2019-03-21 Grammar: participial adjectives

Greg Malivuk
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http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all classes
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Homework: p. 152 exercise 3 - Complete the paragraph with adjectives in the correct order.
2 really useful (intensifier + opinion)
3 bright purple flannel (modifier + color + material)
4 pretty new French (opinion + age + origin)
5 original plastic (age/condition + material)
6 incredibly ugly, useless antique / useless, incredibly ugly antique (opinion + opinion + age)
7 plenty of expensive brand-new brightly colored European
 (determiner + price + age + color + origin)
8 over-crowded little dark bedroom (opinion + size + “color” + noun modifier)
9 nice handmade Italian (opinion + origin 1 + origin 2)
10 nice new (opinion + age)
11 poor old (opinion + age)
12 terrible frightening / frightening terrible (opinion + opinion)
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Sometimes an adjective that looks like it belongs in an “earlier” category is actually more fundamental to what we’re talking about
“North American black bear” and “European black bear”
- The type of animal is a black bear. There is a North American and a European variety.
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Participles as adjectives
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The teacher is bored because the students aren’t interesting.
The teacher is boring so the students aren’t interested.

For many pairs like this:
- past participle form is a feeling (bored, surprised, interested, tired, confused)
- present participle form (ing) is the cause (boring, surprising, interesting, tiring, confusing)

More generally:
- past partciple form is for the (passive) receiver of an action (stolen car, cooked steak, burnt toast)
- present participle form is for the (active) agent of an action (burning sun, loving mother, managing dir.)
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We can modify participles with the same words we can use with the original verbs:
A well-known actor is known well (known by many people).
A dangerous-looking animal looks dangerous.
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p. 155 exercise 6 - Complete the sentences with the correct participle forms.
1 a confused
  b confusing
2 a disappointing
  b disappointed
3 a Frightened
  b Frightening
4 a satisfying
  b sadisfied
5 a interested
  b interesting
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- “frightening children” could mean children who are frightening OR could mean the action of scaring children
“Frightening children live in the forest.” - the children are scary
“Frigthening children isn’t a nice thing to do.” - the action isn’t nice
- “was frightening” could mean there was a frightening thing in the past OR could be past continuous
“That movie was frightening. I didn’t like it.” - it was a frightening movie (adjective)
“That movie was frightening the kids, so I turned it off.” - past continuous
- Some -ing verbs are also simple nouns:
“This word has a difficult spelling.”
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Homework (optional): exercise 7 and 8 (before trying 8 you should read p. 157 focus 5)