2014-12-10 Structure: modals for speculation

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
---
Homework: p. 61
- You're only supposed to take
- I figured I'd better take some
- I guess I ought to have expected something was up
- but I should not have been
- In China you shouldn't open gifts right when you get them
- I must go and try it on immediately
  I had to go and try it on immediately
- Shall I bring you
- I've got to sign off.

I am not studying enough.
-> I should be studying more.

I don't study enough.
-> I should study more.
---
I was so happy when I got to see my favorite team play.
		= I was permitted to see

*I am suppose to do it. -> I am supposed to do it.
*I better bring a gift. -> I'd better bring a gift.
*I got to go now.       -> I've got to go now.
---
p. 68 (in groups with your table)
part A
1 weren't supposed to
2 didn't have to
3 shouldn't have
4 could
5 'd better not (could be either one)
6 must have
7 's got to
8 aren't allowed to
9 could have
10 Hadn't we better - (The play starts in 20 minutes, so going now is urgent. We'll miss the play if we don't.)
---
Columbian Exchange: the exchange of things, ideas, and people across the Atlantic Ocean after Columbus's voyages
---

Modals for speculation (guessing; making conclusions)

You must be tired after running the marathon.
Columbus must not have been the first European.
= I'm pretty sure about this. It's the only believable explanation. Anything different would surprise me.

She could be sick today. (/might/may)
She might have overslept. (/could/may)
He may not have known the correct answer. (/might not)
= This is one possibility, but I wouldn't be surprised if something different were true.

He couldn't have known the right answer.
= I don't think it's possible that he knew the answer.

We should know by tomorrow.
= I think we will know by tomorrow. (not obligation/advice)
---
You must study every day if you want to pass this class.
= Obligation. It is necessary to study.

You must study every day if you got 100% on yesterday's exam.
= Speculation. I believe you study, and that's why you got a perfect score.

I conclude that you study every day. (present)
Because you got 100% on the test. (past)
---
p. 74 exercise 1 (choose the sentence with the same meaning)
2 a
3 b
4 b
5 a
6 a
7 a
8 b (closer to b than to a)
---
Other missionaries could have gone. Why didn't they?
= They had the opportunity but didn't go.

Other missionaries could have gone. We have some evidence.
= This is a possibility, but we're not sure.

"could" and "might" can have both of these meanings
	unreal: it was possible but didn't happen
	real: it's possible but we're not sure

"may" and "must" always have a real meaning

"should have" always has an unreal meaning

I should have bought a lottery ticket. I might have won.
= unreal: I didn't buy a ticket, so it's impossible for me to win. I'm imagining an *unreal* world where I did buy one.

I need to find that lottery ticket. I might have won.
= real: I bought a ticket, so it's possible for me to win. I'm unsure, because I can't find the ticket right now.
---
Homework: p. 82 - #4: what happened to Roy Sullivan?
	  p. 77-79, exercises 3 and 5