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HIrisPlex-S Phenotype Predictions for 63 Ancient Balkan Genomes

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Sep 9th, 2026
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  1. HIrisPlex-S pigmentation inference: Illyrian, Thracian and Mycenaean ancient Balkan genomes
  2. ==============================================================================
  3.  
  4. FIGURE DATA
  5. -----------
  6. 63 ancient Balkan genomes from Bronze/Iron Age Illyrian, Thracian and Mycenaean analytical groups.
  7.  
  8. Illyrian: N = 43
  9. Thracian: N = 7
  10. Mycenaean: N = 13
  11. Total: N = 63
  12.  
  13. SOURCE DATA
  14. -----------
  15. Akbari A. et al. (2026), "Ancient DNA reveals pervasive directional selection across West Eurasia", Nature 654:419-428.
  16. Paper: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10358-1
  17. Akbari Harvard Dataverse data: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/7RVV9N
  18. ENA aligned-sequence project: https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/view/PRJEB106907
  19.  
  20. The genotype source used here was the Akbari GRCh37/hg19 ancient + EUR reference PGEN:
  21. AncientDNA_plus_EUR1KG_AllVariants_NoQC_GRCh37_autosomes
  22.  
  23. PHENOTYPE METHOD
  24. ----------------
  25. Phenotypes were inferred with HIrisPlex-S:
  26. https://hirisplex.erasmusmc.nl/
  27.  
  28. HIrisPlex-S uses 41 markers for combined eye, hair and skin pigmentation inference.
  29. 40 of the 41 HIrisPlex-S positions were present in the Akbari panel used here.
  30. The one panel-wide absent marker was rs201326893_A.
  31. All 63 individuals therefore had the same 40/41-marker coverage for this comparison.
  32.  
  33. The values below reproduce the display calls and the probability/score reported alongside each call in the classification output used to build the figure.
  34.  
  35. GROUP SUMMARY
  36. -------------
  37.  
  38. ILLYRIAN (N=43)
  39. Eyes: Brown: 38/43 (88.4%), Blue: 5/43 (11.6%)
  40. Hair: Dark-Brown/Black: 23/43 (53.5%), Brown/Dark-Brown: 10/43 (23.3%), Black: 5/43 (11.6%), Blond/Dark-Blond: 3/43 (7.0%), Blond: 1/43 (2.3%), Dark-Blond/Brown: 1/43 (2.3%)
  41. Skin: Intermediate: 23/43 (53.5%), Intermediate/Lighter: 12/43 (27.9%), Intermediate/Darker: 5/43 (11.6%), Dark: 2/43 (4.7%), Dark-Black/Dark: 1/43 (2.3%)
  42.  
  43. THRACIAN (N=7)
  44. Eyes: Brown: 5/7 (71.4%), Blue: 2/7 (28.6%)
  45. Hair: Dark-Brown/Black: 5/7 (71.4%), Brown/Dark-Brown: 1/7 (14.3%), Brown: 1/7 (14.3%)
  46. Skin: Intermediate/Lighter: 3/7 (42.9%), Intermediate: 3/7 (42.9%), Intermediate/Darker: 1/7 (14.3%)
  47.  
  48. MYCENAEAN (N=13)
  49. Eyes: Brown: 13/13 (100.0%)
  50. Hair: Dark-Brown/Black: 9/13 (69.2%), Black: 3/13 (23.1%), Brown/Dark-Brown: 1/13 (7.7%)
  51. Skin: Intermediate: 6/13 (46.2%), Intermediate/Darker: 5/13 (38.5%), Dark: 2/13 (15.4%)
  52.  
  53. INDIVIDUAL RESULTS
  54. ------------------
  55.  
  56. Group Sample_ID Eye_call Eye_P Hair_call Hair_P Skin_call Skin_P
  57. Illyrian I3313.SG Brown 0.6293 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6163 Intermediate 0.5359
  58. Illyrian I5684.AG Brown 0.9831 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5866 Intermediate 0.8094
  59. Illyrian I5685.AG Brown 0.9831 Black 0.4752 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7144
  60. Illyrian I5686.AG Brown 0.9427 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5868 Intermediate 0.6175
  61. Illyrian I5687.SG Brown 0.8034 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.7423 Intermediate 0.4337
  62. Illyrian I5691.AG Brown 0.6293 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5451 Intermediate 0.6524
  63. Illyrian I5692.SG Brown 0.9732 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5210 Intermediate 0.7505
  64. Illyrian I5693.SG Brown 0.9868 Dark-Brown/Black 0.4988 Intermediate/Darker 0.7758
  65. Illyrian I5723.AG Brown 0.7067 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5170 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7296
  66. Illyrian I5724.AG Brown 0.7667 Dark-Brown/Black 0.6206 Intermediate 0.8376
  67. Illyrian I5725.DG Brown 0.9780 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5978 Intermediate/Darker 0.5475
  68. Illyrian I5726.AG Brown 0.9732 Black 0.6458 Intermediate/Darker 0.6332
  69. Illyrian I5728.SG Blue 0.9111 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6595 Intermediate/Lighter 0.5507
  70. Illyrian I5729.SG Blue 0.9258 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.7636 Intermediate/Lighter 0.5154
  71. Illyrian I13167.AG Brown 0.9909 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5111 Dark 0.5221
  72. Illyrian I13168.AG Brown 0.9559 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5313 Intermediate 0.6347
  73. Illyrian I13169.AG Brown 0.9831 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.7373 Intermediate 0.7227
  74. Illyrian I13171.AG Brown 0.9427 Dark-Brown/Black 0.4472 Intermediate 0.5766
  75. Illyrian I13172.AG Brown 0.9816 Dark-Brown/Black 0.6323 Intermediate 0.8034
  76. Illyrian I13775.AG Brown 0.4295 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.5475 Intermediate 0.5372
  77. Illyrian I13777.AG Brown 0.9559 Dark-Brown/Black 0.6183 Intermediate 0.5933
  78. Illyrian I13778.AG Brown 0.9868 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5468 Intermediate 0.8083
  79. Illyrian I14498.AG Brown 0.9118 Dark-Brown/Black 0.6039 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7638
  80. Illyrian I14501.AG Brown 0.9816 Dark-Brown/Black 0.4929 Intermediate 0.7814
  81. Illyrian I14688.AG Blue 0.9323 Blond 0.7040 Intermediate/Lighter 0.4997
  82. Illyrian I14690.AG Brown 0.9930 Black 0.5887 Intermediate/Darker 0.7850
  83. Illyrian I14692.AG Brown 0.6654 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.4981 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7241
  84. Illyrian I18712.AG Brown 0.9377 Dark-Brown/Black 0.6359 Intermediate 0.7800
  85. Illyrian I18745.AG Blue 0.9111 Blond/Dark-Blond 0.6334 Intermediate/Lighter 0.5369
  86. Illyrian I18746.AG Brown 0.9979 Black 0.5730 Dark 0.5674
  87. Illyrian I18752.AG Brown 0.9930 Black 0.6537 Dark-Black/Dark 0.6211
  88. Illyrian I22935.AG Brown 0.9780 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.6641 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7877
  89. Illyrian I22938.AG Blue 0.7835 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.4364 Intermediate/Lighter 0.6330
  90. Illyrian I22940.AG Brown 0.7667 Dark-Blond/Brown 0.4520 Intermediate 0.6553
  91. Illyrian I23904.AG Brown 0.9858 Dark-Brown/Black 0.6645 Intermediate 0.8031
  92. Illyrian I23911.AG Brown 0.8866 Dark-Brown/Black 0.6331 Intermediate/Darker 0.5507
  93. Illyrian I23971.AG Brown 0.9858 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5962 Intermediate 0.8558
  94. Illyrian I23995.AG Brown 0.7935 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5985 Intermediate 0.5927
  95. Illyrian I23996.AG Brown 0.6293 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.5577 Intermediate 0.6349
  96. Illyrian I24638.AG Brown 0.9822 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5049 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7080
  97. Illyrian I24639.AG Brown 0.9642 Dark-Brown/Black 0.6699 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7121
  98. Illyrian I24879.AG Brown 0.6293 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.4797 Intermediate 0.6084
  99. Illyrian I24882.AG Brown 0.7667 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.4761 Intermediate 0.5745
  100. Thracian I5769.SG Blue 0.7835 Dark-Brown/Black 0.6562 Intermediate/Lighter 0.7304
  101. Thracian I20180.AG Blue 0.9258 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.7192 Intermediate/Lighter 0.5179
  102. Thracian I20181.AG Brown 0.6654 Dark-Brown/Black 0.6022 Intermediate 0.6371
  103. Thracian I20183.AG Brown 0.7826 Dark-Brown/Black 0.6694 Intermediate 0.5982
  104. Thracian I20184.AG Brown 0.9780 Dark-Brown/Black 0.6069 Intermediate/Darker 0.6904
  105. Thracian I20185.AG Brown 0.9377 Dark-Brown/Black 0.6048 Intermediate 0.8377
  106. Thracian I20186.AG Brown 0.9831 Brown 0.7253 Intermediate/Lighter 0.4192
  107. Mycenaean AID001.AG Brown 0.9979 Black 0.6144 Dark 0.9809
  108. Mycenaean AID002.AG Brown 0.9914 Dark-Brown/Black 0.6402 Intermediate/Darker 0.4990
  109. Mycenaean AID007.AG Brown 0.9427 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5384 Intermediate 0.5451
  110. Mycenaean AID008.AG Brown 0.9575 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5369 Intermediate 0.6214
  111. Mycenaean GLI003.AG Brown 0.9375 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5305 Intermediate 0.6453
  112. Mycenaean I13514.AG Brown 0.9956 Black 0.7072 Intermediate/Darker 0.4907
  113. Mycenaean I13518.AG Brown 0.7667 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5653 Intermediate 0.6911
  114. Mycenaean I15571.SG Brown 0.9946 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5796 Dark 0.3912
  115. Mycenaean KUK001.AG Brown 0.9936 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5249 Intermediate/Darker 0.7733
  116. Mycenaean KUK005.AG Brown 0.9209 Brown/Dark-Brown 0.7092 Intermediate/Darker 0.5938
  117. Mycenaean KUK006.AG Brown 0.9906 Black 0.6318 Intermediate 0.9124
  118. Mycenaean LAZ020.AG Brown 0.9780 Dark-Brown/Black 0.5978 Intermediate/Darker 0.6333
  119. Mycenaean TIR002.AG Brown 0.7935 Dark-Brown/Black 0.6286 Intermediate 0.6180
  120.  
  121. NOTES
  122. -----
  123.  
  124. 1. Percentages in the main infographic are descriptive frequencies within these sampled individuals.
  125. 2. Thracian N=7 and Mycenaean N=13 are comparatively small sample sets, so percentages should not be read as precise population-wide prevalence estimates.
  126. 3. No individual in the 63-sample figure set received Red as the displayed hair-color call.
  127. 4. The same Akbari genotype panel and the same 40/41 available HIrisPlex-S markers were used across all three groups.
  128.  
  129. ==============================================================================
  130. END OF SUPPLEMENT
  131. ==============================================================================
  132.  
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