2017-09-06 TOEFL: word roots, reading vocab

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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With your partner, think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
ego = self
endo = in/inside (the opposite is “ecto” or “exo”)
epi = on/upon
equi = same (quantity)
erg = work
esth/aesth = feel (many words that start with “aesth” have to do with beauty)
eu = good (opposite of “dys”)
ex/ect = out/outside
extra = beyond
fac/fact = make
fer = carry
flect/flex = bend
fore = before/front (This is historically related to “first” and pre/pro/proto/prime.)
fract/frag = break
fug = escape
funct = work/perform
gen = create/make/birth (From the “birth” meaning, we get more general words related to “family” and “type”. This root is related to the root of “kind” in English.)
geo = Earth
graph = write/draw
grat = favor/please
helio = sun
hemo = blood
hetero = different
homo = same
hydro = water (or more generally fluid)
hyper = over
hypo = under
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euphemism: restroom, washroom, WC (water closet), lavatory, toilet, bathroom
dysphemism: shitter
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TIxom2ttmD8 - Using bananas as a hydraulic fluid.
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When you see new words in your reading, one thing you can do to guess the meaning is identify any roots or prefixes and suffixes that make the word.
What are some other ways you can try to figure out the meaning of a word?
context = the other words around the word you’re looking at
- compare/contrast words can tell you if your word is the synonym or antonym of another word or idea
DELTA p. 49-52 describes some other context clues you can use to figure out what a word means
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“Because of their similar teeth, [A] and [B] are believed to have evolved from the same ancestral groups as the [C], [D], and other mustelids.”
Even if you don’t know any of the missing words, you should be able to figure out a few things about “mustelids”.
- “teeth” means they’re animals
- They evolved from the same ancestral group as [A] and [B], meaning mustelids are modern.
- Mustelids include [C] and [D].
- Mustelids do not include [A] or [B].
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Handout (Longman Intro) p. 14 - Choose the correct answer to each of these easy vocabulary questions.
8 C
9 B
10 C
11 A
12 D
13 D
14 A
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BREAK
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(Longman Prep) p. 13 “Smog” - Take 3 minutes to choose the correct answer to each question.
1 B
2 D
3 C
4 A
5 B
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p. 15 “Parasitic Plants” - After you answer the questions, check with your partner and point to where you found the answer in the text.
11 C
12 A - “haustoria, which the parasite uses to [penetrate] the food channels of the host plant and absorb the nutrients that it needs to survive”
	= The parasite uses haustoria to penetrate the host plant and get food.
  -> It’s something from the parasite. It’s not something for the parasite or something of the host plant.
13 B
14 D
15 A
p. 16 “Edna Ferber” - Take 5 minutes to answer. Then check with your partner and convince them that your answer is correct if you disagree.
16 B
17 C (“break” and “rupture” can be synonyms in some contexts, but aren’t here)
18 B (If it’s a physical object, “place”, “position”, “put”, and “locate” can all mean approximately the same thing, but only “place” and “put” also work with abstract ideas like “value”.)
19 A
20 D (The main enemy is the antagonist.)
21 A
22 A
23 C
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p. 14 “Autism” - 2.5 minutes.
6 B
7 D
8 A
9 C - “multiple etiologies” is contrasted with “single causative factor”
10 B
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Handout (Cengage) p. 50-51 - In your own words, explain the meaning of the highlighted words from passages 1 and 2.
1 uninteresting, dull
2 continuous, unchanging
3 around/after sunset, opposite of “dawn”
4 basic
5 weak, not bright
6 garbage
7 walk around
8 gain control (from someone else)
9 course of studies, learning program
10 optional (courses you can choose which one to do)
11 emphasize
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Homework: Handout p. 52-56 - Finish describing terms in your own words for passages 2 and 3, and then begin exercise 2.2, the multiple choice section.