(Pre Settlement)
Potlatch - Gift giving feast

Counting coup - Showing bravery in the face of an enemy

Three sisters - Squash, Maize, climbing beans.
Wampum - Aboriginal beads, sometimes used as money.
Kennewick man - Old remains found in columbia river, 8-9k.

Bering land bridge - Proposed by scholars, arrived in Americas from
Asian land bridge, low sea levels.

Coastal route theory - Traveled by boat down the pacific coast.
Traveled for years, lived where ice wasn't.

Soultrean theory - Came from eruope. Recent and controversial.

(Early settlement) Church attempts to spread influence. US, Brits,
France arrive. Mourning wars weakened Eastern confederecies, Haud
and Wendat prior.

Cabot - Claims NFLD for England 1497
Cartier - Claims Gaspe for France 1534. Stays, gets sick, helped by
Indians. Stays, disputes with them, kidnaps Donnaconna.

Common to be under supplied, battle winter, disease, lack of
resources, hard to build settlement.

Brits and french fought for Acadia. Brits name it Nova Soctia and in
1633 sell it back to French. French and english continue to battle
for it. Port royal becomes annapolis, French feel isolated, fort
louisburg. British granted land in Halifax. Acadian demand exemption
from military service and catholic recognition as french neutrals.
Brits refuse, require unconditional loyalty. Cornwallis refused
request, battle for Acadia continues for 5 more years. 1755 expelled,
sent to New England, Louisiana.

(Birth of New France)
Tadoussac post 1600 oldest continuous European settlement. Champlain
arrives in 1603. Becomes fur trade outpost, champlain establishes
Quebec City. New France unperforms. Aboriginals fighting among
themselves. Heavily dependent on France and Abs for food, land
clearing expensive, easier to leave to fur trade. Indians wouldn't
allow trapping. France drawn into M-wars. Brits and dutch harass
French outposts.

Louis 4 sends daughters of the king, company of 100 agrees to
transport 4000 to Canada. Only french catholics oversee each
settlement. Company granted in perpetuity whole country of New France
Folded in 1563

Seigneurial system - Offers noble seigneuries.
Seigneur - Landholder, often merchant.
Habitant - Working peasant.
100 Company - Declared by Cardinal Richileu, granted all seigneuries.
Corvee - Required days where tenant must work for landlord.
Titles of nobility had to be granted by King.
Habitants more clout than France peasants, seigneuries less wealthy
than nobility.

(French and Aboriginal Relations)
Samuel De Champlain - Explorer, cartographer, NF leader. Cooperated
with Indians. Alliance iwth Wendat contributes to dispersal of Wen.

Charles Montmagmy - First governor general of NF. French Peace in
1701 (Montreal). Treaty wide range with signatures from many tribes,
even Haud.

French voyageurs are middle men for indigenous traders. Wen provided
furs that were glossy with wear, Wen received function gifts and
novelties. Without indians there is no fur trade for French in 17th.
Voyageurs trained in french and indigenous language, and customs.

Jesuits/Blackrobes - Conversion through education, difficults
converting with sparse settlements and harsh conditions. Devoted.
Went to communities, learned their languages and ways. Tried to
show similarities. Indians didn't lie their all or nothing attitude.
Conflicts between converted and non tribes.

(British and French Colonial Rivalries)
American colonies not associated with crown, settlement diverse,
independent. American/Brit relationship defined by mercantil, helped
crown get some control over A coolonies. NF tightly controlled,
bound by loyalty to crown, compact necessities, small population.

Mercantalism impact on colonies - Rise of bourg. Merchant class.
France - Bourg loyal to cron, strengthens absolutism. Britain -
Triangle trade system, big monopolies. Imperial coffers grow. Growth
of slave trade.

Fur trade competition - French initially monopolize, Goseil and
Radisson, establishment of Rupert's land. Hudson Bay Company.
Profits drive exploration, search for route through NA.

Seven years war - French indian, devastates NF.
Phase 1 - Ohio valley conflict. American vs Indigineous, leads to
French Indian alliances.

Phase 2 - Gather Forces and Neutrality. French colonists outnumbered
20:1, secure Indian assistance, three fires council. Haud =
aggressive neutrality.

Phase 3 - Colonies vs colonies 1754-1757: Europe not yet involved.
Favors french as government of NF.

Phase 4 - War breaks in europe - Montcalm arrives. Changes tactics.
Neutralizes Vaudreuil, loses Ohio Valley.

Phase 5 - Siege of Quebec 1759 - Arrival of General James Wolfe.
Montcalm goofs. Battle of plains of Abraham. Death of Wolfe and
Montcalm. Victory of brits. 1760 fall of Montreal.

Phase 6 - Treaty of Paris 1763. French wanted NF back, disappointed.
British took all of NF.

Phase 7 - Consequences of the war - French lost control of Canada,
almost all control in Americans. Crown in trouble. Indians lost an
ally and counterweight to American expansion. Forced west. American
colonists seized Ohio Valley, came closer together. British gained
new mostly hostile territory, now dealing with empowered Americans.

(American Revolution and arrival of Loyalists)
Treaty of Paris gives brits huge territory.
British proclamation 1763 (Canada's first const) promises no deports,
fair treatment, uphold traditions.
Quebec act 1774 - Guy Carelton gov. Authority of catholic church
upheld, resinstated tithes to the church, recognized french civil
law, promised indig land titles could be canceled by crown. Gave up
on French assimilation. Americans not happy.

Aboriginal British relations - Bad but got better. Treaty of Easton
1758 promised Aboriginal title to Ohio Valley. American colonists
continue settling. Pontiac wars, Neolin rejects European values.
Relationship with colonists worsen.

Growing American Independence - Intolerable acts (Quebec Act, Boston
Port Act, Massachussets government act, administration of justice
act, quartering act.

American revolution - Nova won't join, Abs hate Brits less, Americans
more resentful of inference and taxation. 1776 dec of ind. Royal
officials expulled. Patriot movement growing. Loyalists harassed,
forced to leave.

Arrival of black loyalists - Carleton and Simcoe accept fleeing
refugees. Most to Halifax. Some re-settled in Sierra Leone.
Aboriginal Loyalists - 2000 haud to Ontario.

(War of 1812)

Northwest Indian Wars and Turtle Wars (1783-1795)
American settlement pushed tribes west. Chief Blue Jacket and
Little Turtle lead alliance. Battle of fallen timbers loss saw
end of allience and loss of Ohio Valley to Americans. Jay treaty
17884 Brits agree to abandon forts along border. Greenville treaty
1795 Ohio valley to Americans. Battle of Tippecanoe 1811,
confederacy loses to Harrison and prophetstown destroyed. In 1812
Tecumseh joins British.

Maritime thesis - Impressment of sailors
Western/Southern Thesis - Expansion tendencies of Westerners.

War of 1812 Events

July 12 1812 - Hull in Canada attacks River Canard, Tecumseh arrives
and Hull retreats to Detroit. Brock arrives in Windsor with Proctor.
Brock and Tecumseh take Detroit with narry a shot. Brock wants to
go on offensive but Brits want to play defensively. Brock killed at
Queenstown Heights, Proctor takes Fort Malden.

Winter 1812 - Proctor, Brits, Indians victory at Frenchtown. Proctor
leaves, Indian warriors massacre 50 injured soldiers. Proctor blames
Indians, Tecumseh unhappy.

April 1813 - Battle of Fort Meigs. Shelled for 4 days, no luck. Tecumseh
and reds kill arriving reinforcements.

September 1813 - British Navy defeated on Lake Erie, American supreme
on great lakes. Fort Malden isolated, proctor wants to retreat to
Burlington.

October 1813 - Battle of the Thames. General Harrison arrives in
Ahmerstburg, Malden empty. Harrison burns down fort, spares Amherst.
Harrison chases Proctor up Thames, Tecumseh wants to fight and
stance made. Tecumseh is killed, Proctor retreats. Americans claim
Southwest Ontario.

Others - Burning of York, Burning of White House, Battle of N'Orleans

War ends - Treaty of Ghent December 24 1813, does little.
Rush-Bagot agreement 1817 Demilitarizes Great Lakes.
No clear winners, Indigenous are losers, lose Ohio, trail of tears.

(British North American Society in the 1800s)

By 1850 Upper Canada most populous state. Aboriginals limited in
census.
45% under 15, child labor resulted.
1851 - Life expectancy 43 due to infant mortality rate. Cholera Epid.

Immigration - Movement between Canada and US, most immigration from
UK.

Ubran Life - Most imms to the city. Population growth called for
stronger ifastructure, Europeanize cities. Order to the icties,
schools, prisons, ooney bins.

Rural life - Lower Canada ruralized. Cities more protestant, country
catholic.

Social Hierarchies - Lower Canada class system stratified, upper
aristrocratic, carry over from france. Chateau Clique holds sway in
legal and political circles, Catholic grows power. 1854 Feudalism
officially gone. Poor joined clergy as they controlled medicinal
institutions, education at all levels. Offered social status.

Upper Canada - Entrepreneurs, farmers, loyalists. Not feudal.
Religion not as influential. Family compact held sway in government
but otherwise social system more fluid. Rise of industry. Rivalry
between catholics and other demoninations.

After fugitive slave act Canada was only safe haven.

(Politics of BNA from 1800-1867)

Constitutional Act of 1781 Divides BNA into Upper and Lower Canada.
Governor general holds true power. Executive of both dominated by
elite class. Double Blind of Assemblies, had to advocate for
constitutents and access levers of power. Executive and legislative
councils appointed and could veto legislation. Upper and lower
Canadia linked, relationship close and complex.

Lower Canada Chateau Clique - Executive and legislative councils
dominated almost entirely by anglophones. Clique sought to preserve
power of elite. Anglos dominated with lower population and lead to
tention. Anglo's assimilationist ideas achieved in Act of Union 1841.

Upper Canada - The Family Compact - No French English divide. Simcoe
put his men of England in charge. Controlled both councils and
judiciary. Compact loyal to crown. Preserve power through church,
banks. Established higher institutions (often protestants). Rise
of professional class.

Revolutionaries and Reformers - Journalism on rise as reading
populations increase. Platform for dissent, leads to reform.

Reformers - Lower Canada - Louis-Joseph Papineau faught against
anglo assimiationism, faught chateau, re-brands reformist movement,
PartiPatriote. Wants to preserve french culture. Lower Canada
rebellion lead by him. Poorly organized. Does not last.

Reformers - Upper Canada. Robert Gourlay - Calls family compact vile,
loathsome, lazy vermins.

Voiceless - Family compact refuses to allow genuine representation.

Revolving Governors - Took established advice, ignored reformers.
Rising opposition - Family compact grew opposition.
Canada wanted to block US immigrants.
Church of England - Family compact tried to eelvate it to status of
established church of upper Canada.
Intimidation tactics - Compact began threatening opponents.
Lieutenant Governor Sir Francis Bond Head - Ran interference in 1836
Election, sought to undermine reformers campaign.

Types of reformers
Robert Baldwin - Moderate reformer, sought responsible government
within system.
William Lyon MacKenzie - Radical. Sought government, willing to use
violence.

Upper Canada Rebellion - Led by Mackenzie in 1837. Easily defeated
but lead to other rebellions. Dozens killed, some hung for treason.
Leads to lord Durham's report 1839-40. Calls for Upper Lower
Canada union. Assimilation of Fren