2016-10-25 TOEFL: word roots, reference Qs

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Homework: Write a “perfect” integrated response to this reading and listening 4.1.B. (the transcript of the lecture is on p. 664
	Email or share it with me at [email protected]
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http://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happens-to-our-bodies-after-we-die-farnaz-khatibi-jafari
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Word List 1 - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
aer/aero (aerial, aerate) = air
agri/agro (agriculture, agribusiness, agrarian) = field/farm
ambi (ambidextrous, ambiguous, ambivalent) = both
amb/ambul (amble, ambulatory, ambulate) = walk
ami/amo (amiable, amorous) = love
anim (animate, animal) = spirit/life/soul (movement)
ann/enn (annual, millennium, anniversary) = year
ante/anti (antecedent, anteroom, anticipate) = before
anthropo (anthropology, philanthropy) = humanity
anti (antibacterial, antisocial) = against
aqua (aquamarine, aqueduct, aquarium) = water
arch (monarch, hierarchy, archbishop) = chief/first/principal (the ‘ch’ is sometimes /k/ in these words, but not always)
archa (archaeology, archaic) = ancient/first (it’s really the same root as the last one)
art (artist, artifact, artisan) = skill
astro (astronomy, astrology, disaster) = star
aud/audi (audience, audible) = hear
auto (automatic, autograph) = oneself
bell (belligerent, rebellious) = war
bene (benefit, benevolent) = good
bio (biology, biography, biosphere) = life
cept/ceive (intercept, receive) = take
cardi/cardio (cardiac, cardiology) = heart
carn (carnivore, carnal) = meat/flesh
cede/ceed (intercede, exceed) = go
cent (century, centimeter, centennial) = hundred


“cent” and “hect” both mean 100, in measurements the Latin root means it’s a fractional part and the Greek root means it’s multiplied:
deci = 1/10, deca = 10x
centi = 1/100, hect = 100x
milli = 1/1000, kilo = 1000x


kilo, mega, giga, tera = 103, 106, 109, 1012
milli, micro, nano, pico = 10-3, 10-6, 10-9, 10-12
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He is taller than I. - very formal, some people insist it’s correct but it sounds strange
He is taller than me. - much more common and natural sounding, but some people say it’s wrong
He is taller than I am. - always fine
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Are you from Italy? - base question, I don’t have any expectation of the answer
You are from Italy? - I’m surprised to hear this, or I’m checking to confirm my information.
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BREAK
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Review: reading question types
reference, vocabulary, purpose, inference, fact, negative fact, summarize, sentence insertion, (sentence) paraphrase, categorize
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Reference questions are less common than most of the others (reading tests don’t always include any reference questions). However, it is very important to understanding the text as a whole, in the reading section as well as the integrated speaking and writing sections.
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Handout - reference questions
p. 167 (Cambridge) - With your partners, decide what each underlined word or phrase refers to.
1 themselves = arctic people
  they = arctic people
  these natural resources = the environment and wild animals
2 who = individuals / groups of individuals
  their = political prisoners
3 when = 1863
  he = the Hungarian count
  the first European variety = wine grapes
  there = California
4 the lawyer and lexicographer = Noah Webster
  who = Noah Webster
  at this time = 1828
  that = the English
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p. 118-119 (Cengage) - Write the meaning of each reference in paragraphs 17 and 18 (You can do 1-16 as optional homework)
17 they = fats
   these = three basic types of nutrients
   which = vitamins A, D, E, and K
   some = fats (NOT vitamins; sometimes you have to pay attention to the “level” of organization a sentence has in a passage, to understand what a reference means)
18 there = the Wisconsin Dells
   others = formations
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p. 19 (Longman) - Suggestions on how to answer these questions.
reference = the act of referring to something
referents = the things that are referred to
(ance/ence and ants/ents words sound the same, but the meaning is different)


p. 21 - Read the paragraph and answer questions 10-13
10 A
11 C
12 A
13 B
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With complex words (especially words with Latin roots), we usually add suffixes to change the part of speech (adjective to verb, adjective to adverb, etc.). This is useful for recognizing *and* creating new words.
Simple words often have other patterns for parts of speech. For example, the verb has a voiced ending and the noun has a voiceless ending (sometimes the vowel also changes)
live / life
lose / loss
give / gift
bathe / bath
clothe / cloth
house / house (same spelling, but the verb has a /z/ sound at the end)
drive / drift
	(“gift” and “drift” are things given and driven; the ‘t’ ending might suggest a past participle form)
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Homework: p. 24-25 on the handout - read the passage and answer the vocabulary and reference questions.