2016-08-29 Grammar: participial modifiers

Greg Malivuk
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http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all my classes
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verb(ing) has 3 functions:
	- progressive: I am teaching class right now.
	- adjective: The class is boring. They had to kill the man-eating lion.
	- gerund (like a noun): Teaching is a difficult topic.
	(- It can also be a regular noun, like “clothing” and “housing”.)

past participle has 3 functions:
	- perfect: I have eaten lunch already. He has stolen several cars.
	- passive: The sandwich was eaten. My car was stolen by a thief.
	- adjective: I see a half-eaten sandwich. It is a stolen car.
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The man-eating lion eats men. (It has eaten humans.) - ACTIVE sentence
The half-eaten sandwich was eaten partially by my brother. - PASSIVE sentence

We can use nouns to describe the other thing involved in the action:
“man-eating lion” - “man” tells you the object
“flea-bitten dog” - “flea” tells you the agent

We can also use adverbs to give more information:
The well-known actor is known well (by many people).
The fast-moving train moves fast.
(sometimes we use a hyphen, other times we don’t, especially with -ly adverbs)
barely concealed dislike, deeply depressed individual

With body parts, we can add -ed like a past participle to make adjectives:
a blue-eyed baby, a long-legged ballet dancer, a one-handed pirate
a kindhearted man, a brokenhearted lover
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handout p. 158 exercise 8 - Use the information in the first sentence to make compound adjectives in the second sentence
1 death-defying
2 store-bought (The cake was bought at a store. -> passive -> past participle)
3 weight-reducing (The machine reduces weight. -> active -> present participle = verb+ing)
4 well-trained (The employee was trained well. -> passive -> past participle)
5 love-starved (The kitten is starved for love. -> passive -> past participle)
6 handheld (The camera was held by hand. -> passive -> past participle)
7 long-haired (Remember, we can make body parts look like past participles to make compound adjectives.)
8 time-consuming (It consumes time. -> active -> present participle)

The injury was caused by stress. It was a stress-caused injury.
The job caused stress. It was a stress-causing job.

The actor is known well. He is a well-known actor.
The god knows everything. He is an all-knowing god.

It is [verbed] by [noun]. It is [noun]-[verbed].
It [verbs] [noun]. It is [noun]-[verbing].
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We can add -ed to body parts to make compound adjectives, but not to other nouns:
a three-legged table, an eight-armed octopus
a three-page test, an eight-year-old child (notice that the nouns are singular in these expressions)
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You have to figure out the preposition for some past-participle adjectives (“by” or “for” or “at”).
This is similar to figuring out the relationship between the two nouns in a compound noun.
olive oil, corn oil, peanut oil, coconut oil - oil made from these things
baby oil, motor oil, gun oil - oil used for these things
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Homework: p. 159 exercise 10