CreateDevice

    // DirectX device initialization and creation -----------------------------------------
    bool Device::Initialize(Int screenWidth, Int screenHeight, bool vsync, HWND hwnd, bool fullscreen, Float screenDepth, Float screenNear)
    {
        HRESULT result;
        IDXGIFactory* factory;
        IDXGIAdapter* adapter;
        IDXGIOutput* adapterOutput;
        UInt numModes, i, numerator, denominator, stringLength;
        DXGI_MODE_DESC* displayModeList;
        DXGI_ADAPTER_DESC adapterDesc;
        Int error;
        DXGI_SWAP_CHAIN_DESC swapChainDesc;
        D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL featureLevel;
        ID3D11Texture2D* backBufferPtr;
        D3D11_TEXTURE2D_DESC depthBufferDesc;
        D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_DESC depthStencilDesc;
        D3D11_DEPTH_STENCIL_VIEW_DESC depthStencilViewDesc;
        D3D11_RASTERIZER_DESC rasterDesc;
        D3D11_VIEWPORT viewport;
        Float fieldOfView, screenAspect;

        // Store the vsync setting
        mVsyncEnabled = vsync;

        // Create a DirectX graphics interface factory
        result = CreateDXGIFactory(__uuidof(IDXGIFactory), (void**)&factory);
        if(FAILED(result)) {return false;}

        // Use the factory to create an adapter for the primary graphics interface (video card)
        result = factory->EnumAdapters(0, &adapter);
        if(FAILED(result)) {return false;}

        // Enumerate the primary adapter output (monitor)
        result = adapter->EnumOutputs(0, &adapterOutput);
        if(FAILED(result)) {return false;}

        // Get the number of modes that fit the DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM display format for the adapter output (monitor)
        result = adapterOutput->GetDisplayModeList(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, DXGI_ENUM_MODES_INTERLACED, &numModes, NULL);
        if(FAILED(result)) {return false;}

        // Create a list to hold all the possible display modes for this monitor/video card combination
        displayModeList = new DXGI_MODE_DESC[numModes];
        if(!displayModeList) {return false;}

        // Now fill the display mode list structures
        result = adapterOutput->GetDisplayModeList(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM, DXGI_ENUM_MODES_INTERLACED, &numModes, displayModeList);
        if(FAILED(result)) {return false;}

        // Now go through all the display modes and find the one that matches the screen width and height
        // When a match is found store the numerator and denominator of the refresh rate for that monitor
        for(i = 0; i<numModes; i++)
        {
            if(displayModeList[i].Width == (UInt)screenWidth)
            {
                if(displayModeList[i].Height == (UInt)screenHeight)
                {
                    numerator = displayModeList[i].RefreshRate.Numerator;
                    denominator = displayModeList[i].RefreshRate.Denominator;
                }
            }
        }

        // Get the adapter (video card) description
        result = adapter->GetDesc(&adapterDesc);
        if(FAILED(result)) {return false;}

        // Store the dedicated video card memory in megabytes
        mVideoCardMemory = (Int)(adapterDesc.DedicatedVideoMemory / 1024 / 1024);

        // Convert the name of the video card to a character array and store it
        error = wcstombs_s(&stringLength, mVideoCardDescription, 128, adapterDesc.Description, 128);
        if(error != 0) {return false;}

        // Release the display mode list
        delete[] displayModeList;
        displayModeList = 0;

        // Release the adapter output
        adapterOutput->Release();
        adapterOutput = 0;

        // Release the adapter
        adapter->Release();
        adapter = 0;

        // Release the factory
        factory->Release();
        factory = 0;

        // Initialize the swap chain description
        ZeroMemory(&swapChainDesc, sizeof(swapChainDesc));

        // Set to a single back buffer
        swapChainDesc.BufferCount = 1;

        // Set the width and height of the back buffer
        swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Width = screenWidth;
        swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Height = screenHeight;

        // Set regular 32-bit surface for the back buffer
        swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;

        // Set the refresh rate of the back buffer
        if(mVsyncEnabled)
        {
            swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = numerator;
            swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = denominator;
        }
        else
        {
            swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Numerator = 0;
            swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.RefreshRate.Denominator = 1;
        }

        // Set the usage of the back buffer
        swapChainDesc.BufferUsage = DXGI_USAGE_RENDER_TARGET_OUTPUT;

        // Set the handle for the window to render to
        swapChainDesc.OutputWindow = hwnd;

        // Turn multisampling off
        swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
        swapChainDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;

        // Set to full screen or windowed mode
        if(fullscreen) {swapChainDesc.Windowed = false;}
        else {swapChainDesc.Windowed = true;}

        // Set the scan line ordering and scaling to unspecified
        swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.ScanlineOrdering = DXGI_MODE_SCANLINE_ORDER_UNSPECIFIED;
        swapChainDesc.BufferDesc.Scaling = DXGI_MODE_SCALING_UNSPECIFIED;

        // Discard the back buffer contents after presenting
        swapChainDesc.SwapEffect = DXGI_SWAP_EFFECT_DISCARD;

        // Don't set the advanced flags
        swapChainDesc.Flags = 0;

        // Set the feature level to DirectX 11
        featureLevel = D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL_11_0;

        // Create the swap chain, Direct3D device, and Direct3D device context
        result = D3D11CreateDeviceAndSwapChain(NULL, D3D_DRIVER_TYPE_HARDWARE, NULL, 0, &featureLevel, 1, D3D11_SDK_VERSION, &swapChainDesc, &mSwapChain, &mDevice, NULL, &mDeviceContext);
        if(FAILED(result)) {return false;}

        // Get the pointer to the back buffer
        result = mSwapChain->GetBuffer(0, __uuidof(ID3D11Texture2D), (LPVOID*)&backBufferPtr);
        if(FAILED(result)) {return false;}

        // Create the render target view with the back buffer pointer
        result = mDevice->CreateRenderTargetView(backBufferPtr, NULL, &mRenderTargetView);
        if(FAILED(result)) {return false;}

        // Release pointer to the back buffer as we no longer need it
        backBufferPtr->Release();
        backBufferPtr = 0;

        // Initialize the description of the depth buffer
        ZeroMemory(&depthBufferDesc, sizeof(depthBufferDesc));

        // Set up the description of the depth buffer
        depthBufferDesc.Width = screenWidth;
        depthBufferDesc.Height = screenHeight;
        depthBufferDesc.MipLevels = 1;
        depthBufferDesc.ArraySize = 1;
        depthBufferDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
        depthBufferDesc.SampleDesc.Count = 1;
        depthBufferDesc.SampleDesc.Quality = 0;
        depthBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
        depthBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_DEPTH_STENCIL;
        depthBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
        depthBufferDesc.MiscFlags = 0;

        // Create the texture for the depth buffer using the filled out description
        result = mDevice->CreateTexture2D(&depthBufferDesc, NULL, &mDepthStencilBuffer);
        if(FAILED(result)) {return false;}

        // Initialize the description of the stencil state
        ZeroMemory(&depthStencilDesc, sizeof(depthStencilDesc));

        // Set up the description of the stencil state
        depthStencilDesc.DepthEnable = true;
        depthStencilDesc.DepthWriteMask = D3D11_DEPTH_WRITE_MASK_ALL;
        depthStencilDesc.DepthFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_LESS;

        depthStencilDesc.StencilEnable = true;
        depthStencilDesc.StencilReadMask = 0xFF;
        depthStencilDesc.StencilWriteMask = 0xFF;

        // Stencil operations if pixel is front-facing
        depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
        depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilDepthFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_INCR;
        depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilPassOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
        depthStencilDesc.FrontFace.StencilFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_ALWAYS;

        // Stencil operations if pixel is back-facing
        depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
        depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilDepthFailOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_DECR;
        depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilPassOp = D3D11_STENCIL_OP_KEEP;
        depthStencilDesc.BackFace.StencilFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_ALWAYS;

        // Create the depth stencil state
        result = mDevice->CreateDepthStencilState(&depthStencilDesc, &mDepthStencilState);
        if(FAILED(result)) {return false;}

        // Set the depth stencil state
        mDeviceContext->OMSetDepthStencilState(mDepthStencilState, 1);

        // Initialize the depth stencil view
        ZeroMemory(&depthStencilViewDesc, sizeof(depthStencilViewDesc));

        // Set up the depth stencil view description
        depthStencilViewDesc.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
        depthStencilViewDesc.ViewDimension = D3D11_DSV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
        depthStencilViewDesc.Texture2D.MipSlice = 0;

        // Create the depth stencil view
        result = mDevice->CreateDepthStencilView(mDepthStencilBuffer, &depthStencilViewDesc, &mDepthStencilView);
        if(FAILED(result)) {return false;}

        // Bind the render target view and depth stencil buffer to the output render pipeline
        mDeviceContext->OMSetRenderTargets(1, &mRenderTargetView, mDepthStencilView);

        // Setup the raster description which will determine how and what polygons will be drawn
        rasterDesc.AntialiasedLineEnable = false;
        rasterDesc.CullMode = D3D11_CULL_BACK;
        rasterDesc.DepthBias = 0;
        rasterDesc.DepthBiasClamp = 0.0f;
        rasterDesc.DepthClipEnable = true;
        rasterDesc.FillMode = D3D11_FILL_SOLID;
        rasterDesc.FrontCounterClockwise = false;
        rasterDesc.MultisampleEnable = false;
        rasterDesc.ScissorEnable = false;
        rasterDesc.SlopeScaledDepthBias = 0.0f;

        // Create the rasterizer state from the description we just filled out
        result = mDevice->CreateRasterizerState(&rasterDesc, &mRasterState);
        if(FAILED(result)) {return false;}

        // Now set the rasterizer state
        mDeviceContext->RSSetState(mRasterState);

        // Setup the viewport for rendering
        viewport.Width = (Float)screenWidth;
        viewport.Height = (Float)screenHeight;
        viewport.MinDepth = 0.0f;
        viewport.MaxDepth = 1.0f;
        viewport.TopLeftX = 0.0f;
        viewport.TopLeftY = 0.0f;

        // Create the viewport
        mDeviceContext->RSSetViewports(1, &viewport);

        // Setup the projection matrix
        fieldOfView = Pi / 4.0f;
        screenAspect = (Float)screenWidth / (Float)screenHeight;

        // Create the projection matrix for 3D rendering
        mProjectionMatrix = DirectX::XMMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(fieldOfView, screenAspect, screenNear, screenDepth);

        // Initialize the world matrix to the identity matrix
        mWorldMatrix = DirectX::XMMatrixIdentity();

        // Create an orthographic projection matrix for 2D rendering
        mOrthoMatrix = DirectX::XMMatrixOrthographicLH((Float)screenWidth, (Float)screenHeight, screenNear, screenDepth);

        // SUCCESS! :v
        return true;
    }