2015-09-30 Core: 12 arctic expeditions

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk
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Homework: p. 143 part 10, and write five sentences about things you should have or shouldn’t have done in the past.
part 10
1 shouldn’t have eaten
2 couldn’t have felt
3 should have had
4 should have taken
5 could have died

It’s common to use “couldn’t” with a comparative:
You couldn’t be more wrong. = You are the most wrong it’s possible to be.
I couldn’t care less. = I care nothing about this. (It’s impossible to care any less than I already do.)
(It’s common for people to say, “I could care less,” but it has exactly the same meaning.)
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I should have come to Boston last year. (We are in Boston now, so you can only come here.)
I should have exercised two days per week.
I shouldn’t have eaten fast food.
I shouldn’t have forgotten my umbrella this morning.
I shouldn’t have worn a school uniform on Thursday.
I could have studied harder for the TOEFL. I might have gotten the score I wanted.
I shouldn’t have done my homework. It was very boring.
I shouldn’t have arrived late.
I should have gotten up early.
I should have learned French.
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Reduced pronunciation of “have”:
I should have learned French. -> I should’ve learned French. -> I “shoulda” learned French.
should have / would have / could have / might have -> shoulda / woulda / coulda / mighta
shouldn’t have -> “shoun’ta”

You will sometimes see “should’ve” written as “should of”, but it’s incorrect.
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p. 172 practice 1 - complete the sentences with “should have”, “shouldn’t have”, “could have”, or “couldn’t have”, and the correct form of the verb in parentheses
1 should have eaten
2 shouldn’t have told
3 could have gotten
4 should have come
5 should have asked (If we had a guide with us, we wouldn’t be so lost. But we don’t have a guide, so we are lost.)
6 couldn’t have taken (it was impossible)
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I should have bought a lottery ticket. I could have won millions of dollars.
= It was possible to win money, but it didn’t happen because I didn’t buy a ticket.

I need to find that lottery ticket. I could have won millions of dollars.
= Maybe I really won money, but I’m not sure because I can’t find the lottery ticket that I bought.
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p. 144 - what do you know about the arctic and the people who live there? What problems do you think European explorers had there?
read the book review
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BREAK
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Perry’s men wouldn’t have been as healthy if they hadn’t eaten the salads.
= They were healthy because they ate the salads.

If the explorers had worn sealskin, they wouldn’t have suffered from frostbite.
= They didn’t wear sealskin, so they suffered from frostbite.

If they had learned to build igloos, the explorers would have been warm.
= They didn’t learn to build igloos, so they were not warm.

Explorers could have avoided problems if they had copied the local Inuit people.
= They couldn’t avoid those problems because they didn’t copy the local Inuit people.
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Third Conditional = Past Unreal Conditional
if + [past perfect], would/could/might have + past participle
If they had known how to build igloos, they would have been warm. (= in the past)
= They didn’t know how to build igloos, so they were not warm.

Second Conditional = Present/Future Unreal Conditional
if + [simple past], would/could/might + base form
If they knew how to build igloos, they would be warm. (= now)
= They don’t know how to build igloos, so they aren’t warm.
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They should have built igloos. = If they had built igloos, things would have been better.
(= I wish they had built igloos.)
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If I had had more money, I would have bought a house. (This is definitely what I would have done.)
If I had had more money, I could have bought a house. (I would have been able to, but who knows what I would have chosen?)
If I had had more money, I might have bought a house. (Maybe this is what I would have done, but also maybe not.)
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p. 145 part 8 - make third conditional sentences about these situations with the words in parentheses
1 If they had worn furs, they wouldn’t have gotten frostbite.
2 If dogs had pulled their sleds, the men would not have been exhausted.
  The men would not have been exhausted if they had used dogs to pull their sleds.
3 The sleds would not have been heavy if the men had taken only essential items.
4 If they had eaten Inuit food, they might not have gotten scurvy.
  Some men would not have gotten scurvy if they had eaten Inuit food.
5 They wouldn’t have become ill if they had known their canned food was poisonous.
6 They might not have gotten stuck in the ice if they had asked local people about the ocean.
7 The expedition would have been successful if they had followed local customs.
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Homework: read page 147 and do parts 4 and 5 on page 146