2019-12-21 Saturday: 12 Experts

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all classes.
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Today: unit 12 AND level test for people who’ve been here 12 weeks
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Homework: p. 171 practice 1 and 2 (practice 2 includes one sentence with “wondered” and one with “admitted”)
	Also: read p. 147 and do p. 146 parts 4, 5, 6 (in part 6, find exactly where in the paragraph each new sentence could go)
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p. 171 practice 1 (Imagine that the people spoke some time in the past, in another place.)
2 Anita said (that) she would read the news report the next day.
3 Joe said (that) he had visited the Amazon rain forest on his trip to South America the year before.
4 Mai asked (me) if she could give me a donation for charity.
5 Nasrin said (that) she had just seen the documentary about endangered languages of the world.
6 Miguel said (that) he had been reading the paper the day before.
7 Simon asked (me) if I had ever met anyone from Peru.
8 Manuela said (that) they were meeting at nine the next day.
practice 2
2 Sarah asked to borrow my laptop the next day. / She asked me to lend her my laptop the next day.
  Sarah asked if she could borrow my laptop the next day.
3 Jhumpa told me to download the photos to her cell.
4 Martin reminded me to take my laptop. / Martin told me to remember to take my laptop.
5 Juan promised to connect me to the Internet the next day.
  Juan promised that he would connect me to the Internet the next day.
6 Lin invited me to stay with him the following week.
7 Adam realized that he had been wrong the night before.
  Adam admitted that he had been wrong the night before.
8 Martina asked me where I was going on Saturday.
p. 146 part 4
1 T
2 F
3 T
4 F
5 T
part 5
1 appeal
2 overcoming
3 fierce
4 battle-weary
5 savage
6 unarmed
7 threat
8 lone
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	The lone gunman is alone. - “lone” goes before nouns, “alone” goes after verbs like “be”
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part 6 - Where exactly should each sentence go?
1 Bushido - last sentence
2 Samurai history - after “...never have existed.”
3 Samurai identity - after “...went to the theater.”
4 Samurai today - after “...and TV dramas.”
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Vocabulary: expeditions
p. 142 part 1 - Make sure you understand all of these things.
Read about Emma and Beth. What do you think happened to them?
part 6 - Listen and answer the questions.
1 local trackers and guides
2 screaming and shouting
3 They had set up camp in an elephant path.
4 It was flattened.
5 Mammoth bones, mummies, and tusks
6 remote and deserted
7 There were millions of mosquitoes.
8 They had nets over their heads.
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We can sometimes make verbs by adding -en to adjectives:
white/whiten, black/blacken, red/redden, flat/flatten, dark/darken, light/lighten
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p. 143 part 7 - Who probably said each thing?
1 Emma
2 Beth
3 Beth
4 Emma
5 Beth
6 Emma
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Grammar: “should have” and “could have”
What do the sentences in part 7 mean?
1 It was a possibility (but it didn’t happen).
2 It was a possibility (but it didn’t happen).
3 It wasn’t a possibility (so it didn’t happen).
4 It was a good idea (but it didn’t happen).
5 It was a good idea (but it didn’t happen).
6 It wasn’t a good idea (but it happened).
(Just like in unit 6, “could” is about possibilities and “should” is about good and bad ideas.)
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In unit 8, we talked about “could have” and “couldn’t have” for speculation.
unit 8 - She could have won. = It was a possibility (but we’re unsure because we haven’t seen the ticket).
unit 12 - She could have won. = It was a possibility (but it didn’t happen because she didn’t buy a ticket).
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p. 143 part 10 - Complete the paragraph with “could have”, “couldn’t have”, “should have”, or “shouldn’t have” and the past participle.
1 shouldn’t have eaten
2 couldn’t have felt
3 should have had
4 should have taken
5 could have died
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These expressions are for unreal (imaginary or hypothetical) sentences about the past.
Speculations and conclusions are for real (but possibly uknown) past situations.
Often with unreal sentences, we use conditionals to explain the situation:
“I could have died without it.” = “I could have died if I hadn’t taken the medicine.”
“I should have had some medicine.” = If I had had some medicine, the situation would have been better.
“I shouldn’t have eaten it.” = If I hadn’t eaten it, the situation would have been better.
“We couldn’t have avoided the insects.” = Even if we had done something differently, we couldn’t have…
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	If you take the TOEFL next week, you won’t score 100.
	Even if you study very hard, you won’t score 100.
		“even if” means this other condition won’t change the outcome
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Grammar: third conditional = past unreal conditional
	(first conditional = future real conditional - unit 6)
	(second conditional = present or future unreal conditional - unit 10)
form: if + [past perfect], would/could/might + have + past participle

If I had won the lottery last year,...
	I would have traveled. = This is definitely what I would have done.
	I might have traveled. = Maybe this is what I would have done. I’m not sure.
	I could have traveled. = This would have been possible. Who knows about my choice?
It makes sense to say, “I could have bought a house, but I wouldn’t have.”
It doesn’t make sense to say, “I might have bought a house, but I wouldn’t have.”
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BREAK
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p. 144 “The Man Who Ate His Boots” - From the title and the pictures, what do you think this book is about? Where do you think it happened?
Read the book review. What were the men trying to do? What happened to them?
Find the third conditional sentences in the text. What do they imply about the real situation?
- They could have avoided the problems if they had copied the Inuit.
	They didn’t avoid the problems because they didn’t copy the Inuit.
- If they had learned to build igloos, the explorers would have been warm.
	They didn’t learn to build igloos, so they weren’t warm.
- If the explorers had worn sealskin, they wouldn’t have suffered from frostbite.
	They didn’t wear sealskin, so they suffered from frostbite.
- Parry’s men wouldn’t have been as healthy if they hadn’t eaten the salads.
	Parry’s men were healthy because they ate the salads.
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p. 145 part 9 - Match the pairs of sentences, then combine them with third conditionals.
1 b - If we had planned everything better, the vacation wouldn’t have been a disaster.
2 c - If we had known how to read the road signs, we wouldn’t have gotten lost.
3 e - If we had taken a phrase book, we could have asked for help.
4 d - If the local people hadn’t given us directions, we wouldn’t have found the way back.
5 f - If we hadn’t forgotten to check the museum opening times, we would have bought tickets ahead of time.
      If we had remembered to check...
6 a - If we hadn’t gotten there to late, we could have gotten into the museum.
(5 a - If we had remembered to check the opening times, we wouldn’t have gotten there too late.)
(6 f - If we had bought tickets ahead of time, we could have gotten into the museum.)
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Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_buffalo_Buffalo_buffalo_buffalo_buffalo_Buffalo_buffalo
La lista lista lista. - This is a grammatically correct sentence in Spanish.
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p. 172 practice 2 - Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs.
2 would have found, hadn’t lost
3 Would you have planned, had known
4 had prepared, would have succeeded
5 would have been, had understood
6 would you have done, had attacked
7 wouldn’t have felt, had read
8 had wanted, would have welcomed
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(0th: If you speak Spanish, you already know this. - present real)
1st: If she wins the lottery tomorrow, she will travel. (future real)
2nd: If she won the lottery tomorrow, she would travel. (present/future unreal)
3rd: If she had won the lottery last month, she would have traveled. (past unreal)
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We can mix unreal conditionals because there are connections between the past and present.
	If I had studied last night, I wouldn’t be so nervous right now.
	If I were a better student, I would have studied last night.
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p. 138-139