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Cicero (Classics)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. Marcus Tullius Cicero (106–43 BCE) was a prominent lawyer and politician, active at Rome during the final decades of oligarchic rule and in the period of Caesar’s dictatorship. He was assassinated in November of 43 BCE by followers of Mark Antony because of his opposition to Antony after Caesar’s death. His position as a politician makes him an important figure in the history of the late Republic. He reached the consulship in 63 BCE, during which year he uncovered and suppressed an attempted coup led by Catiline. His role in executing five of the conspirators without trial led some years later to his exile, and after his return from exile he struggled to reestablish his political authority in a Rome increasingly dominated by the struggle between Pompey and Caesar. He spent the period of Caesar’s dictatorship largely in retirement, but emerged as a major figure in the chaos after Caesar’s assassination. Just as important, or perhaps even more so, he was a prolific writer in an enormous variety of genres. He disseminated versions of many of his forensic and political speeches, as well as works of political theory and philosophy that were enormously influential in later periods; and collections of his letters to his close friend Atticus, his brother Quintus, and a wide range of other figures survive, as well as some poetry.
  4.  
  5. General Overview
  6.  
  7. Cicero is one of the few figures from Classical antiquity whose biography can be written, owing to the quantity and nature of the evidence that survives, and biographies dominate among general works that focus on Cicero. Most of those listed below concentrate on politics; Rawson 1983 is particularly good on Cicero’s intellectual interests. Douglas 1968 remains an excellent and concise introduction to Cicero the writer. There is an exhaustive treatment of the chronology of Cicero’s career and works in Marinone 2004.
  8.  
  9. Douglas, A. E. 1968. Cicero. New Surveys in the Classics 2. Oxford: Clarendon.
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  11. Succinct introduction to Cicero’s writings, with the exception of his poetry.
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  13. Fuhrmann, Manfred. 1992. Cicero and the Roman Republic. Translated by W. E. Yuill. Oxford: Blackwell.
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  15. A concise political biography.
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  17. Lintott, Andrew. 2008. Cicero as evidence: A historian’s companion. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  19. Analysis of the value of Cicero’s writings for the historian of Rome.
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  21. Marinone, Nino. 2004. Cronologia ciceroniana. 2d ed. Bologna, Italy: Patron Editore.
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  23. Invaluable guide to the chronology of Cicero’s life and works.
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  25. Mitchell, Thomas N. 1979. Cicero: The ascending years. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
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  27. Extremely full and detailed biography, covering Cicero’s life and career up to his consulship.
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  29. Mitchell, Thomas N. 1991. Cicero: The senior statesman. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
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  31. The second volume of Mitchell’s biography, covering the period from 63 BCE to Cicero’s death.
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  33. Rawson, Elizabeth D. 1983. Cicero: A portrait. Bristol, UK: Bristol Classical Press.
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  35. Readable biography emphasizing his intellectual interests.
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  37. Stockton, D. L. 1971. Cicero: A political biography. London: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  39. Rather narrowly focused on politics at Rome, but reliable and readable.
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  41. Bibliographies
  42.  
  43. L’Année philologique contains an extensive record of scholarship on Cicero in print and online.
  44.  
  45. L’Année philologique. Paris: Société d’édition “Les Belles Lettres.”
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  47. The bibliography of record for the field of Classical studies. In print since 1924 and now online.
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  49. Works
  50.  
  51. There are complete collections of the Latin texts of Cicero’s works in the Teubner, Budé, and Loeb Classical Library series; Budé volumes include a translation into French, and Loeb’s include a translation into English. The Oxford Classical Texts series contains complete coverage of the speeches (though the editions are now outdated) and the letters, as well as some of the philosophical works. Not all volumes are in print, but as standard reference works these series should be available in academic libraries.
  52.  
  53. Textual and Editorial Tradition
  54.  
  55. There are detailed discussions of transmission of individual works in the introductions to many of the editions listed below and in some commentaries. An overview is provided by Reynolds 1983. Henderson 2006 explores the genesis and development of a number of Oxford commentaries.
  56.  
  57. Henderson, John. 2006. Oxford reds: Classic commentaries on Latin classics. London: Duckworth.
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  59. Provocative exploration of the publishing history of a number of influential 20th-century commentaries published by Oxford University Press, including Nisbet père on De domo, Nisbet fils on In Pisonem, and Austin on Pro Caelio.
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  61. Reynolds, L. D., ed. 1983. Texts and transmission: A survey of the Latin classics. Oxford, Clarendon.
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  63. Handbook arranged by ancient author, which contains an extensive survey of the tradition for Cicero’s works (pp. 54–142).
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  65. Speeches
  66.  
  67. There are a large number of editions of individual speeches, though many of these are editions designed for school use, which can be helpful in understanding the language but seldom provide much elucidation of the wider context. The list below identifies some of the most helpful; those of Kaster (Cicero 2006) and Siani-Davis (Cicero 2001) contain an English translation and no Latin text.
  68.  
  69. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1939. M. Tulli Ciceronis De domo sua ad pontifices. Edited by Robert G. Nisbet. Oxford: Clarendon.
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  71. Contains much helpful elucidation of language and argument. Reprinted 1979, New York: Arno.
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  73. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1960. M. Tulli Ciceronis pro M. Caelio oratio. Edited by R. G. Austin. 3d ed. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  75. The third edition marks a considerable reworking of the second edition, itself much expanded from the first edition.
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  77. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1961. M. Tulli Ciceronis in L. Calpurnium Pisonem oratio. Edited by Robin G. M. Nisbet. Oxford: Clarendon.
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  79. Includes a brief but illuminating discussion of invective in antiquity. Reprinted 1987, New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  81. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1971. M. Tulli Ciceronis Pro P. Quinctio oratio. Edited by T. E. Kinsey. Sydney: Sydney Univ. Press.
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  83. Useful treatment of Cicero’s first case.
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  85. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1979. M. Tullius Cicero Pro Archia poeta. Edited by H. Vretska and K. Vretska. Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
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  87. Detailed commentary, in German.
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  89. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1996. Cicero: Pro Sulla oratio. Edited by D. H. Berry. Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  91. Detailed commentary on Pro Sulla.
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  93. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2001. Cicero’s speech Pro Rabirio Postumo. Edited by Mary Siani-Davies. Clarendon Ancient History. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  95. There is no Latin text, and the commentary is keyed to the English translation.
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  97. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2003. Cicero: Philippics I–II. Edited by John T. Ramsey. Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  99. Detailed commentary on the first two Philippics
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  101. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2006. Cicero: Speech on behalf of Publius Sestius. Edited by Robert A. Kaster. Clarendon Ancient History. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  103. There is no Latin text, and the commentary is keyed to the English translation. Exceptionally illuminating treatment of this difficult speech.
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  105. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2007. Cicero: Philippics 3–9. Edited by Gesine Manuwald. 2 vols. Berlin: de Gruyter.
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  107. Extensive commentary on the middle Philippics.
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  109. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2008. Cicero: Catilinarians. Edited by Andrew Dyck. Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  111. Detailed commentary on the four Catilinarian speeches
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  113. Lost and Fragmentary Speeches
  114.  
  115. Cicero disseminated written versions of only some of his speeches, and only a portion of those survive in manuscript form. Crawford (Cicero 1984 and Cicero 1994) gathers together the surviving fragments and testimonia of these speeches. The material preserved by the ancient commentator Asconius on five of Cicero’s speeches (including some that are not otherwise preserved) is invaluable; Asconius 2006 contains a text, translation, and commentary.
  116.  
  117. Asconius Pedianus. 2006. Asconius: Commentaries on speeches by Cicero. Edited by R. G. Lewis. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  119. Asconius’s commentary on the Pro Milone, In Pisonem, Pro Scauro, Pro Cornelio, and In toga candida.
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  121. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1984. M. Tullius Cicero, the lost and unpublished orations. Edited by Jane W. Crawford. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.
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  123. Testimonia with commentary for the speeches that Cicero disseminated during his lifetime and that are now lost, and for those of which he never disseminated a written version.
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  125. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1994. M. Tullius Cicero, the fragmentary speeches. Edited by Jane W. Crawford. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
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  127. Text and commentary on the speeches that survive only in fragments.
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  129. Letters
  130.  
  131. Cicero thought about publishing a few of his letters during his lifetime, but the collections we have were all gathered posthumously and represent only a part of what circulated in antiquity. Bailey’s edition (Cicero 1965–1970, Cicero 1977, and Cicero 1980) remains the standard reference work for the complete letters; the fragments are most easily accessed in the final volume of Bailey’s Loeb translation, which also contains the pseudo-Sallustian Invective against Cicero.
  132.  
  133. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1965–1970. Cicero’s letters to Atticus. Edited by D. R. Shackleton Bailey. Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries. 7 vols. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  135. Contains a translation.
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  137. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1977. Cicero: Epistulae ad familiares. Edited by D. R. Shackleton Bailey. Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries. 2 vols. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  139. Commentary (though no translation) on the collection of Cicero’s letters to his friends.
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  141. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1980. Cicero: Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem et M. Brutum. Edited by D. R. Shackleton Bailey. Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  143. Cicero’s letters to his brother Quintus and to Marcus Brutus, with commentary.
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  145. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2002. Cicero: Letters to Quintus and Brutus, to Octavian, invectives, handbook of electioneering. Loeb Classical Library 462. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
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  147. Text with facing translation.
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  149. Trapp, Michael, ed. 2003. Greek and Latin letters. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  151. Contains only seven of Cicero’s letters, but offers an excellent introduction to the epistolary genre in antiquity more generally.
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  153. Rhetorical Works
  154.  
  155. Cicero wrote a rhetorical treatise, On Invention, as a very young man, before he had started to practice as an advocate; it reproduces the material that he was learning as a student, with some embellishments, and is very similar to the section on “Invention” in the anonymous treatise To Herennius (of which there is an excellent edition by Caplan [Cicero 1954] in the Loeb Classical Library). He returned to theoretical writing on rhetoric as a senior public figure, first with On the Orator, in the 50s, and then with a series of rhetorical works written during Caesar’s dictatorship, including Brutus, a history of oratory at Rome, and the Topica, which applies philosophical reasoning to legal argument. The Brutus and the Orator are important, albeit biased, sources for the Atticist-Asianist controversy.
  156.  
  157. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. Ad Herennium de ratione dicendi. 1954. Edited by H. Caplan. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
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  159. Excellent annotated translation of this anonymous treatise on rhetoric, dating (probably) from the 80s BCE.
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  161. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1966. M. Tulli Ciceronis Brutus. Edited by A. E. Douglas. Oxford: Clarendon.
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  163. Also contains in an appendix a selection of the most substantial surviving fragments of Republican orators other than Cicero.
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  165. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1981–2008. De Oratore libri III. Edited by Anton D. Leeman, Harm Pinkster, and Hein Leopold Wilhelmus Nelson. 5 vols. Heidelberg, Germany: C. Winter.
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  167. The definitive edition; the first four volumes are in German, the final one in English.
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  169. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2004. Cicero’s Topica. Edited and translated by Tobias Reinhardt. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  171. Offers a new text.
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  173. Philosophical Works
  174.  
  175. Cicero’s On the Republic and On the Laws date from the late 50s BCE, companion pieces to his On the Orator; his other philosophical writings were written later, when Caesar was dictator or after Caesar’s death. Over the past twenty years, since the publication of Powell’s edition (Cicero 1988), there has been a flurry of excellent commentaries in English, part of the wider reevaluation of Cicero as a philosopher that has taken place during this period.
  176.  
  177. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1988. Cicero: Cato Maior de senectute. Edited by J. G. F. Powell. Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
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  179. Detailed and illuminating commentary on Cicero’s treatise on old age.
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  181. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1995. Cicero: De re publica, selections. Edited by James E. G. Zetzel. Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  183. Includes a very generous selection of what survives of this text.
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  185. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2003. Cicero: De natura deorum I. Edited by Andrew R. Dyck. Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  187. Commentary on the first book of Cicero’s treatise on the nature of the gods, which deals with the Epicurean position.
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  189. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2006. Cicero on divination: De divinationne book 1. Translated with commentary by David Wardle. Clarendon Ancient History. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2006.
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  191. The commentary relates to the English translation.
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  193. Dyck, Andrew R. 1996. A commentary on Cicero, De officiis. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
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  195. Detailed and illuminating commentary on De officiis.
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  197. Dyck, Andrew R. 2003. A commentary on Cicero, De legibus. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
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  199. Detailed and illuminating commentary on De legibus.
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  201. Poetry
  202.  
  203. Cicero wrote poetry throughout his life, including translations from the Greek and an autobiographical account of his consulship. It received a uniformly critical reception; the comment of a character in Tacitus’s Dialogus (21.6), that others wrote poetry “no better than Cicero, but more fortunately, inasmuch as fewer know that they did so,” is representative. With the exception of his translation of the astronomical work of Aratus, only fragments survive. Ewbank’s edition (Cicero 1933) gathers all the surviving material; Courtney 1993 deals only with the fragments, but offers a more extensive commentary.
  204.  
  205. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1933. The poems of Cicero. Edited by W. W. Ewbank. London: Univ. of London Press.
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  207. Text and commentary on all of Cicero’s poems with a useful introduction. Reprinted 1978, New York: Garland.
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  209. Courtney, Edward. 1993. The fragmentary Latin poets. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  211. Contains text of and commentary on Cicero’s fragmentary poetry. (It does not contain his translation of Aratus.)
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  213. English Translations
  214.  
  215. The range of translations into English has improved greatly over the past fifteen years, though coverage is still haphazard. The only complete translation into English is the Loeb Classical Library series, though many of the volumes are now rather archaic in style (vols. 25 to 28, by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, containing the Letters to Friends, the Letters to Brutus, and the Letter to his Brother Quintus, are a notable exception). There are readable if loose Penguin translations by Grant of a number of works; Bailey’s complete translation of the letters appeared in this series (there are slight variations from his later Loeb edition), but it is no longer in print (a volume of selected letters is available). The Oxford World’s Classics series contains selections of speeches and some of the philosophical works, and there are useful annotated translations of some of the philosophical works in the series Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy and Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. There are also translations in all the volumes of the Clarendon Ancient History Series, which are mentioned under Works.
  216.  
  217. Speeches
  218.  
  219. Grant’s translations (Cicero 1973, Cicero 1975) are readable but very loose; they do, however, contain maps, as does Berry’s (Cicero 2006). Bailey (Cicero 1986, Cicero 1991) provides exceptionally full and helpful indices, and his volumes, like Berry’s (Cicero 2000, Cicero 2006), list where the text translated differs from the Oxford Classical Texts edition. All offer some explanatory notes; those by Berry are the fullest.
  220.  
  221. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1973. Cicero: Selected political speeches. Translated by Michael Grant. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
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  223. On the command of Gnaeus Pompeius, the Catilinarians, the defenses of Archias, Caelius, and Milo, On behalf of Marcellus, and the first Philippic.
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  225. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1975. Cicero: Murder trials. Translated by Michael Grant. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
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  227. Contains the defenses of Sextus Roscius, Cluentius, Gaius Rabirius, and King Deiotarus.
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  229. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1986. Cicero: Philippics. Translated by D. R. Shackleton Bailey. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.
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  231. Translation of the fourteen Philippics from 44–43 BCE.
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  233. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1991. Cicero: Back from exile. Translated by D. R. Shackleton Bailey. Chicago: Scholars Press for American Philological Association.
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  235. Contains the speeches of thanks to the Senate and to the people, On his House, On the Answers of the Haruspices, Against Vatinius, and the defense of Sestius.
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  237. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2000. Cicero: Defence speeches. Translated by D. H. Berry. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  239. The defenses of Roscius from Ameria, Murena, Archias, Caelius, and Milo.
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  241. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2006. Cicero: Political speeches. Translated by D. H. Berry. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  243. Two of the Verrines, On the Command of Gnaeus Pompeius, the Catilinarians, On Behalf of Marcellus, and the second Philippic.
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  245. Treatises
  246.  
  247. There has been a flood of excellent translations of Cicero’s philosophical works over the past two decades (such as the recent Cicero 2006), though some works, such as the complete Tusculans or On Divination, remain less accessible.
  248.  
  249. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1979. Cicero: On the good life. Translated by M. Grant. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
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  251. The fifth book of the Tusculans, the second book of On Duties, On Friendship, the first book of On the Orator, and Scipio’s Dream from On the Republic.
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  253. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1990. On friendship and The dream of Scipio. Translated by J. G. F. Powell. Warminster, UK: Aris and Phillips.
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  255. Also contains a commentary, keyed to the English translation.
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  257. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1991a. On stoic good and evil. Translated by M. R. Wright. Warminster, UK: Aris and Phillips.
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  259. Translations with notes of the third book of De finibus and of the Stoic paradoxes.
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  261. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1991b. Cicero: On duties. Translated by M. T. Griffin and E. M. Atkins. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  263. Translation of De officiis.
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  265. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1996. Cicero: on fate; Boethius: The consolation of philosophy, IV.5–7V. Translated by Robert W. Sharples. Warminster, UK: Aris and Phillips.
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  267. Translates the surviving fragments of De fato, with commentary.
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  269. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1997. Cicero: On the nature of the gods. Translated by Patrick Gerard Walsh. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  271. Translation of De natura deorum, with annotation.
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  273. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1998. Cicero: On the republic and On the laws. Translated by Niall Rudd; with notes by J. G. F. Powell. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  275. Translation of both works, with full and useful notes.
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  277. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1999. Cicero: On the commonwealth and On the laws. Translated by James E. G. Zetzel. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  279. Very useful annotated translation of these two treatises.
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  281. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2000. Cicero: On obligations. Translated by Patrick Gerard Walsh. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  283. A translation of De officiis, more often known in English as On Duties.
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  285. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2001a. On the ideal orator. Translated and edited by James M. May and Jakob Wisse. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  287. Copious introduction and notes in addition to a readable translation.
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  289. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2001b. Cicero: On moral ends. Edited by Julia Annas; translated by Raphael Woolf. Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  291. Translation of De finibus.
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  293. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2002. Cicero on the emotions. Translated by Margaret Graver. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
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  295. The third and fourth books of the Tusculan disputations, thoroughly annotated.
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  297. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2006. Cicero: On academic scepticism. Translated by Charles Brittain. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
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  299. Translates the two surviving books of the Academici libri and the fragments, with a substantial introduction.
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  301. Letters and Selections
  302.  
  303. Bailey’s edition (Cicero 1986) offers a small selection (137 out of more than 900) from his larger, complete Penguin translation, now unfortunately out of print; the translation in his more recent Loeb Classical Library volumes is very similar, though not identical. Walsh’s edition (Cicero 2008) is more extensive, and more focused on political events, though there is substantial overlap between the two.
  304.  
  305. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1974. Cicero: Selected works. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
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  307. The first speech against Verres, the second Philippic, book 3 of On Duties, On Old Age, and a small selection of letters.
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  309. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1986. Cicero: Selected letters. Translated by D. R. Shackleton Bailey. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
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  311. Contains 137 letters, with brief notes, descriptive indices, and maps.
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  313. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1993. Cicero: On government. Translated by M. Grant. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
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  315. The final speech of the second hearing against Verres, the defenses of Murena and Balbus, parts of On the Republic and On the Laws, Brutus, and the fourth, fifth, and sixth Philippics.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 1995. Cicero: The letters of January to April 43 BC Translated by Malcolm M. Willcock. Warminster, UK: Aris and Phillips.
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  319. Text with facing translation and notes of the letters in the period prior to the decisive battles at Mutina, as Cicero attempted to orchestrate the Senate’s opposition to Antony.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2008. Cicero: Selected letters. Translated by Patrick Gerard Walsh. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  323. Contains 166 letters, selected to illustrate the politics of the period and Cicero’s role therein.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Cicero’s Career
  326.  
  327. The events of Cicero’s career can be traced in any of the standard biographies. The headings below offer some more detailed bibliographical guidance on specific episodes in his career and on the writings he produced in response to these events.
  328.  
  329. The Defense of Sextus Roscius of Ameria
  330.  
  331. Sextus Roscius was accused of murdering his father, a crime that carried a particularly severe penalty. However, the elder Roscius’s name featured on the proscription lists that Sulla had posted after his victory in the civil war, and Cicero claims in his defense—his first criminal trial—that the younger Roscius was the victim of a plot by his enemies, who were collaborating with one of Sulla’s freedmen. Dyck 2003 and Seager 2007 discuss the relationship between the events as Cicero describes them and what might actually have happened. Kinsey 1982 and Seager 1982 are a paired discussion of the politics behind the case, and in particular the question of whether Cicero ran any serious risk in highlighting the illicit activities of one of Sulla’s freedmen.
  332.  
  333. Dyck, Andrew. 2003. Evidence and rhetoric in Cicero’s Pro Roscio Amerino: The case against Sex. Roscius. Classical Quarterly 53:235–246.
  334. DOI: 10.1093/cq/53.1.235Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335. Analysis of the strategies Cicero uses to defend Roscius.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Kinsey, T.E. 1982. The political insignificance of Cicero’s Pro Roscio. Liverpool Classical Monthly 7:39–40.
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  339. Argues against the political significance of the trial and Cicero’s participation in it.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Seager, Robin. 1982. The political significance of Cicero’s Pro Roscio. Liverpool Classical Monthly 7:10–12.
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  343. Argues for the political significance of the trial and Cicero’s participation in it.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Seager, Robin. 2007. The guilt or innocence of Sex. Roscius. Athenaeum 95:895–910.
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  347. A reassessment of the case against Roscius.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. The Trial of Verres
  350.  
  351. In 70 BCE Cicero prosecuted Verres, the former governor of Sicily, on extortion charges. Verres had close links with powerful members of the elite, but Cicero was nonetheless successful. Verres may even have departed for exile before the case was concluded, judging that his conviction was inevitable given the strength of Cicero’s presentation of the evidence against him. Cicero marked his triumph by disseminating written versions of his speeches from the case, including all five from the second hearing, which may well never have been delivered; they form an enormous and invaluable collection on provincial government and its abuses. Dubouloz and Pittia 2007 and Prag 2007 explore the relationship between Cicero’s speeches and Sicily and the reliability of the speeches as historical evidence; Nisbet 1992 offers a brief and insightful analysis of the argumentation of one episode in the fifth speech.
  352.  
  353. Dubouloz, Julien, and Sylvia Pittia, eds. 2007. La Sicile de Cicéron: Lectures des Verrines. Besançon, France: Presses Universitaires de France-Comté.
  354. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355. Collection of essays in French, Italian, and English on the historical contexts of the Verrines
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Nisbet, R. G. M. 1992. The orator and the reader: Manipulation and response in Cicero’s fifth Verrine. In Author and audience in Latin literature. Edited by Tony Woodman and J. G. F. Powell, 1–17. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  358. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  359. Elegant analysis of Cicero’s description of Verres’s dealings with the pirates.
  360. Find this resource:
  361. Prag, Jonathan, ed. 2007. Sicilia nutrix plebis romanae: Rhetoric, law and taxation in Cicero’s Verrines. London: Institute of Classical Studies.
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  363. A collection of essays; considerable overlap in contributors with the Dubouloz and Pittia collection.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Steel, Catherine. 2004. Being economical with the truth: What really happened at Lampsacus? In Cicero the advocate. Edited by J. G. F. Powell and Jeremy Paterson, 233–251. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  367. Analysis of Cicero’s narrative distortions and obfuscations in one episode in the first speech of the second actio.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Wilson, R. J. A. 2000. Ciceronian Sicily: An archaeological perspective. In Sicily from Aeneas to Augustus. Edited by Christopher Smith and John Serrati, 134–160. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press.
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  371. Useful summary of the surviving evidence.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. The Catilinarian Conspiracy
  374.  
  375. This episode, in the autumn of 63 BCE, is of only minor importance in the collapse of the Republic; but it was a climactic episode in Cicero’s career, the source of immense pride, which subsequently led to the humiliation of his exile and the ongoing struggle with Clodius during the 50s. The historian Sallust chose the Catilinarian conspiracy as the subject of a monograph, and the comparison between his Catilinarian conspiracy and Cicero’s four Catilinarian speeches is highly instructive for the methods of both writers. Dyck 2008 offers an introduction to the political situation and to Cicero’s response.
  376.  
  377. Batstone, William W. 1994. Cicero’s construction of consular ethos in the First Catilinarian. Transactions of the American Philological Association 124:211–266.
  378. DOI: 10.2307/284292Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379. Explores Cicero’s self-presentation in the first speech.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Drummond, Andrew. 1995. Law, politics and power: Sallust and the execution of the Catilinarian conspirators. Historia Einzelschriften 93. Stuttgart, Germany: Steiner.
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  383. Emphasis on Sallust’s monograph, but offers a detailed account of the legal situation that Cicero found himself in when he implemented the execution of five of Catiline’s associates.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Dyck, Andrew, ed. 2008. Cicero: Catilinarians. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  387. The standard commentary, with a substantial introduction.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Steel, Catherine. 2006. Consul and consilium: Suppressing the Catilinarian conspiracy. In Advice and its rhetoric in Greece and Rome. Edited by Diana Spencer and Elena Theodorakopoulos, 63–78. Bari, Italy: Levante.
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  391. Stresses Cicero’s weakness and his attempts to compensate for it persuasively.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Cicero in the 50s
  394.  
  395. Cicero was allowed to return from exile in 57 BCE, but he struggled thereafter to reestablish his political authority. The five years down to 52 BCE were dominated by his clashes with Publius Clodius, whom he regarded as chiefly responsible for his exile, and in 52 he defended Clodius’s murderer, T. Annius Milo, without success, in a speech that was subsequently regarded in antiquity as one of his finest. Lintott 1974 analyzes the political background to Milo’s trial; Tatum 1999 offers a necessary corrective to the Ciceronian picture of Clodius.
  396.  
  397. Dyck, Andrew. 1998. Narrative obfuscation, philosophical topoi, and tragic patterning in Cicero’s Pro Milone. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 98:219–241.
  398. DOI: 10.2307/311343Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  399. Detailed exposition of Cicero’s strategies in the Pro Milone.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Fotheringham, Lynn. 2006. Cicero’s fear: Multiple readings of Pro Milone 1–4. Materiali e discussioni 57:63–83.
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  403. Innovative analysis of the opening paragraphs of the speech, which argues that they force listeners and readers constantly to reevaluate Cicero’s message and presentation.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Lintott, Andrew. 1974. Cicero and Milo. Journal of Roman Studies 64:62–78.
  406. DOI: 10.2307/299260Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  407. Reliable account of Cicero’s dealings with Milo, before and after Clodius’s death.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Tatum, Jeffrey. 1999. The patrician tribune. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.
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  411. Detailed and sympathetic account of the career of Cicero’s enemy Clodius.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Cicero and Caesar
  414.  
  415. The civil war between Caesar and Pompey, and Caesar’s victory and dictatorship, caused Cicero acute mental turmoil as he debated his course of action (which can be traced in the letters to Atticus from the opening months of civil war). After Caesar’s victory, Cicero devoted himself to rhetorical and philosophical writings (see Cicero and Philosophy). Three speeches only survive from the period: defenses of King Deitorus and of Ligarius, in both cases on charges arising from their opposition to Caesar; and a speech in the Senate, offering thanks to Caesar for his decision to allow one of his opponents, Marcellus, to return from exile. The Pro Marcello was influential for subsequent imperial panegyrical writing: see Levene 1997 and Griffin 1976.
  416.  
  417. Arena, Valentina. 2007. Invocation to liberty and invective of Dominatus at the end of the Roman Republic. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 50:49–74.
  418. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  419. Analysis of political discourse as oligarchic government came to an end.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Gotoff, Harold C. 1993. Cicero’s Caesarian speeches: A stylistic commentary. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.
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  423. A useful resource on the three speeches Cicero gave during Caesar’s dictatorship.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Griffin, Miriam T. 1976. Seneca: A philosopher in politics. Oxford: Clarendon.
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  427. Contains an excellent discussion of imperial panegyric that highlights the importance of the Pro Marcello in the development of the form.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Levene, David. 1997. God and man in the Classical Latin panegyric. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 43:66–103.
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  431. Includes detailed discussion of the speech On Behalf of Marcellus.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Wistrand, Magnus. 1979. Cicero Imperator: Studies in Cicero’s correspondence 51–47 B.C. Göteborg, Sweden: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis.
  434. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  435. Focuses on Cicero’s extensive surviving correspondence during his governorship of Cilicia and during the civil war.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. The Philippics
  438.  
  439. After Caesar was assassinated, Cicero was uncertain about what he should do, leaving Rome in the early summer of 44 and not returning until September of that year. Once he had returned, he embarked on a vigorous and sustained campaign against Mark Antony, attempting to persuade the Senate to resist Antony with military force; fourteen speeches from this period survive, to which Cicero gave the name Philippics in reminiscence of the Athenian orator Demosthenes’s speeches against Philip of Macedon. The editions of Ramsey (Cicero 2003) and Manuwald (Cicero 2007) provide systematic guidance to the individual speeches.
  440.  
  441. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2003. Cicero: Philippics I–II. Edited by John T. Ramsey. Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  443. Detailed commentary on the first two Philippics.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Cicero, Marcus Tullius. 2007. Cicero: Philippics 3–9. Edited by Gesine Manuwald. 2 vols. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 2007.
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  447. Extensive commentary on the middle Philippics.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Frisch, Hartvig. 1946. Cicero’s fight for the republic. Copenhagen, Denmark: Gyldendalske.
  450. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  451. Narrative of the events during the period in which the Philippics were delivered and summaries of the speeches themselves.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Cicero’s Death
  454.  
  455. Cicero’s death on the orders of Mark Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus became a resonant moment in the history of the transition from Republic to Empire, and contributed to his identification with freedom in the imperial period. Richlin 1999 explores the physical desecration of Cicero’s body and its implications; Butler 2002 takes the fate of the corpse as the starting point for his exploration of the importance of writing.
  456.  
  457. Butler, Shane. 2002. The hand of Cicero. London: Routledge.
  458. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  459. Explores the importance of writing in preserving Cicero’s speeches and modifying their impact.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. Gowing, Alain. 2005. Empire and memory: The representation of the Roman Republic in imperial culture. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  463. Demonstrates the extent to which Cicero became a symbol of the Republic in the discourse of the early Empire.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Kaster, R. A. 1998. Becoming “CICERO.” In Style and tradition: Studies in honor of Wendell Clausen. Edited by P. Knox and C. Foss, 248–263. Stuttgart and Leipzig, Germany: Teubner.
  466. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  467. Considers the reaction to Cicero, and the creation of “Cicero,” in the rhetorical schools of the early Empire.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Richlin, Amy. 1999. Cicero’s head. In Constructions of the Classical body. Edited by James I. Porter, 190–211. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
  470. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  471. Focuses on the significance of the desecration of Cicero’s body after his death.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Roller, Matthew. 1997. Color-blindness: Cicero’s death, declamation, and the production of history. Classical Philology 92.2:109–130.
  474. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  475. Exploration of the sources around Cicero’s death, concentrating on his alleged defense of Popillius.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Wright, Andrew. 2001. The death of Cicero: Forming a tradition, the contamination of history. Historia 50:436–452.
  478. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. Highlights the unreliability of the material on Cicero’s death.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Cicero’s Speeches: Rhetoric and Argument
  482.  
  483. One of the most fruitful approaches to Cicero’s speeches in recent years has been the detailed analysis of his techniques and strategies of argumentation. Stroh 1975 is a brilliant and highly influential demonstration of the potential of this approach. Others have concentrated on a specific aspect of persuasion such as character (May 1988), dilemma (Craig 1993), and references to the physical environment (Vasaly 1993). May 2002 is a good starting point for exploring the rhetorical analysis of Cicero’s speeches.
  484.  
  485. Classen, Carl Joachim. 1985. Recht, Rhetorik, Politik: Untersuchungen zur Ciceros rhetorischer Strategie. Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  486. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487. Careful and detailed discussion of context and argument in a range of different kinds of speech (Pro Cluentio, Pro Murena, Pro Flacco, De domo sua, De imperio Cn. Pompei, and De lege agraria).
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Craig, C. P. 1993. Form as argument in Cicero’s speeches: A study of dilemma. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
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  491. Concentrates on the many occasions when Cicero sets up two alternatives, which he suggests cover all possible eventualities, in order to force his listeners to accept his view of events.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. May, James. 1988. Trials of character: The eloquence of Ciceronian ethos, Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.
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  495. Explores the persuasive potential of character, and the importance with Roman courts of the character of the advocate as well as the defendant or plaintiffs.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. May, James, ed. 2002. Brill’s companion to Cicero: Oratory and rhetoric. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  498. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  499. Contains a number of excellent contributions, though it does not cover all the speeches and rhetorical works; contains systematic work-by-work bibliographies.
  500. Find this resource:
  501. Powell, J. G. F., and Jeremy J. Paterson, eds. 2004. Cicero the advocate. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  503. A collection of essays that includes detailed treatments of individual speeches as well as some wider-ranging pieces.
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Stroh, Wilfried. 1975. Taxis und Taktik: Die advokatische Dispositionskunst in Ciceros Gerichtsreden. Stuttgart, Germany: Teubner.
  506. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  507. Brilliantly insightful study of Cicero’s argumentation in his forensic speeches.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Vasaly, Ann. 1993. Representations: Images of the world in Ciceronian oratory, Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
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  511. Exploration of how Cicero uses the physical world in his oratory, including an excellent discussion of memory as an essential skill of the orator.
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Cicero’s Speeches and Roman Elite Culture
  514.  
  515. The speeches are one of our most extensive and valuable resources on the culture of the elite in the late Republic, but their use as evidence nonetheless poses considerable methodological problems. Corbeill 1996 argues that Roman oratory uses humor to police elite behavior and explores the conventions of appropriateness that Cicero’s oratory articulates; Booth 2007 offers a diverse set of readings of invective, humorous and otherwise. Krostenko 2001 sets Cicero into a productive dialogue with the poems of his younger contemporary Catullus.
  516.  
  517. Booth, Joan, ed. 2007. Cicero on the attack: Invective and subversion in the orations and beyond. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales.
  518. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  519. Eight essays on different aspects of Cicero’s invective. Uría’s essay on invective strategies through the methodologies of semantics and pragmatics is particularly notable.
  520. Find this resource:
  521. Butler, Shane. 2002. The hand of Cicero. London: Routledge.
  522. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  523. Explores the importance of writing in preserving Cicero’s speeches and modifying their impact.
  524. Find this resource:
  525. Corbeill, Anthony. 1996. Controlling laughter: Political humor in the late Roman Republic. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  526. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  527. Ground-breaking study of late Republican political culture; includes extensive analysis of the In Vatinium and In Pisonem.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Damon, Cynthia. 1998. The mask of the parasite: A pathology of Roman patronage. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
  530. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  531. Contains a chapter on patronage and the parasite in Cicero.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Krostenko, Brian A. 2001. Cicero, Catullus and the language of social performance. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
  534. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  535. Explores the dangers and attractions of “charm” in late Republican culture and writings.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. Riggsby, Andrew. 1999. Crime and community in Ciceronian Rome. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press.
  538. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  539. Explores the speeches dealing with “criminal” offenses to offer a reading of Roman crime as an offense against the state.
  540. Find this resource:
  541. Steel, Catherine. 2005. Reading Cicero: Genre and performance in late Republican Rome. London: Duckworth.
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  543. Analysis of Cicero’s speeches and other writings as attempts to communicate a persuasive vision of his role and importance as a public figure.
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Cicero and Other Orators
  546.  
  547. Cicero’s achievement in comparison with other orators of the late Republic is very difficult to assess, since his speeches are the only complete surviving examples from the Republican period. The fragments of other Republican orators are gathered by Malcovati 1979; with the exception of an intriguing fragment of Helvius Mancia (which survives in Valerius Maximus’s Memorable doings and sayings), these suggest that Cicero’s high opinion of his abilities in comparison with his predecessors and peers had some justification. Alexander 2002 is an ingenious attempt to establish what arguments Cicero’s opponents may have used.
  548.  
  549. Alexander, Michael. 2002. The case for the prosecution in the Ciceronian era. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
  550. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  551. Detailed reconstruction of what Cicero’s forensic opponents may have said and argued.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Dyck, Andrew. 2008. Rivals into partners: Hortensius and Cicero. Historia 57:142–173.
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  555. Nuanced analysis of the relationship between Cicero and his older rival as the leading orators of their age, which challenges over-simplistic understandings of their competitiveness.
  556. Find this resource:
  557. Kennedy, George. 1972. The art of rhetoric in the Roman world 300 BC–AD 300. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  558. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  559. Brief but incisive survey.
  560. Find this resource:
  561. Malcovati, H., ed. 1979. Oratorum Romanorum fragmenta. 4th ed. Turin, Italy: Paravia, 1979.
  562. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  563. Standard edition of the fragments of Republican orators.
  564. Find this resource:
  565. Steel, Catherine. 2007. The lost orators of Rome. In A companion to Roman rhetoric. Edited by William J. Dominik and Jon C. R. Hall, 237–249. Oxford: Blackwell.
  566. DOI: 10.1002/9780470996485Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  567. Summary of the evidence for Roman orators whose works survive only in fragments, including the contemporaries of Cicero.
  568. Find this resource:
  569. Cicero and Roman Rhetoric
  570.  
  571. Cicero contributed to the development of Roman rhetorical theory through his treatises as well as his speeches, and his treatises are important, though not entirely reliable, evidence for his practice as an orator. His early work De inuentione provides a clear introduction to status theory as it was taught in Rome in the early 1st century BCE; his later writings on rhetoric, from the 50s and 40s, are much more innovative in their approach and draw on his understanding of Hellenistic philosophy to refine a vision of the orator as an exemplar of humane learning. Dominik and Hall 2007 offers a good introduction to the field of Roman rhetoric more generally and contextualizes Cicero’s achievement.
  572.  
  573. Arweiler, Alexander. 2003. Cicero rhetor: Die Partitiones oratoriae und das Konzept des gelehrten Politikers. Berlin: de Gruyter.
  574. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  575. Systematic challenge to the dismissal of the partitiones as an introductory work, demonstrating how it fits into a Roman didactic tradition as well as into Cicero’s sustained concern with writing and authority.
  576. Find this resource:
  577. Dominik, William J., and Jon C. R. Hall, eds. 2007. A companion to Roman rhetoric. Oxford: Blackwell.
  578. DOI: 10.1002/9780470996485Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  579. A good starting point on the subject, with up-to-date bibliographies.
  580. Find this resource:
  581. Dugan, John. 2005. Making a new man: Ciceronian self-fashioning in the rhetorical works. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  583. Despite its title, this is not limited to the rhetorical works but also discusses some of the speeches, including the Pro Archia.
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Gunderson, Erik. 2000. Staging masculinity: The rhetoric of performance in the Roman world. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
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  587. Focuses on actio and its perils; not exclusively about Cicero, but contains much of interest to his writings, and a lengthy discussion of De oratore.
  588. Find this resource:
  589. Wisse, Jakob. 1989. Ethos and pathos from Aristotle to Cicero. Amsterdam: Hakkert.
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  591. Lucid demonstration of Cicero’s originality in De oratore in adopting the Aristotelian triad of logos, ethos, and pathos.
  592. Find this resource:
  593. Cicero and the Intellectual Life of the Late Republic
  594.  
  595. Cicero’s writings are an essential source for understanding Republican cultural life; Rawson 1985 is a notable attempt to supplement Ciceronian material with other surviving evidence. There is, naturally, considerable overlap between this heading and those dealing with politics and with philosophy.
  596.  
  597. Fantham, Elaine. 2004. The Roman world of Cicero’s De oratore. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  598. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  599. Thorough and sensible study, including useful background material on the dialogue’s historical setting and its participants.
  600. Find this resource:
  601. Fox, Matthew. 2007. Cicero’s philosophy of history. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  603. Uses Cicero’s engagement with the Roman past to construct a radically skeptical Cicero. Includes extensive consideration of the reception of Cicero’s philosophical writing from the Renaissance onward.
  604. Find this resource:
  605. Frier, Bruce. 1985. The rise of the Roman jurists: Studies in Cicero’s Pro Caecina. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
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  607. Foundational work on the development of civil law in the late Republic.
  608. Find this resource:
  609. Habinek, Thomas. 1998. The politics of Latin literature: Writing, identity, and empire in ancient Rome. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  610. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  611. Not exclusively about Cicero, but contains extensive discussion of his writings.
  612. Find this resource:
  613. Harries, Jill. 2006. Cicero and the jurists: From citizens’ law to the lawful state. London: Duckworth.
  614. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  615. Explores the role of the jurists in helping Cicero to form his views of the state and the citizen.
  616. Find this resource:
  617. Jaeger, Mary. 2008. Archimedes and the Roman imagination. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
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  619. Uses the figure of Archimedes to explore a wide range of issues in the history of Roman culture, including Cicero’s “rediscovery” of Archimedes’s tomb.
  620. Find this resource:
  621. Narducci, Emanuele. 1997. Cicerone e l’eloquenza romana: Retorica e progetto culturale. Rome: Laterza.
  622. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  623. Concentrates on Pro Archia, De oratore, and Brutus.
  624. Find this resource:
  625. Rawson, Elizabeth D. 1985. Intellectual life in the late Roman Republic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
  626. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  627. Fundamental study of the topic and the period, though self-consciously avoids direct assessment of Cicero’s writings; compare Rawson 1983 (see General Overview).
  628. Find this resource:
  629. Cicero and Politics
  630.  
  631. The quality of Cicero’s contribution to political thought at the end of the Republic and the nature of his identification of the causes of civil violence is much debated; Connolly 2007 offers a notably positive reading of his contribution.
  632.  
  633. Achard, Guy. 1981. Pratique rhétorique et idéologie politique dans les discours “optimates” de Cicéron. Mnemosyne Supplement 68. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  634. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  635. Dense but rewarding study of the political outlook manifested in Cicero’s speeches.
  636. Find this resource:
  637. Bernett, Monica. 1995. Causarum cognitio: Ciceros Analysen zur politischen Krise der späten Römischen Republik. Stuttgart, Germany: Steiner.
  638. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  639. Explores Cicero’s assessment of what caused the crisis of the Republic.
  640. Find this resource:
  641. Connolly, Joy. 2007. The state of speech: Rhetoric and political thought at Rome. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  642. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  643. Densely argued analysis of Cicero’s rhetorical works as serious contributions to his political thought.
  644. Find this resource:
  645. Rose, Peter. 1995. Cicero and the rhetoric of imperialism: Putting the politics back into political rhetoric. Rhetorica 13:359–399.
  646. DOI: 10.1525/rh.1995.13.4.359Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  647. A Marxist reading of On the Command of Gnaeus Pompeius and On the Consular Provinces.
  648. Find this resource:
  649. Steel, Catherine. 2001. Cicero, rhetoric and empire. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  650. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  651. Focuses on Cicero’s handling of Rome’s overseas empire.
  652. Find this resource:
  653. Powell, J. G. F., and John A. North, eds. 2001. Cicero’s republic. London: Institute of Classical Studies.
  654. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  655. A diverse collection of essays on On the Republic, linked by concern for the Roman context of the work.
  656. Find this resource:
  657. Wiseman, T. P. 2009. Remembering the Roman people. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  658. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  659. Stimulating exploration of popularis politics that includes substantial discussion of Cicero’s writings.
  660. Find this resource:
  661. Wood, Neal. 1991. Cicero’s social and political thought. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
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  663. An excellent introduction to the field.
  664. Find this resource:
  665. Cicero and Philosophy
  666.  
  667. Cicero himself made no claims for the originality of his philosophical writing, presenting it instead as a series of translations and adaptations of the major Greek schools. Recent commentators, such as Barnes and Griffin 1997, Griffin and Barnes 1989, and Gildenhard 2007 have nonetheless explored the ways in which his philosophical writings are adapted to their Roman context and develop arguments with specific resonance at Rome, particularly in the aftermath of the civil war between Pompey and Caesar.
  668.  
  669. Barnes, Jonathan, and Miriam Tamara Griffin, eds. 1997. Philosophia togata II: Plato and Aristotle at Rome. Oxford: Clarendon.
  670. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  671. Includes a fine essay by Griffin on Cicero’s stance on friendship.
  672. Find this resource:
  673. Beard, Mary. 1986. Cicero and divination: The formation of a Latin discourse. Journal of Roman Studies 76:33–46.
  674. DOI: 10.2307/300364Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  675. Uses De diuinatione as an example of the “differentiation of religion” in the late Republic.
  676. Find this resource:
  677. Brittain, Charles. 2001. Philo of Larissa: The last of the academic sceptics. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  678. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  679. Study of one of Cicero’s teachers and of a central dispute in contemporary Greek philosophy.
  680. Find this resource:
  681. Clark, Gillian, and Tessa Rajak, eds. 2002. Philosophy and power in the Graeco-Roman world: Essays in honour of Miriam Griffin. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  682. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  683. A wide-ranging collection, with essays on Cicero by Harries, Schofield, and Yavetz.
  684. Find this resource:
  685. Gildenhard, Ingo. 2007. Paideia romana: Cicero’s Tusculan disputations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Philological Society.
  686. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  687. Offers detailed readings of the prefaces to the individual books of the Tusculans in an attempt to demonstrate the work’s overall educational and moral program.
  688. Find this resource:
  689. Griffin, Miriam Tamara, and Jonathan Barnes, eds. 1989. Philosophia togata I: Essays on philosophy and Roman society. Oxford: Clarendon.
  690. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  691. A diverse set of essays in which Cicero’s writings are a constant point of reference.
  692. Find this resource:
  693. Powell, J. G. F., ed. 1995. Cicero the philosopher: Twelve papers. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  694. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  695. A mixture of close readings and more general studies.
  696. Find this resource:
  697. Schofield, Malcolm. 1986. Cicero for and against divination. Journal of Roman Studies 76:47–65.
  698. DOI: 10.2307/300365Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  699. Discussion of the form of De diuinatione, arguing that the presentation of opposing arguments is central to Cicero’s philosophical project in this work.
  700. Find this resource:
  701. Cicero, the Letter-Writer
  702.  
  703. Cicero’s prolific epistolary habit provides a great deal of our knowledge of late Republican political life, and his letters have often been used by historians as though they provided direct access to his thoughts and feelings. However, the generic expectations and contextual nuances of his practices as a letter-writer are increasingly receiving critical scrutiny. Treggiari 2007 draws heavily upon the letters in her exploration of the lives of Cicero’s wives and daughter.
  704.  
  705. Beard, Mary. 2002. Ciceronian correspondences: Making a book out of letters. In Classics in progress: Essays on ancient Greece and Rome. Edited by T. P. Wiseman, 103–144. Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press
  706. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  707. Considers how the letters have been read and arranged in modern editions as a preliminary to exploring how Cicero used them to shape his experiences.
  708. Find this resource:
  709. Hall, Jon. 2005. Politeness and formality in Cicero’s letter to Matius (Fam 11.27). Museum Helveticum 62.4:193–213.
  710. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  711. Close reading of a letter to a close friend of Caesar, after Caesar’s assassination, in which Cicero justifies his own behavior in regard to Caesar.
  712. Find this resource:
  713. Hutchinson, G. O. 1998. Cicero’s correspondence: A literary survey. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  714. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  715. An exploration of the letters as carefully constructed literary artifacts.
  716. Find this resource:
  717. Schneider, Wolgang Christian. 1998. Vom Handeln der Römer. Hildesheim, Germany: Georg Olms.
  718. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  719. An analysis of some of the Ad familiares collection as evidence for social relations among the elite.
  720. Find this resource:
  721. Treggiari, Susan. 2007. Terentia, Tullia and Publilia: The women of Cicero’s family. London: Routledge.
  722. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  723. Biographies of Cicero’s wives and daughter, which rely heavily on his letters to and about them.
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