivia is Conaghan and Malloy 1994 (cited under Institutional and Electoral Dynamics), while Silva 2009 (cited under Anti-neoliberal Protest and Politics) also covers anti-neoliberal protests in the country.
  592.  
  593. Grebe, Horst, and Juan Carlos Chávez Corrales. Las reformas estructurales en Bolivia. La Paz, Bolivia: Fundación Milenio, 1998.
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  595. Compendium of eleven chapters on key policy and political reforms of the first Sánchez de Lozada administration (1993–1997). Broadly supportive, the collection examines pensions and social security, agricultural and forestry legislation, gender policies, antidrug and coca policies, and education reform, among other subjects.
  596. Find this resource:
  597. Grindle, Merilee. “Shadowing the Past? Policy Reform in Bolivia, 1985–2002.” In Proclaiming Revolution: Bolivia in Comparative Perspective. Edited by Merilee Grindle and Pilar Domingo, 318–344. London and Cambridge, MA: Institute of Latin American Studies and David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University, 2003.
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  599. Questions the idea that neoliberal ideologue cooptation of Bolivia’s principal revolutionary party (MNR) reflected a radical break with the past through analysis of their use of party networks to successfully implement reforms. Good summary of both the enacted reforms and the coalitions utilized to realize them.
  600. Find this resource:
  601. Haarstad, Havard, and Vibeke Andersson. “Backlash Reconsidered: Neoliberalism and Popular Mobilization in Bolivia.” Latin American Politics and Society 51.4 (2009): 1–28.
  602. DOI: 10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00062.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  603. Challenges the conventional narrative of reform versus resistance by positing a feedback relationship between the two phenomena, whereby reforms opened up new political spaces for dissent, and in turn produced refinements in the policy creation process at the International Monetary Fund. Offers a discussion on neoliberalism in relation to identity politics.
  604. Find this resource:
  605. Kohl, Benjamin H., and Linda C. Farthing. Impasse in Bolivia: Neoliberal Hegemony and Popular Resistance. London and New York: Zed, 2006.
  606. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  607. Widely acclaimed and readable overview of Bolivia’s neoliberal revolution analyzed from a Gramscian perspective. Chapters cover privatization efforts, struggles over water and gas nationalization, as well as scattered discussion of citizenship.
  608. Find this resource:
  609. Mayorga, Fernando. Neopopulismo y democracia: Compadres y padrinos en la política boliviana (1988–1999). Cochabamba, Bolivia: Centro de Estudios Superiores Universitarios, Centro de Planificación y Gestión, 2002.
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  611. Detailed and systematic overview of Bolivian politics during the height of neoliberalism. While motivated primarily around the question of neopopulism as a distinct political phenomenon, Mayorga provides biographical sketches of the rise of entrepreneur-cum-charismatic politicians that help to explain the constitution of neoliberal multicultural political discourse.
  612. Find this resource:
  613. Perrault, Thomas. “From the Guerra del Agua to the Guerra del Gas: Resource Governance, Neoliberalism, and Popular Protest in Bolivia.” Antipode 38.1 (2006): 150–172.
  614. DOI: 10.1111/j.0066-4812.2006.00569.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  615. Taking a spatial and scalar approach, this article addresses how localized protests around natural resource governance evolved into a broader discourse on state-society relations. Discussion of both the water and gas wars with interviews of activists.
  616. Find this resource:
  617. Sanabria, H. “Consolidating States, Restructuring Economies, and Confronting Workers and Peasants: The Antinomies of Bolivian Neoliberalism.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 41.3 (1999): 535–562.
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  619. Examines the relatively fragile character of neoliberal hegemony through analysis of the confluence of domestic and international forces that made elimination of the state-run mining company suddenly so successful, while crushing coca workers was unsuccessful.
  620. Find this resource:
  621. Vargas, Carlos Arze. “The Perverse Effects of Globalization in Bolivia.” In Unresolved Tensions: Bolivia Past and Present. Edited by John Crabtree and Laurence Whitehead, 238–253. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008.
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  623. Brief overview of neoliberalism in Bolivia, examining shifts in macroeconomic management, reforms to the natural resource sectors, and the exploitation of labor. The broader edited collection also contains good articles of indirect relevance.
  624. Find this resource:
  625. Brazil
  626.  
  627. Brazil’s experience with neoliberalism began with redemocratization and accelerated under once-Marxist president Fernando Henrique Cardoso. While Font, et al. 2004 provides an overview of this reform process, focusing on the FHC era, Kingstone and Power 2008 assesses the state of Brazil since the Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) took power in 2002. Amman and Baer 2002 offers a mixed assessment of Brazil’s experience in socioeconomic terms, while Kingstone 1999 seeks to explain the political configuration behind the palpability of neoliberalism. Wolford 2007 addresses the land reform process, primarily under Cardoso and beyond, while Fortes 2009 and Sardenberg 2008 explore the meaning of neoliberalism under the aegis of the PT, the former from a left scholarly perspective, and the latter from a neoliberal political one.
  628.  
  629. Amman, Edmund, and Werner Baer. “Neoliberalism and Its Consequences in Brazil.” Journal of Latin American Studies 34 (2002): 945–959.
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  631. Overview essay by prominent Brazilianist economists argues the middle ground of neoliberalism in the country, criticizing anemic growth and uneven income distribution while praising price and macroeconomic stability. Anticipating greater state involvement in the economy, they propose expanded expenditure in human capital to develop the post-industrial service economy as a policy recommendation.
  632. Find this resource:
  633. Font, Mauricio A., Anthony Peter Spanakos, and Cristina Bordin, eds. Reforming Brazil. Lanham, MD: Lexington, 2004.
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  635. Collection sketches out critical elements of Brazil’s reform process, with special attention devoted to Fernando Henrique Cardoso’s contribution. Topics include monetary, agrarian, and social policy, political reform, and privatizations, in addition to coverage of the responses of different social classes.
  636. Find this resource:
  637. Fortes, Alexandre. “In Search of a Post-neoliberal Paradigm: The Brazilian Left and Lula’s Government.” International Labor and Working-Class History 75 (2009): 109–125.
  638. DOI: 10.1017/S0147547909000088Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  639. Discusses the left within Brazil in response to the Lula government, and in the context of how the “pink tide” of left governments throughout Latin America has demanded rethinking of neoliberalism as a banner around which to critique government policy.
  640. Find this resource:
  641. Kingstone, Peter R. Crafting Coalitions for Reform: Business Preferences, Political Institutions, and Neoliberal Reform in Brazil. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999.
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  643. An addition to the literature on neoliberal implementation as well, the book seeks to understand why industrialists embraced neoliberal reforms in the 1990s, and how these preferences facilitated the creation of both governing and electoral coalitions during the Collor and Cardoso governments.
  644. Find this resource:
  645. Kingstone, Peter R., and Timothy J. Power, eds. Democratic Brazil Revisited. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008.
  646. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  647. This follow-up collection assembles twelve articles on different policy and institutional issues arising out of Brazil’s post-neoliberal shift. Collectively, the contributors argue that while Brazil has seen some recent successes, particularly in the arena of social policy and in the resilience of its institutions, its political culture has been slow to change.
  648. Find this resource:
  649. Sardenberg, Carlos Alberto. Neoliberal, não, liberal: Para entender o Brasil de hoje e de amanhã. São Paulo, Brazil: Editora Globo, 2008.
  650. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  651. Political tract by a radio and print journalist with O Globo, based on previously published newspaper articles. Book makes the case for the neoliberal program in Brazil while rejecting the designation, drawing widely from around the world, including China and Chile. Takes issue with the PT’s welfare programs, among other policies.
  652. Find this resource:
  653. Wolford, Wendy. “Neoliberalism and the Struggle for Land in Brazil.” In Neoliberal Environments: False Promises and Unnatural Consequences. Edited by Nik Heynen, 243-254. London and New York: Routledge, 2007.
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  655. Chapter examines the debates in Brazil between market and state-led land reform under the Cardoso administration, emphasizing its preference with the former as part of a broader neoliberal agenda. The edited collection is also of general interest on the topic of environmental governance, including a chapter on Guyana’s gold fields.
  656. Find this resource:
  657. Chile
  658.  
  659. As the first country to implement neoliberalism as a package of policies, and under conditions of tyranny, Chile is without a doubt the country best represented in the literature, and it offers numerous angles from which to understand the phenomenon. Pollack 1999 and Silva 1987 provide an account of the early years of Pinochet, with Pollack tracing the ideological sources of a neoliberal consensus, and Silva focusing on the transformation of agrarian policy over the bulk of the 20th century. Letelier 1976 offers a forceful critique of Pinochet and the Chicago Boys by focusing on the relationship between economic policies and political form. Taylor 2006 and Huneeus 2007 provide studies of Pinochet and most of the Concertación, which pursued neoliberalism in many respects, while Drake and Jaksic 1995 stops with the Aylwin administration in its thematic volume. Ffrench-Davis and Stallings 2001 extends the broad view by detailing economic issues both pre- and post-Pinochet for useful comparison. Finally, Edwards and Edwards 1991 and Perry and Leipziger 1999 focus on Pinochet’s economic policy after the 1982 crisis, comparing it favorably with the preceding period in their pro-neoliberal accounts. Silva 2009 (cited under Anti-neoliberal Protest and Politics) and Posner 2008 (cited under Democracy and the Impact of Regime Type) also discuss Chile in detail.
  660.  
  661. Drake, Paul W., and Ivan Jaksic. The Struggle for Democracy in Chile. Rev. ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995.
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  663. Examines a range of topics on the politics of the Pinochet era and its immediate aftermath. Particularly worthy of note are Eduardo Silva’s chapter, which seeks to explain the policymaking shift from radical to pragmatic neoliberalism after the 1982 crisis, and the chapter by Brian Loveman, which looks at the politics of the Patricio Aylwin presidency.
  664. Find this resource:
  665. Edwards, Sebastián, and Alejandra Cox Edwards. Monetarism and Liberalization: The Chilean Experiment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.
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  667. Assessment of Pinochet economic policies from 1973 leading to the 1982 crisis, written by a neoliberal World Bank couple. Puts blame on lax financial oversight and weak macroeconomic policy, as well as the political system. New afterword favorably assesses second-wave Pinochet policies, post-1982, to those directed by the Chicago Boys, and attempts to focus Concertación on the same path.
  668. Find this resource:
  669. Ffrench-Davis, Ricardo, and Barbara Stallings, eds. Reformas, crecimiento y políticas sociales en Chile desde 1973. Santiago, Chile: LOM Ediciones y CEPAL, 2001.
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  671. Collection contains a host of thematic essays on social and economic policy. Many chapters cut across different regimes, in particular three on bank reform, labor law, and income distribution, with the latter particularly illuminating, since it looks at data from 1958 to 2001.
  672. Find this resource:
  673. Huneeus, Carlos. The Pinochet Regime. Translated by Lake Sagaris. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2007.
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  675. English translation of the comprehensive study of the Pinochet period, with newly included chapter on the first three Concertación governments, during the first of which Huneeus served as ambassador to Germany. Chapters 8, 9, and 10 look specifically at economic policy.
  676. Find this resource:
  677. Letelier, Orlando. “Economic ‘Freedom’s’ Awful Toll: The ‘Chicago Boys’ in Chile.” Review of Radical Political Economics 8 (1976): 44–52.
  678. DOI: 10.1177/048661347600800304Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  679. Extremely prescient republication of the critique of Pinochet’s policies and Milton Friedman by the martyred Marxist economist. Argues that the policies being pursued aim to reconstitute capitalist class power, and thus the violence accompanying them is a necessary corollary.
  680. Find this resource:
  681. Perry, Guillermo, and Danny M. Leipziger, eds. Chile: Recent Policy Lessons and Emerging Challenges. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1999.
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  683. Collection seeks to determine to what extent economic policies were responsible for the favorable macroeconomic growth Chile experienced during 1985–1997, with sections focusing on economic management, social policy, and governance. Particularly interesting is the chapter on income distribution, which shows positive movement between 1987 and 1995.
  684. Find this resource:
  685. Pollack, Marcelo. The New Right in Chile, 1973–1997. New York: St. Martin’s, 1999.
  686. DOI: 10.1057/9780333984802Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  687. Examines the phenomenon of the right across authoritarian and democratic regimes in Chile. Locates historical origins of a generalized neoliberal right in the Catholic gremialista and Chicago Boys monetarist movements before chronologically elaborating its reaction to different moments of the Pinochet regime and the return to democratization.
  688. Find this resource:
  689. Silva, Patricio. Estado, neoliberalismo y política agraria en Chile, 1973–1981. Latin America Studies 38. Amsterdam: CEDLA, 1987.
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  691. Examines the radical shift reflected in Pinochet’s socioeconomic development strategy with regard to agriculture in relation to policies in place in the forty years prior. One of the earlier unequivocal uses of the term “neoliberalism” in relation to Pinochet’s policies.
  692. Find this resource:
  693. Taylor, Marcus. From Pinochet to the “Third Way”: Neoliberalism and Social Transformation in Chile. London and Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto, 2006.
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  695. Considers neoliberalism as an ethos alongside its program of economic policies in examining Chile from Frei to Lagos. Particularly interesting are reforms to Chile’s welfare regime in the initial Pinochet years, and the transformation of labor institutions under the Concertación.
  696. Find this resource:
  697. Mexico
  698.  
  699. Mexico pursued neoliberalism by surprise, with early reforms initiated at the end of the Miguel de la Madrid sexenio and flourishing when Carlos Salinas assumed power (1988–1994). Teichman 1997 covers the 1982–1994 period by examining how economic reforms contributed to altering Mexico’s political structure. MacLeod 2004, Mitchell 2001, and Williams 2001 all look at aspects of Mexican privatization and state reform, while Snyder 2001 is interested in various aspects of reregulation that followed the initial insertion of neoliberalism. Otero 1996 critically examines multiple facets of neoliberalism in its edited collection, while Kingsolver 2001 and Edwards and Naím 1997 detail two critical landmark events in the debates and passage of NAFTA, which came into effect at the beginning of 1994, and the Mexican peso crisis of 1994. See also Centeno 1997 and Babb 2001 (both cited under Economists, Technocrats, and Experts), which discuss expertise in the context of Mexican neoliberalism.
  700.  
  701. Edwards, Sebastian, and Moisés Naím, eds. Mexico 1994: Anatomy of an Emerging-Market Crash. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1997.
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  703. Collection organized by former World Bank neoliberals brings together international finance professionals, political scientists, and economists to dissect the Mexican peso crisis. The editors conclude that political barriers to sound economic policies are the primary lesson to be garnered.
  704. Find this resource:
  705. Kingsolver, Ann. NAFTA Stories: Fears and Hopes in Mexico and the United States. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001.
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  707. Engaging book examines the stories that arose in response to NAFTA, before it was passed in 1993, in its immediate aftermath in 1994, and in 1995. Based on fieldwork in Kentucky, California, and throughout Mexico, with stories from farmers, students, as well as those surrounding Proposition 187.
  708. Find this resource:
  709. MacLeod, Dag. Downsizing the State: Privatization and the Limits of Neoliberal Reform in Mexico. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004.
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  711. Theoretically rigorous but highly readable, this book focuses on Mexico’s privatization of state-run airline, telecommunications, and railway companies. Critical of this devolution, the book shows how neoliberalism seeks to separate the economy from its political and social facets.
  712. Find this resource:
  713. Mitchell, Kenneth Edward. State-Society Relations in Mexico: Clientelism, Neoliberal State Reform and the Case of Conasupo. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2001.
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  715. Detailed case study of the 1990–1994 modernization plan of the parastatal initially created to regulate the Mexican food market that restructured it along neoliberal lines. Mitchell analyzes this plan within the persistence and transformation of state-society relations.
  716. Find this resource:
  717. Otero, Gerardo, ed. Neoliberalism Revisited: Economic Restructuring and Mexico’s Political Future. Boulder, CO: Westview 1996.
  718. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  719. Collection critically assesses various dimensions of neoliberal application in Mexico. Topics include maquiladoras, the Zapatista rebellion, political transformation, NAFTA, and agricultural liberalization.
  720. Find this resource:
  721. Snyder, Richard. Politics after Neoliberalism: Reregulation in Mexico. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
  722. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511612817Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  723. Assuming that neoliberalism has tired itself out, the book focuses on the process of reregulation that has followed in its wake through sub-national comparisons. Case studies focus on the resultant political matrices that emerged in Oaxaca, Guerrero, Chiapas, and Puebla surrounding reregulation attempts.
  724. Find this resource:
  725. Teichman, Judith. “Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Mexican Authoritarianism.” Mexican Studies / Estudios Mexicanos 13.1 (1997): 121–147.
  726. DOI: 10.2307/1051868Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  727. Argues that the pre-1988 neoliberal reforms that were instituted led to the unintended unraveling of traditional mechanisms of corporatism and clientelism. Under Salinas, new forms of clientelism that bypassed intermediaries of the party apparatus arose, destabilizing the traditional authoritarian political structure. Good overview of neoliberal policies during the de la Madrid and Salinas presidencies.
  728. Find this resource:
  729. Williams, Mark Eric. Market Reforms in Mexico: Coalitions, Institutions, and the Politics of Policy Change. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001.
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  731. Study focuses on the politics of policy reform by examining the privatization of the airline, steelworks, and copper mine companies, the deregulation of freight transport, and attempts at environmental policy reform in Mexico City. Contains numerous interviews with government and business officials, including former president Miguel de la Madrid.
  732. Find this resource:
  733. Peru and Ecuador
  734.  
  735. Neighbors Peru and Ecuador share the experience of neoliberal implementation by the hand of clearly identifiable populists in Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000) and Jamil Mahuad (1998–2000), respectively. Roberts 1995 focuses on this relationship in its study of Fujimori’s leadership style, while Wise 2003 looks at the transformation of the state as an institution over distinct paradigms of economic development. Ewig 2010 utilizes intersectional analysis in its study of Fujimori-era health policy reform. Lind 2005 takes a gender-centered approach to understanding neoliberalism in Ecuador in the 1980s and 1990s, while North and Cameron 2003 assesses the impact of neoliberalism on rural development programs in a specialized volume dealing mostly with Ecuador. Conaghan and Malloy 1994 also substantially focuses on Peru (cited under Institutional and Electoral Dynamics).
  736.  
  737. Ewig, Christina. Second-Wave Neoliberalism: Gender, Race, and Health Sector Reform in Peru. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010.
  738. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  739. Adopts an intersectional perspective and utilizes mixed methods to understand the impacts on women of health policy reform under Fujimori. Building on the historical development of health policy, the book goes on to assess Peru’s public health system, insurance regime, and family planning policy in the throes of neoliberalism.
  740. Find this resource:
  741. Lind, Amy. Gendered Paradoxes: Women’s Movements, State Restructuring, and Global Development in Ecuador. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2005.
  742. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  743. Focuses on gender as the primary analytical category to understand Ecuador’s neoliberal transformation in the 1980s and 1990s through women’s survival and social movement strategies in Quito. In covering different scales of feminist mobilization, the book connects to larger discourses of nation, development, and social policy.
  744. Find this resource:
  745. North, Liisa, and John D. Cameron, eds. Rural Progress, Rural Decay: Neoliberal Adjustment Policies and Local Initiatives. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian, 2003.
  746. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  747. Volume looks at how NGO-led rural development programs fared under neoliberal structural reform in Ecuador. Three chapters examine broader policies pursued by the Ecuadorian state in comparative context, while five chapters look at local development initiatives in the highlands.
  748. Find this resource:
  749. Roberts, Kenneth M. “Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America: The Peruvian Case.” World Politics 48 (October 1995): 82–116.
  750. DOI: 10.1353/wp.1995.0004Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  751. Examines the relationship between neoliberal economic policy and the rise of Fujimori’s populism, seeking to rectify the traditional antinomial characterization through a reconceptualization of the political phenomenon. Detailed discussion of Fujimori’s leadership style.
  752. Find this resource:
  753. Wise, Carol. Reinventing the State: Economic Strategy and Institutional Change in Peru. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003.
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  755. Approaches Peru’s economic turnaround in the 1990s by focusing on domestic institutional variables. The first chapter deals comparatively with the role of the state across distinct developmental models throughout the region, while the rest of the book examines the trajectory of the state from the 1960s through the Fujimori years.
  756. Find this resource:
  757. Venezuela
  758.  
  759. Venezuela initiated a comprehensive neoliberal reform program under the second administration of Carlos Andrés Pérez (1989–1993), but mass protest and coup attempts stifled it, ultimately leading to its direct repudiation with the election of Hugo Chávez in 1998. Much of the literature is focused on explaining the story of reform through this lens, detailing the structural elements of Venezuelan politics, namely the Punto Fijo Pact, as is the case with Buxton 2001, Ellner and Hellinger 2003, López Maya 2005, McCoy and Myers 2004—all of which address different degrees of that arc. This view is largely challenged by Corrales and Penfold 2011, which instead focuses on susceptible institutions in explaining Chávez’s ascendancy. García Osío, et al. 1998 seeks the answers to the failed reforms in a comparative study of Venezuela’s 1994 and early-1960s bank crises, while Lander 1995 explores the role played by key sectors of civil society. Naím 1993 offers an internal assessment of the reform process by one of its key actors, while Gates 2010 emphasizes critical business-sector support for Chávez, despite his anti-neoliberal policy agenda. The comparative study of party systems in Corrales 2002 (cited under Institutional and Electoral Dynamics) also focuses substantially on Venezuela.
  760.  
  761. Buxton, Julia. The Failure of Political Reform in Venezuela. Political Economy of Latin America. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2001.
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  763. Explains the rise of Chávez through the breakdown of puntofijismo, particularly in the context of the failed political reforms initiated under Carlos Andrés Pérez. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the political and economic history of the 1980s and 1990s.
  764. Find this resource:
  765. Corrales, Javier, and Michael Penfold. Dragon in the Tropics: Hugo Chávez and the Political Economy of Revolution in Venezuela. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2011.
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  767. Predominantly critical survey of the Chávez “hybrid” regime interprets its emergence in the democratic enlargement of the 1990s and the institutional configuration of the oil sector, challenging conventional arguments. Significantly, neoliberal policies are exonerated from any negative role they may have played in shaping Venezuela’s economic structure, and rejected as an explanation for the rise of Chávez.
  768. Find this resource:
  769. Ellner, Steve, and Daniel Hellinger, eds. Venezuelan Politics in the Chávez Era: Class, Polarization and Conflict. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2003.
  770. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  771. Collection focuses on the transition between puntofijismo and chavismo that separates Venezuela’s neoliberal period from its repudiation. Chapters detail a variety of political cleavages, including organized labor, the military, civil society, and the masses, as well as areas such as economic policy and state reform. Published simultaneously in Spanish as La política venezolana en la época de Chávez: Clases, polarización y conflicto (Caracas, Venezuela: Nueva Sociedad, 2003).
  772. Find this resource:
  773. García Osío, Gustavo, Rafael Rodríguez Balza, and Silvia Salvato de Figueroa. Lecciones de la crisis bancaria de Venezuela. Caracas, Venezuela: Ediciones IESA, 1998.
  774. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  775. A comprehensive analysis of Venezuela’s banking crisis in 1994, the book also provides comparisons with the similar one of the early 1960s. Details the macroeconomic instability of Venezuela precipitated during the second presidency of Carlos Andrés Pérez, and provides discussion of the reforms he enacted.
  776. Find this resource:
  777. Gates, Leslie C. Electing Chavez: The Business of Anti-neoliberal Politics in Venezuela. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010.
  778. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  779. Book looks at the basis of Chávez’s initial electoral success, both in overcoming opposition from the Venezuelan business community and in obtaining support from key members of its ranks. Supported by fifty interviews with business executives and bureaucrats.
  780. Find this resource:
  781. Lander, Edgardo. Neoliberalismo, sociedad civil y democracia: Ensayos sobre América Latina y Venezuela. Colección Estudios. Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela, Consejo de Desarrollo Científico y Humanístico, 1995.
  782. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  783. This collection of previously presented essays focuses on democratic processes and agents within the context of neoliberal reform. Chapters of particular interest cover citizenship and urban social movements, the impact of structural adjustment policies implemented under Carlos Andrés Pérez, and reforms to the political system arising from the neoliberal project.
  784. Find this resource:
  785. López Maya, Margarita, ed. Del viernes negro al referendo revocatorio. Caracas, Venezuela: Alfadil, 2005.
  786. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  787. A sociopolitical history of recent Venezuela, from the collapse of puntofijismo to the emergence of new political parties and their struggle for power, to the rise of Chávez. Discusses the Caracazo and the social instability in its wake in some detail.
  788. Find this resource:
  789. McCoy, Jennifer, and David J. Myers, eds. The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
  790. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  791. Collection aims to understand the transition of democratic regimes from Punto Fijo to Chávez, with analysis beginning in 1983. Organized around sections on key interest groups and policies that help frame the relative failure of neoliberal reforms, and the ascendency of the Bolivarian Republic.
  792. Find this resource:
  793. Naím, Moisés. Paper Tigers and Minotaurs: The Politics of Venezuela’s Economic Reforms. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1993.
  794. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  795. This widely influential book by one of the principal architects of Andrés Pérez’s neoliberal program defends the reforms while reassessing the manner of their implementation. Chapters 4 and 5 detail the reform package and its consequences. Foreword by Jeffrey Sachs.
  796. Find this resource:
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