====================Communitarianism=================

1.What is communitarianism?
=> That the actual community in which we live should be at the center of our analysis of society and government.
2. Write Aristotle's quote about community.
=> Every state is a community of some kind.
3. What is communitarians' argument?
=> They argue that our very identity- who we are- depends on our relationship to others in our communities. We are embedded in our community and its cultural practices. So, we can not hope to understand ourselves or our government apart from our community and its traditions.
4. Write contemporary communitarian's names.
=> Charles Taylor, Alasdair McIntyre and Michael J. Sandel.
5. Write some classical philosophers name who can be considered as communitarian.
=> Aristotle and Hegel.
6. What are the general problems of social contact theory?
=> It neglects people's social nature by focusing on the individual.
7. What are the key problems of social contact theory?
=> Communitarians argue that social contact theory assumes that government or the state is an artificial construct. But the state, communitarianism argue that, is natural. For example, Aristotle argued that the government or the state is a natural outgrowth of our natural tendency to associate with other human beings. Just like the family and the tribe are outgrowths of our natural tendency to live with one another, so is the state.
How is state created according to Aristotle?
=> A natural outgrowth of our tendency to associate with others.
8. What is Aristotle's view on state and individual relation?
=> State is prior to the individual.
9. What does Aristotle mean by saying state is prior to the individual?
=> Humans can not develop fully unless they live in the state
2) Aristotle also wants to say that the state is more important than an individual citizen.
What skills we can develop only in state?
=> Our political abilities and social virtues emerge and develop only in state.
10. What is Hegel's idea about state?
=> The state is a natural outgrowth of our human nature.
11. When Hegel's idea was echoed?
=> During the nineteenth century.
12. What is Hegel's full name?
=> German philosopher Hegel's full name is: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich  Hegel (1770-1831)
13. What did Hegel believed just like Aristotle?
=> That the state is the completion of all earlier human associations and more important than the individual. He also agreed that Humans can develop fully only  within the state.
14. What did Hegel say about freedom?
=> Humans can develop their freedom only within the state.  Moreover, the individual will develop fully only if he embraces the cultural practices of the state of which he is a member of.
15. How does Hegel explain freedom in state?
=> Freedom is more than just not interfering with the lives of others. People are free to the extent that they can do more: The more abilities they have, the freerer they are. Because the state is the arena in which people can most fully develop their abilities, only in the state can the range of activities open to people be expanded and widened to their fullest extent. Therefore, only in the state can people be fully free.
16. How communitarianism contradict social theory?
=> First, they contradict the assumption that the state is an artificial construct. Social contact theory assumes that there is no state until people come together and deliberately think it up and create it; the state does not just naturally grow and develop. However, Aristotle and Hegel reject this assumption. The state, they argue, is a natural outgrowth of our human tendencies to live together. Social contact theory is thus mistaken in its fundamental assumption that the state is an artificial construct that humans must deliberately put together. It is an organic outgrowth of our nature.
Second, Aristotle and Hegel contradict the assumption that before the state exists: there are fully formed people who can come together to create a state. Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and even Rawls assume this. But Aristotle and Hegel point out that it is not possible for people to develop fully before the state exists. If there is no state, humans could not know what one is, nor would they know how to go about organizing themselves into a state. And only in the state does the individual develop the freedom required to enter an agreement. In short, before there is a state, there can be no fully formed human individuals capable of coming together to form one through some sort of agreement.
Third, and perhaps the most important, communitarians agree with Hegel that the state and its cultural practices are the source of the identity of all individuals. That is, in the state we acquire the cultures and traditions that we use to define ourselves. In short, our very sense o fwho we are depends on the cultural traditions of the state to which we belong.
17. How Micheal J. Sandel argue against social contact theory of Rawls'?
=> In the social contact view, particularly as developed by Rawls, believes that the state must support no particular culture but leave people free to choose their own cultural preferences.
How can an individual develop fully according to Hegel?
=> He must live in a state that supports and nourishes a strong set of cultural traditions.
In Communitarian viewpoint, How should government view morality and cultural values?
=> Government must not stay away from morality and cultural values. Instead, it must strive to teach citizens the morality and cultural values that are part of their traditions.
What are some criticisms of communitarianism?
=> State is an artificial construct since it takes a great deal of human ingenuity and effort to maintain.
What is the most important objection of communitarianism?
=> Government should support the cultural traditions of its people.