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Chinese Buddhist Publishing and Print Culture, 1900-1950

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Jun 22nd, 2018
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  1. Introduction
  2. Buddhism in early-20th-century China was in a state of rapid transition, as pressures from a climate of political and intellectual revolution helped give rise to new religious ideas, organizations, practices, and texts. Printing had long been an important aspect of Buddhist religiosity but rapidly expanded in the late Qing (1644–1912) and early Republican (1912–1949) periods thanks to two types of publishers: the scriptural press (kejing chu 刻經處), which used xylographic (muban 木版; woodblock) technology, and the commercial or specialist press, which used movable type (qianzi 鉛字 or huozi 活字) and lithography (shiyin 石印 or yingyin 影印). For the most part, scriptural and exegetical texts that had been composed prior to the modern era were printed by the scriptural presses, although there were a few exceptions: most notably the Kalaviṇka Canon (Pinjia da zangjing 頻迦大藏經) published between 1909 and 1913 in Shanghai, which due to its size was printed with movable type. Commercial publishing companies, by contrast, such as Zhonghua Books (Zhonghua shuju 中華書局) and the Commercial Press (Shangwu yinshu guan 商務印書館), as well as specialist publishers of religious works, such as Shanghai Buddhological Press (Shanghai Foxue shuju 上海佛學書局), almost exclusively used modern printing technologies to publish their works. Print culture helped to connect Buddhists across China through an imagined community as expressed in print publications, and the new ways of producing and consuming printed material helped to foster a new focus on scholarship that continues into the 21st century. Publishing became a widespread way of engaging with Buddhism, from the elite publishers and editors to the readers who were able to purchase books at cost or cheaper, with publications being funded by pious donors and the profit from capital investment funds. The presses of the late Qing and early Republican era were very prolific; in the first half of the 20th century, there were more than twenty-two hundred publications related to Buddhism published in Chinese, including more than two hundred periodicals. This massive corpus of published material stands as a reminder of the creative fecundity of this turbulent but transformative period in Chinese Buddhist history.
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  4. General Overviews
  5. There are several works that survey the development of publishing and print culture during this period in Chinese society as a whole. Buddhist works do not usually figure largely in these accounts, but many of the major commercial publishers of the day, including the Commercial Press (Shangwu yinshuguan 商務印書館), Zhonghua Books (Zhonghua shuju 中華書局), and Kaiming Books (Kaiming shuju 開明書店), did issue Buddhist publications and were contracted by Buddhist groups to print materials such as periodicals and monographs. Fan 1995 and Reed 2004 offer comprehensive accounts of the history of publishers and printers during this period, while works such as Brokaw and Reed 2010 and Li 2005 look at more specific topics, such as the histories of individual publishers and genres of printing. Pamphlets like The Story of the Commercial Press, Limited provide the publisher’s own account of their mission and history. Similar sources are quite numerous, because they were all written, edited, and printed in house. Welch 1968 touches on Buddhist publications as part of his comprehensive study of Buddhism in modern China, but his research does not reflect many of the publishers and publications listed elsewhere in this bibliography.
  6.  
  7. Brokaw, Cynthia, and Christopher A. Reed, eds. From Woodblocks to the Internet: Chinese Publishing and Print Culture in Transition, circa 1800 to 2008. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: E. J. Brill, 2010.
  8.  
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  10.  
  11. This volume of papers from twelve contributors covers various topics in Chinese print and media culture from the end of the Qing dynasty to the present. Notable for this topic are the papers on “New Buddhist Print Cultures” by Jan Kiely and on the Jesuit Periodical Press by Joachim Kurtz.
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  13. Find this resource:
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  16. Fan, Muhan 范慕韓, ed. Zhongguo yinshua jindai shi (chugao) (中國印刷近代史 [初稿]). Beijing, China: Yinshua gongye chubanshe, 1995.
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  19.  
  20. A comprehensive though very general history of publishers and printers in modern China, from the mission presses that first imported modern print technology, to the wartime and propaganda presses of the civil war. Invaluable are the numerous short, encyclopedia-style entries on many presses for which there is otherwise very little information available.
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  22. Find this resource:
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  25. Li, Jiaju 李家駒. Shangwu yinshuguan yu jindai zhishi wenhua de chuanbo (商務印書館與近代知識文化的傳播). Beijing, China: Shangwu yinshuguan, 2005.
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  28.  
  29. Examines the influence of the Commercial Press in shaping culture in modern China, from the intellectuals who worked as editors and authors, to the marketplace of ideas created by its publications. Most relevant are the first chapter, which is a general overview of the press’s place in modern history and of print culture theory, and the second chapter, which looks at the development of the press in more detail.
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  31. Find this resource:
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  34. Reed, Christopher A. Gutenberg in Shanghai: Chinese Print Capitalism, 1876–1937. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2004.
  35.  
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  37.  
  38. Studies the transmission of modern print technology to Shanghai and the development of its publishing industry. Has a great deal of information on specific types of printing presses, as well as the organizational structure of major Shanghai-based publishers and the print pioneers that founded them.
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  40. Find this resource:
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  43. The Story of the Commercial Press, Limited. Shanghai, China: Commercial Press, 1913.
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  46.  
  47. More public-relations pamphlet than scholarly work, this short booklet nevertheless provides an intriguing look into the workings of one of the largest and most influential presses in Republican-era China. Includes many photographs of staff, buildings, and departments of the Shanghai-based press.
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  49. Find this resource:
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  51.  
  52. Welch, Holmes. The Buddhist Revival in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968.
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  55.  
  56. Welch remains the most widely cited source for Buddhism in Republican China, and this influential work of his does include a short section on Buddhist publications. Note, however, that since the completion of Welch’s study many more publications have come to light, and thus his observations will have to be substantially revised. See pp. 99–102.
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  61. Reference Works
  62. A number of Internet resources have been compiled in recent years that provide useful data on publications, publishers, and the content of Chinese Buddhist texts. While full digital versions of texts can be found online, their quality varies greatly; electronic databases such as these provide researchers with valuable guides to find and use extant print sources. The Digital Bibliography of Chinese Buddhism provides searchable bibliographic data on publications of the era, while the Catalogue Database of Republican Era Buddhist Journals allows researchers to search periodical articles by keyword. Bainian zongjiao shumu provides a very large list of bibliographic data for works related to all Chinese religious traditions, although there is not as much detail and citation information provided as in the other two resources.
  63.  
  64. Bainian zongjiao shumu (百年宗教書目).
  65.  
  66. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  67.  
  68. This online data set currently contains 16,891 bibliographic entries for publications on the topic of religion published in Chinese between 1900 and 2000. It was originally compiled by Wang Zihua 王子華 at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and this version is hosted by a Daoist organization in Hong Kong.
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  70. Find this resource:
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  72.  
  73. Catalogue Database of Republican Era Buddhist Journals.
  74.  
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  76.  
  77. A project of Dharma Drum Buddhist College and overseen by Marcus Bingenheimer, this database includes entries on every article published in the reprint collection of Republican-era Buddhist periodicals (see Huang 2006 and Huang 2008, cited under Reprints of Major Publications). The database can be downloaded in its entirety, or entries can be searched by keyword using a web interface.
  78.  
  79. Find this resource:
  80.  
  81.  
  82. Digital Bibliography of Chinese Buddhism.
  83.  
  84. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  85.  
  86. Compiled as part of a dissertation project, this data set is intended to include entries on all Chinese Buddhist publications published during the Republican era. Its sources are drawn from published bibliographies, book catalogues, and library holdings.
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  88. Find this resource:
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  90.  
  91. Bibliographies
  92. These works represent comprehensive compilations of data on published works, drawing from a number of sources, and benefit from the compiler’s critical editing input. As such they have a much broader scope than many of the publisher’s catalogues (cited under Catalogues). They are limited, however, to what the surveyed libraries and archives have collected and thus should not be treated as definitive accounts of what published texts were in circulation. Ping 1935 is typical of many bibliographies of that period in that it contains very few Buddhist publications. Löwenthal 1940 is a rare source that not only lists many of the Buddhist periodicals then in circulation but also others that had by then ceased publication. More recent works such as Beijing tushuguan 1985 attempt very comprehensive lists of published books, while others such as Long 2010 focus on a single library’s collection. Luo 2010 is primarily a historical study of the Jinling Scriptural Press but also contains tables of publication information on its published materials, much of which has been incorporated into the Digital Bibliography of Chinese Buddhism (cited under Reference Works).
  93.  
  94. Beijing tushuguan, 北京圖書館, ed. Minguo shiqi zong shumu (民國時期總書目). Vol. 15 (宗教). Beijing, China: Shumu wenxian chubanshe, 1985.
  95.  
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  97.  
  98. A multivolume comprehensive bibliography, of which volume 15, pp. 15–89, covers Buddhist publications. Entries are organized by subject headings, and different editions are organized under a single heading. There is a small number of misprinted characters, but overall the data is quite accurate. Information is based on the holdings of the Beijing, Shanghai, and Chongqing libraries.
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  102.  
  103. Long, Xiangyang 龍向洋, ed. Meiguo Hafo daxue Hafo-Yanjing tushuguan zang minguo shiqi tushu zongmu (美國哈佛大學哈佛燕京圖書館藏民國時期圖書總目). Guilin, China: Guangxi shifan daxue chubanshe, 2010.
  104.  
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  106.  
  107. Covers Republican-era Buddhist publications held in the Harvard-Yenching library. Entries include both the library’s own index number for the item as well as its HOLLIS index number. An “(m.)” following an entry indicates that it also appears in Beijing tushuguan 1985. Misprinted characters are an unfortunate problem with this source. English title is Catalogue of Books of the Period of the Republic of China Collected in Harvard-Yenching Library, Harvard University. See pp. 104–127.
  108.  
  109. Find this resource:
  110.  
  111.  
  112. Löwenthal, Rudolf. The Religious Periodical Press in China. Beijing, China: The Synodal Commission in China, 1940.
  113.  
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  115.  
  116. A unique, multivolume study of religious periodicals. The section on Buddhist periodicals does not cover the full range of publications we now know to have existed but still provides detailed data on many titles, including estimates of circulation numbers. Bound volumes examine the history of religious periodicals for different religions in China, while bibliographic data is collected in large-format charts.
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  120.  
  121. Luo, Cheng 羅琤. Jinling kejing chu yanjiu (金陵刻經處硏究). Shanghai, China: Shanghai shehui kexue yuan, 2010.
  122.  
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  124.  
  125. Cited under Buddhist Publishers and Publishing Houses as a study of the Jinling Scriptural Press, it also has a number of pages of bibliographic data on the press’s output during the years 1912–1949. Entries are organized by type, either single-title publications or collected volumes containing a number of scriptural titles. See pp. 182–201.
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  128.  
  129.  
  130. Ping, Xin 平心, ed. Quanguo zong shumu (全國總書目). Shanghai, China: Shenghuo shudian, 1935.
  131.  
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  133.  
  134. A very large bibliography that attempts to list all titles in print in China in 1935, this work contains about eighty entries on Buddhism. Entries do not include date of publication but do list the publishers. Also lists works translated from other languages to Chinese.
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  137.  
  138.  
  139. Catalogues
  140. These sources differ from bibliographies in that they represent an advertised record of the materials being offered for sale by a particular publisher or retailer at a specific time. Book catalogues were often issued periodically and thus provide us with a timeline of publication for different presses, although determining whether the titles and items advertised were ever actually published or sold—because many catalogues include items listed as being “forthcoming” or “in press”—is more difficult. In addition to the sources cited in the following subsections, there are a large number of catalogues for the larger commercial presses that have very small sections of Buddhist publications. Only those catalogues with a substantial number of Buddhist entries, or those of particular historical interest, are included here. The subsections cover catalogues produced by the Jinling Scriptural Press, other scriptural presses and scripture distributors, Shanghai Buddhist Books, and other commercial and religious presses.
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  142. Jinling Scriptural Press
  143. Founded in Nanjing 南京 by Yang Wenhui 楊文會 (b. 1837–d. 1911) in 1897, the Jinling Scriptural Press 金陵刻經處 was both the most prolific and the best-known scriptural press of the late Qing and Republican eras. Yang 2000 was the first catalogue of publications it issued in the Republican period and was followed by a number of catalogues in the 1930s, the content of which is all very similar. Jinling kejingchu liutong jingdian mulu is available in three editions: while the 1931 (see Xu and Song 2003) and Liu 2010 issues are very similar, the 1956 edition is of particular interest, because it was around this time when the printing blocks of several scriptural presses were consolidated and entrusted to the care of the Jinling Press.
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  145. Jinling kejingchu liutong jingdian mulu (金陵刻經處流通經典目錄). [s.l.]: [s.n.], 1956.
  146.  
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  148.  
  149. This catalogue differs substantially from the earlier editions. It was handwritten and probably reproduced by mimeograph. Some characters are difficult to read because of the poor quality of reproduction. Entries include title, author and/or translator, number of volumes, and price. Titles that were then missing printing blocks are noted. Approximately 1,175 entries in total.
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  153.  
  154. Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, ed. “Jinling kejingchu liutong jingdian mulu (金陵刻經處流通經典目錄).” In Vol. 20, Minguo shiqi chuban shumu huibian (民國時期出版書目彙編). By Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, 1–76. Beijing, China: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2010.
  155.  
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  157.  
  158. Originally published in 1934, the titles listed in “Jinling kejingchu liutong jingdian mulu” are mostly identical to the 1931 edition, but the advertised prices have increased for many titles.
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  162.  
  163. Xu Shu 徐蜀 and Song Anli 宋安莉, eds. “Jinling kejingchu liutong jingdian mulu (金陵刻經處流通經典目錄).” In Vol. 27, Zhongguo jindai guji chuban faxing shiliao congkan (中國近代古籍出版發行史料叢刊). Edited by Xu Shu 徐蜀 and Song Anli 宋安莉, 713–786. Beijing, China: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2003.
  164.  
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  166.  
  167. Published in 1931 and printed by xylography. Entries only include title and retail price, although if a volume contains more than one title this is noted. Titles are organized by canonical category. Contains approximately one thousand entries. The last two pages list some (possibly lithographed) Buddhist images (yinzhao xiangpian 印照像片).
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  171.  
  172. Yang Wenhui 楊文會, ed. “Foxue shumu biao (佛學書目表).” In Yang Renshan quanji (楊仁山全集) . Edited by Yang Wenhui 楊文會, 344–368. Hefei, China: Huangshan shushe, 2000.
  173.  
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  175.  
  176. Issued around 1912 as part of Yang Wenhui’s posthumous works, “Foxue shumu biao” lists 127 entries each with detailed information on title, author and/or translator, number of fascicles, location where the printing blocks were carved, and notes on the work. Entries are organized according to their place in the categories of the Buddhist scriptural canon.
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  181. Other Scriptural Presses, Scripture Distributors, and Temple Collections
  182. Several scriptural presses were active during the Republican era, and along with scripture distributors these presses were highly prolific in printing and circulating Buddhist texts. The institutions were also linked together through a network of retailing and reprinting each other’s scriptural texts. Changzhou Tianning si kejingchu shumu 1913 is an early example of a scriptural press catalogue being reprinted in a Buddhist periodical, while later catalogues such as Xu and Song 2003 demonstrate how scriptural presses had developed substantial catalogues and had become well-established by the beginning of the 1920s. Wei 2006 provides data on the work of one scripture distributor and its links to other presses and can be viewed in tandem with Yin and Li 2008 to chart their development over the decade. Catalogues such as Liu 2010a and Liu 2010b only provide us with information on the titles then being published but also provide information on the inner workings of these institutions. Finally, temple collections such as the one catalogued in Liu 2010a offer a tantalizing glimpse into what the private scriptural libraries of some of the major temples of the era might have looked like.
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  184. “Changzhou Tianning si kejingchu shumu (常州天寧寺刻經處書目).” Foxue congbao 佛學叢報 7 (June 1913), Minguo Fojiao qikan wenxian jicheng 3: 145–148.
  185.  
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  187.  
  188. “Changzhou Tianning si kejingchu shumu (常州天寧寺刻經處書目)” was published in the periodical Foxue congbao (佛學叢報) (Buddhist Studies Magazine) and lists title, number of fascicles and volumes, and price for each entry. There are approximately 160 entries in total, listed according to its case number, a traditional scheme that follows the order of the characters in the Qian zi jing (千字經) (Thousand-Character Classic).
  189.  
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  192.  
  193. Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, ed. “Gushan Yongquan chansi jingban mulu (鼓山湧泉禪寺經板目錄).” In Vol. 19, Minguo shiqi chuban shumu huibian (民國時期出版書目彙編). Edited by Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, 602–671. Beijing, China: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2010a.
  194.  
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  196.  
  197. “Gushan Yongquan chansi jingban mulu (鼓山湧泉禪寺經板目錄)” was first printed c. 1932 and includes prefaces by Xuyun 虛雲 (b. 1840–d. 1959) and Hongyi 弘一 (b. 1880–d. 1942). It has approximately 180 entries, listing title, format, number of fascicles and pages, author and/or translator, and era in which the printing blocks were carved for each item. Although the catalogue is printed, there are also handwritten marginal notations for many items.
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  200.  
  201.  
  202. Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, ed. “Zhongyang kejingyuan shumu 中央刻經院書目.” In Vol. 20, Minguo shiqi chuban shumu huibian (民國時期出版書目彙編). Edited by Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, 76–113. Beijing, China: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2010b.
  203.  
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  205.  
  206. “Zhongyang kejingyuan shumu (中央刻經院書目)” was published in Beijing c. 1926 and has about one hundred entries, listing the title, price, and a substantial synopsis for the work. Prices are quoted per one thousand copies. Data on the policies of the publisher, the history of scriptural publishing, its benefits, stock issues, and plans for expansion are also provided at the beginning and end of the catalogue.
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  210.  
  211. Wei Lei 韋力, ed. “Foxue shumu 佛學書目.” In Zhilanzhai 芷蘭齋, collected by Zhongguo jindai guji chuban faxing shiliao congkan bubian (中國近代古籍出版發行史料叢刊 · 補編). Edited by Wei Li 韋力, Vol. 5, 439–546; Vol. 6, 1–211. Beijing, China: Xianzhuang shuju, 2006.
  212.  
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  214.  
  215. Issued in 1923 by the Beijing Scripture Distributor, “Foxue shumu (佛學書目),” includes a two-page table of contents listing the page number for each scriptural category. For each entry the title, author and/or translator, number of fascicles and volumes, and price is provided. There are approximately thirty-three hundred entries in total. An advertisement in volume 6, p. 210, of the reprint provides some information on the location and policies of the scripture distributor.
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  220. Xu Shu 徐蜀 and Song Anli 宋安莉, eds. “Beijing Gengshen Fojing liutongchu mulu (北京庚申佛經流通處目錄) .” In Vol. 27, Zhongguo jindai guji chuban faxing shiliao congkan (中國近代古籍出版發行史料叢刊). Edited by Xu Shu 徐蜀 and Song Anli 宋安莉, 560–714. Beijing, China: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2003.
  221.  
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  223.  
  224. Originally issued in 1920, “Beijing Gengshen Fojing liutongchu mulu” was printed using lithography from a handwritten original. Entries include title, author and/or translator, number of volumes, and price, and are ordered according to canonical category. There are approximately 1,152 entries, including several pages at the end of the catalogue that list printed Buddhist images offered for sale.
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  229. Yin Mengxia 殷夢霞 and Li Shasha 李莎莎, eds. “Foxue shumu (佛學書目).” In Vol. 10, Zhongguo jindai guji chuban faxing shiliao congkan, xubian (中國近代古籍出版發行史料叢刊 · 續編). Edited by Yin Mengxia 殷夢霞 and Li Shasha 李莎莎, 191–410. Beijing, China: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2008.
  230.  
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  232.  
  233. First published by the Gengshen Scriptural Distributor 庚申佛經流通處 in Beijing (then called Beiping 北平) in 1934, this was the fifth edition of “Foxue shumu (佛學書目).” The format is very similar to that of Wei 2006, and includes approximately 3,120 entries in total. The last few pages list religious items such as lamps, incense burners, monastic clothing, incense, and prayer beads.
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  237.  
  238. Shanghai Buddhist Books
  239. This was the largest press to specialize in Buddhist publications during the Republican era. It had a significant and pervasive influence on the Buddhist publishing world almost from its founding in late 1929, particularly as the publisher of several important book series and periodicals. Liu 2010a is listed as the third issue of the press’s publishing catalogue, but so far no earlier catalogues have been reprinted. In Liu 2010b we find a substantial expansion of the press’s titles, while Liu 2010c records a much smaller range of titles being offered for sale, perhaps due to a consolidation of books being printed. Liu 2010e is of particular interest because it functioned as a periodical-length advertisement for the press’s books and includes lengthy excerpts from their published works. Finally, Liu 2010d provides valuable information on the Beijing branch of the press, its range of titles, and its procedures for ordering materials.
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  241. Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, ed. “Shanghai Foxue shuju tushu mulu (上海佛學書局圖書目錄), no. 3, 1930.” In Vol. 19, Minguo shiqi chuban shumu huibian (民國時期出版書目彙編). Edited by Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, 1–20. Beijing, China: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2010a.
  242.  
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  244.  
  245. The first few pages of “Shanghai Foxue shuju tushu mulu (上海佛學書局圖書目錄), no. 3, 1930” devote a substantial amount of space to advertising particular titles, while the remainder of the entries lists the title, number of volumes, and price for each item. There are approximately one hundred entries in total, followed by a list of prayer beads, religious items, and incense offered for sale. A brief outline of the press’s activities appears on the final page of the catalogue.
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  249.  
  250. Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, ed. “Foxue shuju tushu mulu 佛學書局圖書目錄, no. 6, 1933.” In Vol. 19, Minguo shiqi chuban shumu huibian (民國時期出版書目彙編). Edited by Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, 381–525. Beijing, China: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2010b.
  251.  
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  253.  
  254. “Foxue shuju tushu mulu 佛學書局圖書目錄, no. 6, 1933,” published after the press had been in operation for a few years, includes a table of contents as well as an index number for each item. Entries include title, author and/or translator, number of volumes, and price. The first few pages have information on press policies, as well as procedures for ordering books by mail. Totals approximately thirty-three hundred entries.
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  257.  
  258.  
  259. Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, ed. “Foxue shuju tushu mulu 佛學書局圖書目錄, no. 8, 1935.” In Vol. 19, Minguo shiqi chuban shumu huibian (民國時期出版書目彙編). Edited by Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, 527–602. Beijing, China: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2010c.
  260.  
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  262.  
  263. Substantially smaller than Liu 2010b, “Foxue shuju tushu mulu (佛學書局圖書目錄), no. 8, 1935” lists items in a larger font and provides more detail on the content and format for each work. The last few pages list printed religious images for sale, and the final page provides a comprehensive list of local retailers, most of which are scriptural presses or distributors. There are approximately 570 entries in total.
  264.  
  265. Find this resource:
  266.  
  267.  
  268. Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, ed. “Beijing Foxue shuju Foxue tushu mulu (北京佛學書局佛學圖書目錄).” In Vol. 18, Minguo shiqi chuban shumu huibian (民國時期出版書目彙編). Edited by Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, 487–660. Beijing, China: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2010d.
  269.  
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  271.  
  272. Originally published in 1938, this catalogue includes works both published in-house and by scriptural presses all over China. Each entry lists the publisher, print type, title, author and/or translator, number of volumes, and price. The last few pages list religious items for sale, and information on purchasing policies also appears. Approximately fifty-eight hundred entries in total.
  273.  
  274. Find this resource:
  275.  
  276.  
  277. Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, ed. “Foxue chubanjie (佛學出版界), 1932–1934.” In Vol. 19, Minguo shiqi chuban shumu huibian (民國時期出版書目彙編). Edited by Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, 21–380. Beijing, China: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2010e.
  278.  
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  280.  
  281. “Foxue chubanjie (佛學出版界) 1932–1934” was a periodical published from 1932 to outline the content of several titles published by Shanghai Buddhist Books, often including an excerpt from the text. Yu Liaoweng 余了翁 (b. 1873–d. 1941) was editor. There are approximately one hundred entries listed in total.
  282.  
  283. Find this resource:
  284.  
  285.  
  286. Commercial and Other Religious Presses
  287. Most large commercial presses published at least a few Buddhist titles, but it was among the smaller presses that specialized in religious works where we find a substantial number of Buddhist titles being produced. Youzheng Press 有正書局 was founded by Di Chuqing 狄楚青 (b. c. 1873–d. 1941), who also published the earliest Chinese Buddhist periodical, and it retailed a large number of scriptures printed by the scriptural presses. Publishers such as Mingshan Press 明善書局, Shanghai Medical Press 上海醫學書局, and Daode Press 道德書局 published a large number of titles associated with different religious traditions, a reflection of the wide range of religious interests and commitments among the lay elite in Republican-era Shanghai. Shanghai Youzheng shuju faxing Fojing liutongsuo shumu is an early example of how local presses helped to distribute publications by scriptural presses while selling their own books as well. Liu 2010d and Liu 2010e are both catalogues of Mingshan Press, which specialized in religious and morality books from many different Chinese religious traditions, and which demonstrate the substantial interplay between confessional identities in the world of print. Liu 2010a chronicles the publications of the Shanghai Medical Press and again contains works not only on Buddhism but also on Daoist and medical subjects. Liu 2010b and Liu 2010c similarly contain a small number of Buddhist titles as part of a wide range of religious, philosophical, and moralistic works.
  288.  
  289. Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, ed. “Chuban mulu 出版目錄, no. 7.” In Vol. 14, Minguo shiqi chuban shumu huibian (民國時期出版書目彙編). Edited by Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, 647–748. Beijing, China: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2010a.
  290.  
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  292.  
  293. Issued by the Shanghai Medical Press in September 1934, “Chuban mulu 出版目錄, no. 7” includes medical, literary, and Buddhist titles. Most of the works are by Ding Fubao 丁福保 (b. 1874–d. 1952), the press’s founder. For each item, title, author, price, and an abstract are listed. Approximately sixty-eight Buddhist entries are included.
  294.  
  295. Find this resource:
  296.  
  297.  
  298. Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, ed. “Daode shuju jingshu mulu (道德書局經書目錄).” In Vol. 20, Minguo shiqi chuban shumu huibian (民國時期出版書目彙編). Edited by Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, 151–188. Beijing, China: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2010b.
  299.  
  300. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  301.  
  302. Although the date of publication for this catalogue is unknown, it is likely sometime after the mid-1930s. Daode Press published books from a wide range of religious traditions, as well as many different types of printed scrolls with moral messages on them. There are approximately eighty titles in this catalogue that relate closely to Buddhism.
  303.  
  304. Find this resource:
  305.  
  306.  
  307. Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, ed. “Daode shuju shumu 道德書局書目.” In Vol. 20, Minguo shiqi chuban shumu huibian (民國時期出版書目彙編). Edited by Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, 115–150. Beijing, China: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2010c.
  308.  
  309. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  310.  
  311. “Daode shuju shumu 道德書局書目” has a large number of Buddhist symbols and images, as well as books and materials from other religious traditions. Buddhist books appear throughout the listing of items, for which the title, number of volumes, and price is provided.
  312.  
  313. Find this resource:
  314.  
  315.  
  316. Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, ed. “Mingshan shuju tushu mulu 明善書局圖書目錄.” In Vol. 20, Minguo shiqi chuban shumu huibian (民國時期出版書目彙編). Edited by Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, 189–227. Beijing, China: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2010d.
  317.  
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  319.  
  320. Published by Mingshan Press in 1932, “Mingshan shuju tushu mulu” lists a wide range of religious titles, of which there are about eighteen relating closely to Buddhism. The prefatory material has a great deal of information on the policies and mission of the press. The final page is a list of printed religious scrolls.
  321.  
  322. Find this resource:
  323.  
  324.  
  325. Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, ed. “Shanghai Mingshan shuju (上海明善書局).” In Vol. 20, Minguo shiqi chuban shumu huibian (民國時期出版書目彙編). Edited by Liu Hongquan 劉洪權, 229–333. Beijing, China: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2010e.
  326.  
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  328.  
  329. There are only about thirty Buddhist entries in this catalogue, which was published by Mingshan Press in the late 1930s. Instructions for ordering by post can be found at the beginning of the catalogue, while an advertisement for the press periodical Cishan huikan 慈善彙刊 appears at the end.
  330.  
  331. Find this resource:
  332.  
  333.  
  334. “Shanghai Youzheng shuju faxing Fojing liutongsuo shumu (上海有正書局發行佛經流通所書目).” Foxue congbao 佛學叢報, 15 June 1914, Minguo Fojiao qikan wenxian jicheng 4: 559–569.
  335.  
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  337.  
  338. Shorter catalogues from the Youzheng Press had appeared in earlier issues of Foxue congbao 佛學叢報, but its final issue featured this comprehensive catalogue. Items are categorized by publisher and reflect a wide circulation of works produced by each press. For each item, title, number of volumes, and price are listed. Approximately 680 entries.
  339.  
  340. Find this resource:
  341.  
  342.  
  343. Printing in Chinese History
  344. Research on the history of printing technology and culture in China has taken off in recent years as scholars explore the scientific, technological, artistic, and cultural aspects of print history. Works such as Martinique 1983, often produced by libraries as part of their research in to preservation techniques, guide the researcher through the nuts and bolts of how the printed artifacts were actually designed and constructed. More comprehensive works such as Zhang and Qi 2006 provide information on the long history of printing in China but tend to mention Buddhist works only in passing. Studies that specifically focus on Buddhist publishing have recently begun to appear. Zhou 1985 is one early example of scholarship on Buddhist printing undertaken by a state printing office. Art history studies such as Zhou 1998 address the rich history of print illustration in Buddhist publications, one that was developed alongside that of text.
  345.  
  346. Martinique, Edward. Chinese Traditional Bookbinding: A Study of Its Evolution and Technique. San Francisco: Chinese Materials Center, 1983.
  347.  
  348. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  349.  
  350. A technical account of the history of making, binding, and decorating printed books in Chinese history. Invaluable as a guide to the various types of binding and packaging used for printed works prior to the modern period.
  351.  
  352. Find this resource:
  353.  
  354.  
  355. Zhang, Xiumin 張秀民, and Han Qi 韓琦. Zhongguo yinshua shi (中國印刷史). 2 vols. Hangzhou, China: Zhejiang guji chubanshe, 2006.
  356.  
  357. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  358.  
  359. This expanded version of the 1989 edition adds many illustrations and additional information to this comprehensive history of printing in China from the Tang to the Qing dynasty. Subjects covered include woodblock and movable type printing, as well as biographical studies of important printing artisans and engineers. A substantial research bibliography is also provided.
  360.  
  361. Find this resource:
  362.  
  363.  
  364. Zhou, Shaoliang 周紹良. “Ming Yongle nianjian neifu kanben Fojiao jingji (明永樂年間內府刊本佛教經籍).” Wenwu (文物) (April 1985): 39–41.
  365.  
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  367.  
  368. A brief but detailed overview of several important scriptural texts printed by the Ming during the Yongle era (1402–1424). Research is based on examination of original editions and provides information on the quality and conditions of their printing.
  369.  
  370. Find this resource:
  371.  
  372.  
  373. Zhou, Xinhui 周心慧, ed. Zhongguo gudai Fojiao banhua ji (中國古代佛教版畫集). 3 vols. Beijing, China: Xueyuan chanbanshe, 1998.
  374.  
  375. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  376.  
  377. This set of books provides the researcher with representative illustrations of Buddhist prints in Chinese history, from its roots in Han dynasty stele carvings through the earliest proper prints in the Tang up to the early Republican era. For each illustration, its source and a brief background are noted. Several examples from the late Qing and Republican eras appear, including some prints from Ding and Yuanchen 1970 (cited under Reprints of Major Publications).
  378.  
  379. Find this resource:
  380.  
  381.  
  382. Publishing in Chinese Buddhist History
  383. Texts have been at the center of Buddhist religiosity in China from its introduction around the beginning of the Common Era. Many of the most influential Mahāyāna scriptures explicitly encourage their reproduction and promise untold merit for those who do so, which led to a wide range of printing and publishing endeavors in Chinese Buddhist history. From the earliest woodblock prints of the 9th century, through to the burgeoning commercial presses of the Song and the large-scale canon printings that followed, collecting, composing, editing, copying, publishing, distributing, and reading texts played a key role in the premodern history of Buddhism in China. The two Shi works (Shi 1978a, Shi 1978b) are very broad but excellent guides to the outlines of what is a complex and long history. Studies such as Bell 1996 and Huang 2011 focus on the content of the printed texts and how new printing processes made new types of messages possible. Lancaster 2012 reviews the issues that the earliest compilers and translators of Buddhist texts dealt with in defining the boundaries of the Buddhist canon. Much of the scholarship cited below also examines the larger context of classical, Confucian, literary, and other genres of Chinese print culture.
  384.  
  385. Bell, Catherine. “‘A Precious Raft to Save the World’: The Interaction of Scriptural Traditions and Printing in a Chinese Morality Book.” Late Imperial China 17.1 (1996): 158–200.
  386.  
  387. DOI: 10.1353/late.1996.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  388.  
  389. Looks at the intersection between media and message in shanshu 善書 (morality books), wherein readers were encouraged to copy and republish the media as a virtuous act. Although the texts it covers are not exclusively Buddhist in orientation, its observations can be applied to many types of scriptural genres as well.
  390.  
  391. Find this resource:
  392.  
  393.  
  394. Huang, Shih-shan Susan. “Early Buddhist Illustrated Prints in Hangzhou.” In Knowledge and Text Production in an Age of Print: China, 900–1400. Edited by Lucille Chia and Hilde De Weerdt, 135–165. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: E. J. Brill, 2011.
  395.  
  396. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  397.  
  398. Explores the production of Buddhist illustrated prints produced in Hangzhou, a new type of print medium that was primarily developed among private commercial printers. These visual texts were influential in producing a new visual culture in which the motifs and symbolism of these prints became part of the standard artist repertoire for religious prints in later eras.
  399.  
  400. Find this resource:
  401.  
  402.  
  403. Lancaster, Lewis. “The Movement of Buddhist Texts from India to China and the Construction of the Chinese Buddhist Canon.” Paper presented at a conference held in January 1993 at Hsi Lai Temple in Hacienda Heights, California. In Buddhism across Boundaries: The Interplay of Indian, Chinese, and Central Asian Source Materials. Edited by John R. McRae and Jan Nattier, 226–238. Sino-Platonic Papers 222. Philadelphia: Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania, 2012.
  404.  
  405. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  406.  
  407. A comprehensive history of transmission, translation, and canon formation in the earliest era of Chinese Buddhism. Covers a number of important topics in the study of Buddhist print culture, including typology and historical bibliography.
  408.  
  409. Find this resource:
  410.  
  411.  
  412. Shi, Daoan 釋道安. Zhongguo dazangjing fanyi keyin shi 中國大藏經翻譯刻印史. Taipei, Taiwan: Zhonghua dadian bianyin hui, 1978a.
  413.  
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  415.  
  416. Chronological history of translators, editions, and printings of the East Asian Buddhist scriptural canon. Includes a comprehensive table of scriptural translators on pp. 405–426.
  417.  
  418. Find this resource:
  419.  
  420.  
  421. Shi, Daoan 釋道安. Zhongguo dazangjing diaoke shihua (中國大藏經雕刻史話). Taipei, Taiwan: Zhonghua dadian bianyin hui, 1978b.
  422.  
  423. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  424.  
  425. Historical study of scriptural publishing in Chinese history. In contrast to Shi 1978a, this volume focuses more on the individual canon collections and the carving of their printing blocks rather than the translators or compilers. Also includes discussions of Tibetan, Korean, and Japanese canons.
  426.  
  427. Find this resource:
  428.  
  429.  
  430. Reprints of Major Publications
  431. Chinese Buddhist publications from this era may be difficult if not impossible to obtain, because extant copies are often of such rarity and fragility that library staff have forbidden public viewing. Libraries and publishers have in the 21st century issued a number of multivolume reprints that have photographically reproduced the original content and appearance of the published works, sometimes working from a single surviving copy. Early reprints such as Ding and Yuanchen 1970 and Fozang jiyao bianwei hui made rare Buddhist texts more available for adherents to read. As the field of religious studies grew in popularity and stature in the early 2000s, scholars organized reprints for research purposes such as Huang 2006 and Huang 2008, both collections of Buddhist periodicals. Huang 1998 provides a photographic reprint of the earliest typeset Chinese Buddhist canon printed in the modern period, preserving its fonts, layout, and organization. Taixu 2003 is a reprint of the Buddhist periodical Haichaoyin; this set is also reprinted in Huang 2006, but this 2003 edition is of better quality and is often easier to find in libraries. Publishers in the People’s Republic of China continue to produce large multivolume reprint sets, as with Tian 2010, which includes a wide range of texts including book catalogues. Although the reproduction quality varies widely, and full bibliographic information is often left up to the researcher to discover, these reprint collections remain an invaluable resource for accessing the content of the original texts.
  432.  
  433. Ding, Zhongyou 丁仲祐 (Ding Fubao 丁福保), and Cai Yuanchen 蔡運辰, eds. Dingshi Foxue congshu (丁士佛學叢書). Taipei, Taiwan: Beihai chuban shiye youxian gongsi, 1970.
  434.  
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  436.  
  437. This collection of annotated scriptures and books for beginners was originally compiled by Ding Fubao between 1918 and the early 1920s and was widely reprinted and distributed in the following decades. Includes Ding’s autobiography as well as a series of printed images for one of the annotated scriptures. This reprint does not include Ding’s Foxue da cidian 佛學大辭典 (Great Dictionary of Buddhist Studies), which is available elsewhere in both digital and reprint (Taipei, Taiwan: Huayan lianshe, 1956) editions.
  438.  
  439. Find this resource:
  440.  
  441.  
  442. Fozang jiyao bianwei hui 佛藏輯要編委會, ed. Fozang jiyao (佛藏輯要). 41 vols. Chengdu, China: Bashu shushe, 1993.
  443.  
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  445.  
  446. A reprint collection of Buddhist literature, from canonical texts to Republican-era monographs. Contains many texts that are difficult to find elsewhere. The quality of the photographic reproduction is quite good, but unfortunately the original bibliographic information has usually been excised from the reprint. Identifying the original publication information for these texts is thus often difficult. An online list of contents is available online.
  447.  
  448. Find this resource:
  449.  
  450.  
  451. Huang, Xianian 黃夏年, ed. Minguo Fojiao qikan wenxian jicheng (民國佛教期刊文獻集成). 209 vols. Beijing, China: Quanguo tushuguan, 2006.
  452.  
  453. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  454.  
  455. This massive collection reprints Buddhist periodicals from 1912 to the 1950s. In combination with the supplemental collection cited below, it includes more than 233 periodicals, although many of these are only represented by a few issues. See Reference Works for a digital index to the contents. For a scholarly outline of the collections, see Minguo Fojiao qikan wenxian jicheng.
  456.  
  457. Find this resource:
  458.  
  459.  
  460. Huang, Xianian 黃夏年, ed. Minguo Fojiao qikan wenxian jicheng bubian (民國佛教期刊文獻集成 補編). 83 vols. Beijing, China: Zhongguo shudian, 2008.
  461.  
  462. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  463.  
  464. This collection adds to the Minguo Fojiao qikan wenxian jicheng, supplementing missing issues and adding new titles as well. Reproduction quality is often better than that in the Minguo Fojiao qikan wenxian jicheng, although this varies greatly. This collection is often referenced as “MFQB.”
  465.  
  466. Find this resource:
  467.  
  468.  
  469. Huang, Zongyang 黃宗仰, ed. Pinjia jingshe jiaokan dazangjing (頻伽精舍校刊大藏經). Beijing, China: Jiuzhou tushu chubanshe, 1998.
  470.  
  471. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  472.  
  473. This was the first typeset edition of the Buddhist canon printed in modern China, edited and published in Shanghai during 1909–1913. A corrected version of an 1880s Japanese canon, it was valued for its small typeface that reduced the size and cost of the collection. In spite of its typographical errors, it continued to be republished throughout the Republican era.
  474.  
  475. Find this resource:
  476.  
  477.  
  478. Taixu 太虛, ed. Haichao yin (海潮音). Shanghai, China: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 2003.
  479.  
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  481.  
  482. Haichao yin was the longest-running Buddhist periodical of Republican China. This reprint is of better quality than that found in the Minguo Fojiao qikan wenxian jicheng and is especially useful as a source for photographs. The catalogue database can be used to find articles in this reprint by cross-referencing the periodical’s own volume, issue, and page number rather than its location in the Minguo Fojiao qikan wenxian jicheng reprint.
  483.  
  484. Find this resource:
  485.  
  486.  
  487. Tian, Qi 田奇, ed. Minguo shiqi Fojiao ziliao huibian (民國時期佛教資料匯編). 16 vols. Beijing, China: Guojia Tushuguan Chubanshe, 2010.
  488.  
  489. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  490.  
  491. This collection is a photographic reprint of Buddhist publications from the Republican era. Its content is quite eclectic and includes biographical, periodical, bibliographical, and legal material, but is mostly made up of texts that were not yet available in a reprint edition. There is some overlap with the content of the Minguo Fojiao qikan wenxian jicheng collection and other reprints.
  492.  
  493. Find this resource:
  494.  
  495.  
  496. Buddhist Publishers and Publishing Houses
  497. Many eminent monastic and lay Buddhists were active as authors, editors, and publishers, and recent research on them has also given us more information about their contributions to print culture. These studies generally examine publishing as one among many types of religious commitments and activities, and thus, although they are not usually as detailed as other sources, do tend to better situate contributions related to print culture within a larger biographical narrative. Goldfuss 2001 and Luo 2010 examine Yang Wenhui 楊文會, the lay publisher often called the “father” of a modern Chinese Buddhist revival, and his press. Lingbing 2003 and the Luo 2010 study are both examples of a 21st-century growth in studies of modern Buddhist publishing coming out of the People’s Republic of China. Recent dissertations such as Aviv 2008 and Jessup 2010 have also devoted sections to discussing the publishing work of prominent Buddhists.
  498.  
  499. Aviv, Eyal. “Differentiating the Pearl from the Fish Eye: Ouyang Jingwu (1871–1943) and the Revival of Scholastic Buddhism.” PhD diss., Harvard University, 2008.
  500.  
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  502.  
  503. This section discusses how Ouyang Jingwu 歐陽竟無 (Ouyang Jian 歐陽漸) fared as manager of Yang Wenhui’s Jinling Scriptural Press in the 1910s. The press was one of the most prolific publishers of xylographic scriptures in the late Qing, and it continued to publish a great number of scriptural and scholarly Buddhist texts in the early Republic under Ouyang’s supervision. See pp. 50–75.
  504.  
  505. Find this resource:
  506.  
  507.  
  508. Goldfuss, Gabriele. Vers un bouddhisme du XXe siècle. Yang Wenhui (1837–1911), réformateur laïque et imprimeur. Paris: Collège de France, Institut des Hautes Études Chinoises, 2001.
  509.  
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  511.  
  512. A comprehensive study of the life and work of Yang Wenhui, founder of the Jinling Scriptural Press in Nanjing. Pays special attention to Yang’s relationships with and influence on his students, many of whom would become important figures in Republican-era Buddhist publishing.
  513.  
  514. Find this resource:
  515.  
  516.  
  517. Jessup, James Brooks. “The Householder Elite: Buddhist Activism in Shanghai, 1920–1956.” PhD diss., University of California at Berkeley, 2010.
  518.  
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  520.  
  521. Looks at Shanghai Foxue shuju 上海佛學書局 (Shanghai Buddhist Books) as part of a larger study of lay Buddhist activity in Shanghai during the period. Although brief, it covers the important features of the press and discusses its importance to those who invested their time and capital into the company. See pp. 49–59.
  522.  
  523. Find this resource:
  524.  
  525.  
  526. Lingbing, Meng 孟令兵. Lao Shanghai wenhua qipa: Shanghai Foxue shuju (老上海文化奇葩: 上海佛學書局). Shanghai, China: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 2003.
  527.  
  528. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  529.  
  530. Historical account of Shanghai Buddhist Books, which was the largest and most prolific specialist Buddhist press in Republican China. Covers the founders, major contributors, and important publications. Also includes some intriguing photographs of buildings that housed the publishing and retail operations of the press.
  531.  
  532. Find this resource:
  533.  
  534.  
  535. Luo, Cheng 羅琤. Jinling kejing chu yanjiu (金陵刻經處硏究). Shanghai, China: Shanghai shehui kexue yuan, 2010.
  536.  
  537. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  538.  
  539. A comprehensive study of the Jinling Scriptural Press and several other contemporaneous Buddhist scriptural publishers. Draws together both primary scholarship and secondary studies in Chinese and European languages. Includes a great deal of data, as cited under Bibliographies, on the output of the press during the Qing and Republican eras.
  540.  
  541. Find this resource:
  542.  
  543.  
  544. Print Culture History and Theory
  545. Although most studies dealing with print culture have focused on medieval and early modern European history, the issues and questions that they raise, mutatis mutandis, can be applied to the case of Buddhist print culture in modern China. Eisenstein 1991 was a landmark study that laid the groundwork for detailed historical scholarship on how print influenced larger trends in European history, a legacy that has recently been revisited in Baron, et al. 2007. The criticisms raised by McKitterick 2003, however, are important to take into account, as it redirects our attention from the technology to the social processes of print.
  546.  
  547. Baron, Sabrina Alcorn, Eric N. Lindquist, and Eleanor F. Shevlin, eds. Agent of Change: Print Culture Studies after Elizabeth L. Eisenstein. Amherst and Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, in association with The Center for the Book, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 2007.
  548.  
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  550.  
  551. A series of papers that revisits and expands on the landmark 1979 study by Eisenstein. Especially relevant are the chapter by Kai-wing Chow on reintroducing Chinese print history to narratives of the European “invention” of print, and the chapter by Roger Chartier that reappraises received notions about Eisenstein’s arguments and the legacy of print culture studies that was inspired by her work.
  552.  
  553. Find this resource:
  554.  
  555.  
  556. Eisenstein, Elizabeth. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early-Modern Europe. 2 vols. Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge Press, 1991.
  557.  
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  559.  
  560. This work was among the first to argue that print represented more than just a new medium of communication; yet it also made a significant impact on the historical development of societies. Arguing for the press as an “agent of change,” Eisenstein led historians in examining how print culture helped produce major intellectual and cultural developments in European history.
  561.  
  562. Find this resource:
  563.  
  564.  
  565. McKitterick, David. Print, Manuscript, and the Search for Order, 1450–1830. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  566.  
  567. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  568.  
  569. Critiques Eisenstein 1991’s study and argues that the study of print culture must embrace both technological and sociological subjects in order to view the entire historical picture. McKitterick focuses on the people and social structures surrounding the business and craft of print and notes that human concerns were always at the forefront of how cutting-edge print technology and techniques were used.
  570.  
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