2017-08-02 Grammar: gerunds

Greg Malivuk
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http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Homework: p. 97 exercise 9 - Make sentences with these pairs of verbs (the first is the main verb and the second is the infinitive). At least three should use reflexive pronouns.
1 My friend reminds me to pay the bills.
2 The teacher warned the students not to forget their homework.
3 My friend convinced me to help her with the homework after school.
4 The company hired me to work on the new project.
5 The government requires people to pay taxes.
6 The law forbids young people to marry before age 18.
7 I invite you to join our party.
8 The teacher taught students to speak English.
9 We allowed ourselves to leave the meeting early.
10 I ordered my friend to send me the package.
11 The politicians urge people to vote for them.
12 I trust you to spend my money wisely.
13 I told my daughter not to eat junk food.
14 The teacher encourages the students to ask questions.
15 Security forced him to leave the office.
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Gerunds handout p. 107 - Write a couple more activities for each column, then compare with your partners.
I enjoy sleeping late.
I enjoy not getting up early. (This is something I normally have to do, but I don’t have to do it when I have a day off, and I enjoy that fact.)
I don’t enjoy doing the laundry.
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Like infinitives, gerunds can give affirmative/negative, active/passive, and perfect information:
I enjoy telling other people what to do. (active)
I don’t enjoy being told what to do. (passive)
I’m happy about having passed the test. (perfect)
= I’m happy about passing the test. (Perfect is okay but not common, because it doesn’t usually add meaning.)
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p. 111 - (pro)noun + gerund
Denise doesn’t approve of taking time off. (Nobody can take time off.)
Denise doesn’t approve of Peter’s taking time off. (Peter can’t take time off.)
	(Notice the use of the possessive. Gerund phrases function like nouns, so they can be “possessed” by people.)
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Remember, the -ing form can also be a participle, not just the gerund.
I saw him driving. = I saw him. He was driving at that time.
I saw his driving. = I saw the way he drives (but maybe I never saw him directly).
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Pattern 2 - verbs that change between gerund and infinitive if there’s an object
I advise drinking more water. = This is general advice to everyone.
I advise you to drink more water. = This is specific advice to you.
p. 113 exercise 7 - With your partner, come up with two sentences for each verb, one with an object and one without.
1 The companies require decreasing taxes.
  The teacher required the students to do the project.
2 The speech encouraged people to take more responsibility.
  The speech encouraged taking more responsibility.
3 My boss urged me to finish the project.
  Doctors urge eating more vegetables.
4 Nutritionists advise eating healthy food.
  The doctor advised the patient not to smoke.
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Pattern 3 - verbs that can be with or without an object, depending on who does the action
This is also the typical meaning for gerunds after prepositions:
I’m excited about going on vacation. = I’ll go on vacation.
I’m excited about my roommate’s going on vacation. = My roommate will go on vacation.
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Homework: p. 115 exercise 9 - Combine the sentences by replacing “this” with a gerund phrase that has the same meaning as the first sentence.