2015-01-20 Structure: order of modifiers

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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Homework: p. 133 and p. 140 exercise 2
p. 133 part A
1 Most
2 amount of
3 any
4 a lot of
5 a couple (of)
6 The number of
7 many
8 little
9 plenty of
10 no
Some always use "of": amount, number, a lot, plenty, (couple)
Others use "of" if the quantified noun is specific: most of my friends, some of the students, many of the most important people
part B
1 many
2 much
3 a lot of
4 a few ("a few" and "a little" = "some")
5 a lot of / a number of
6 Every
part C
1 B - number
2 C - little
3 D - anything
4 A - A great many of
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no- words (nothing, no one, nowhere, no, none) are negative, but so are certain quantifiers and adverbs (few, little, rarely, seldom)
- We don't use these negative words together with "not". (That is a double negative, and is incorrect in English.)
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p. 140 exercise 2
2 new silk
3 ugly purple denim
4 suitable dress-up
5 interesting and important
  important and interesting
  interesting, important
  important, interesting
6 memorable good
  good, memorable
7 unstylish and sloppy (sloppy = untidy, not carefully put together)
8 round blue sapphire
9 oval green emerald
10 excellent tomato-and-cheese
11 fancy dress-up
12 beautiful purple denim
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A black bear is a specific species of bear: "European black bear", because "black" is more fundamental than the origin.
We sometimes talk about "big cats" as a specific category of felines (lions, tigers, cheetahs, panthers, leopards, etc.). You might say "African big cats".
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The boy is ten years old. He is a ten-year-old boy.
(As a single compound modifier, use hyphens and no plurals.)
We have eight 400-page grammar books.
Modifiers in English are almost never plural. (bookbag, not booksbag)

number-noun(-adjective): 400-page, 10-year-old, 20-minute(-long)

I have ten dollar bills. (I have $10.)
I have (some) ten-dollar bills. (I have $20 or $30 or $40...)
I have three ten-dollar bills. (I have $30.)
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p. 141 exercise 3
2 a one-paragraph / a one-paragraph-long ("a" goes with "assignment")
3 a 300-page(-long) ("a book")
4 a six-year(-long) ("an ordeal")
5 a stress-related
6 an eyesight-related
7 a 10-gallon
8 performance-induced
9 a two-month(-long)

noun-participle: prize-winning, stress-inducing, stress-induced, crime-related
adverb-participle: fast-driving, well-known
ajective-(verbed noun): long-haired, one-armed, three-legged

A stress-inducing behavior causes stress.
A stress-induced behavior is caused by stress.

A one-armed pirate has one arm. (from the noun "arm")
An armed pirate has weapons. (from the verb "arm")
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p. 142-143 exercise 4
2 a long-haired cat
3 a comfortable old jacket
4 an interesting, amusing experience
5 an 11-year-old child
6 an award-winning movie
7 a three-legged table
8 unusual-looking people
9 a short blue cotton skirt
10 a Chinese jade bowl
11 a 60-story building
12 a 90-pound bag

The experience amuses me. - it is an amusing experience
The movie won awards. - it was an award-winning movie

He is known well. - he is well-known
It was induced by stress. - it was stress-induced
I was amused by the experience. - I was amused
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(Also look at unit 20 about adverbial phrases.)