starfinder threw out the majority of the stock standard fantasy races
they exist, but they're not the focus
there are humans, androids, kasathas, lashunta, shirren, vesk, and ysoki
kasathas are four-armed people with big long skulls
shirren are bugs
ysoki are ratfolk
the vesk are the STO-style gorn
androids were basically second class citizens and while they are recognized as sapient beings with souls (they do have souls) they have suffered a lot due to racism, slavers skirting the law in the more lawless areas of the system, etc.
kasathas come from a different star system and live in a floatilla of colony ships, their home star is dying and their people took to the stars
they're very much the warrior-poet types
lashuntas come from castrovel, which welcomed the elves after golarion -- the home of humans, elves, dwarves, orcs, and a few other races -- disappeared over 300 years ago without a trace
a psychic ritual and pheremone control allow them to become a damayan (+int/-con) or korasha (+str/-wis)
the shirren are an offshoot of a hive-race of space bugs that broke away from the hive mind and became fiercely addicted to being individuals.  hella telepathic and great at working in teams
the ysoki are tinkerers and engineers and basically they're everywhere, friendly, run junk shops -- basically if you need a mechanic in a flash, they're your bet
the vesk are from the veskar imperium, a conqurer race that would take over planets and rename them Vesk-<the number in which they were conquered)
the pact worlds fought them to a standstill until The Swarm came and threatened to wipe out both of them, and so they signed an armistice and are now very uneasy allies of the pact worlds
they value combat and conquest but also brutal efficency and cutting edge tech-- they get along great with the robot life on the planet aballon
and then there are like 90 total minor alien species you can play
(i'm exaggerating only slightly)
dwarves are still brilliant engineers but a lot of them moved to the diaspora (an astroid belt made of the husks of two destroyed planets) where they are able to basically dig in and make huge mining complexes in the asteroids
elves live on castrovel.  after the events of 300 years ago they know they were betrayed and have become something of a reclusive, shut-in race.  if you are not an elf or a half-elf, you are not allowed in.  ever.  they will fucking murder you on the spot if you try to break in.
gnomes are mostly living on absalom station -- the space station that magically appeared in place of where the planet golarion once was -- and castrovel.  a metamagical event separates them into the feytouched and the bleachlings
pure-blood orcs are rare, so most half-orcs are the children of other mixed-race pairings along those lines, and they are scattered
halflings are basically everywhere and just as prolific as humans in exploring, colonizing, and basically banging everything that walks on two legs
opportunistic traders