2019-03-28 Grammar: causative verbs

Greg Malivuk
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http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all classes
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Causative Verbs: verbs that cause an action (from someone else)
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There are five levels of “forcefulness” for these verbs
most forceful
1 the object doesn’t have a choice; the object’s preferences don’t matter
	Parents should force naughty children to stand in the corner.
	Parents should make them stand in the corner.
	That movie made me laugh.
2 the object preferred not to do it, but is convinced
	He eventually got his brother to lend him the car.
	She’s trying to convince me to help her.
3 the object is instructed and does it with no problem; the object has no particular preference
	We hired a nanny to watch the children.
	The teacher instructed the students to close their eyes.
	You should have a doctor look at that.
4 the object prefers to do it, and is permitted
	The teacher permits students to close their eyes.
	The teacher lets students use their phones.
5 the object prefers to do it, and is assisted
	The teacher helps the students to learn.
	The teacher helps the students learn.
least forceful
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p. 301 exercise 6 - Do you think these things are good ideas or not? Say sentences with “should” or “shouldn’t” and give reasons.
1 Parents shouldn’t make children go to bed at 6, because it’s so early.
2 Teachers should help students learn things by themselves because it’s a good way to improve.
3 Police shouldn’t allow people to break laws because it’s their job.
4 People should have a dentist examine their teeth regularly because dental health is important.
5 Dog owners shouldn’t let their pets run around freely because it can be dangerous.
6 A government shouldn’t require all citizens to take drug tests because it would be a waste of money.
7 A good manager shouldn’t allow employees to do whatever they like because some employees are terrible.
8 A good manager should motivate employees to do their best because it’s important to do the best.
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Passive Causatives
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Type 1: “by the doer” (passive meaning, but no passive form [be] + participle)
active: People should have a dentist examine their teeth.
passive: People should have their teeth examined by a dentist.
	= People should get their teeth examined by a dentist.
The reasons are the same as for other passive sentences: the focus is on the receiver of the action, and the agent is less important, obvious, or unknown.
I got my house painted last summer. - The important thing isn’t who painted it, but the fact that it’s done.

What other common services can you have done?
You can have your pipes repaired by a plumber.
You can have your heater fixed by an electrician.
You can have your hair done by a hairdresser.
You can have your clothes adjusted by a tailor.
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Type 2: “by the causer” (passive meaning and passive form with [be])
active: My parents forced me to do the dishes.
passive: I was forced to do the dishes by my parents.
- The most common verbs for this form are probably “forced” and “allowed”.
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p. 302 exercise 8 - Make (active) sentences about the government and citizens.
Goverment should allow their citizens to read any books and magazines they wish.
Government should force taxes to be paid by the citizens. / should force their citizens to pay taxes.
Citizens should shouldn’t allow government to work with corruption.
Citizens should help the government establish national goals.