Psychology 2301 Exam 2 Solutions 1. Which of the following best describes the unusual events that occurred in Pavlov's laboratory, leading him to the discovery of classical conditioning? A. Dogs salivated after meat powder was placed in their mouths. B. Dogs sometimes salivated before meat powder was placed in their mouths. c. Salivation existed in dogs as an unlearned reflex. d. Dogs salivated if and only if they were given a reward. 2. After pairing the CS and US in a series of conditioning trials, the organism learns to respond to the CS alone. This learned behavior is then termed the a. neutral stimulus. b. conditioned stimulus. c. unconditioned response. d. conditioned response. 3. In a television commercial, an advertiser shows a party scene with many college-age students having a great time. The advertiser's product, a new lite-beer, is prominently displayed in the scene. This advertiser is hoping that his product will become associated with fun. Therefore, when a college student is in a store, s / he will associate this new beer will good feelings and fun. The advertiser is depending on ____________ in selling his product. a. higher order conditioning b. shaping c. response chaining d. extinction 4. Through behavioral therapy, Jennifer was able to extinguish her fear of dogs and to actually pet a dog without tensing up. However, Jennifer has a new neighbor with a large dog that growled at her the first time she tried to pet it. Now, Jennifer's fearfulness toward all dogs has returned. This reoccurrence of her past fear is an example of a. latent learning. b. response chaining. c. spontaneous recovery. d. stimulus control. 5. Operant conditioning focuses on how a. people learn through the association of stimuli. b. people utilize their inborn reflexive habits. c. behavior is influenced by its consequences. d. changes in behavior are related to mental events 6. With classical conditioning, the learners are ________, while in operant conditioning the learners are _________ in their interactions with the environment. a. passive; active b. active; passive c. reinforced more often; punished more often d. punished more often; reinforced more often 7. A reinforcer will a. reliably increase responding. b. sometimes increase responding. c. never increase responding . d. reliably decrease responding. 8. Reinforcement in operant conditioning is most effective when it is a. response-contingent. b. stimulus-contingent. c. US-CS contingent. d. NS-CS contingent. 9. Reinforcement is most effective a. if it is delayed. b. when it is immediate. c. when it is delivered randomly. d. when it follows a long chain of responses. 10. Akia rubbed some cortisone cream on the spot where a mosquito had bitten her and the itching stopped. The next time a mosquito bit her, she reached for the cortisone cream. In terms of operant conditioning, this is an example of a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. aversive punishment. d. response cost . 11. Which of the following is NOT a partial schedule of reinforcement? a. fixed ratio. b. fixed interval. c. variable ratio. d. continuous interval. 12. A dog that gets rewarded for the first bark it makes in each ten minute period is being reinforced on a __________ schedule of reinforcement. a. continuous b. fixed interval c. variable interval d. fixed ratio 13. A child who is a model of behavior when his parents are present, but who becomes uncontrollable when the babysitter arrives, is demonstrating a. operant stimulus discrimination. b. delayed reinforcement. c. classical conditioning. d. operant stimulus generalization. 14. When Miguel is scolded by his mother, he stops doing that behavior; however, when Jared is scolded by his mother, he actually increases the misbehavior because he finally has her attention. For Miguel the scolding served as a (n) _________, while the scolding served as a (n) _______ for Jared. a. punisher; reinforcer b. reinforcer; punisher c. punisher; punisher d. reinforcer; reinforcer 15. Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and remains unexpressed until reinforcement is provided is known as a. instrumental learning. b. latent learning. c. covert conditioning. d. respondent conditioning. 16. In order for observational learning to take place, a. the learner must pay attention to the model and remember what was done. b. the learner must be able to reproduce the modeled behavior. c. the learner must be reinforced the first time s / he performs this modeled behavior. d. all of these steps must take place. 17. Greg is trying to read the paper and is becoming very frustrated with his oldest child Tommy, who is making a lot of noise near him, so he "swats "Tommy on his rear end and tells him to be quiet. Later, Tommy is fussing at his younger brother for touching his toys. Greg tells his oldest son to be nice to his little brother. From the learning that takes place in these two situations , Tommy will most likely a. be nice to his younger brother. b. hit his younger brother when he becomes frustrated. c. hit his father when he becomes frustrated. d. do none of these. 18. The registering of a very brief , fleeting image and its icon describes the role of __________ memory. a. sensory b. short-term c. long-term d. working 19. Which of the following would be an example of short-term memory? a. remembering the letters of the alphabet b. looking up a phone number and remembering it while you dial c. remembering your name d. remembering how to ride a bicycle 20. In carrying out our daily chores, short-term memory and long-term memory work as a (n )__________ memory system. a. dual b. maintenance c. episodic d. mnemonic 21. Many children remember what their parents said they did at very young ages rather than remembering the actual events. Remembering the information, but not the source of the memory explains how ____________ are formed. a. eidetic images b. internal images c. pseudo-memories d. iconic memories 22. Smelling apple pie causes you to have a vivid and detailed memories of the happy times that you spent in your grandmother's kitchen . This process is called ________ memory. a. redintegrative b. iconic c. eidetic d. sensory 23. That many Alzheimer's patients are still able to play the piano or to make coffee but not remember names or faces illustrates that their __________ memory is still presently functioning, but their _________ memory is NOT. a. procedural; declarative b. episodic; fact c. semantic; skill d. eidetic; procedural 24. ______________ memories are like looking in an encyclopedia, while ___________ memories are like looking into your own personal photo album. a. Skill; episodic b. Episodic; semantic c. Semantic; episodic d. Semantic; procedural 25. __________ images are "projected" out in front of a person; __________ images are representations in one's memory. a. Mental ; eidetic b. Implicit; explicit c. Eidetic; mental d. Explicit; implicit 26. The type of forgetting that results from a memory never being formed in the first place is known as a. proactive interference. b. retroactive interference. c. repression. d. encoding failure 27. The definition of intelligence includes all of the following skills EXCEPT the ability to a. recall and organize data into patterns. b. act purposely. c. think rationally. d. deal effectively with the environment 28. An operational definition of intelligence is based on the a. procedures used to measure intelligence. b. standardization sample for the test. c. validity of the test. d. reliability of the test. 29. Which of the following is NOT one of the five sections of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition? a. knowledge b. fluid reasoning c. creative processing d. working memory 30. A ten-year-old child with a mental age of ten would have an IQ of a. 50. b. 100. c. 110. d. 120. 31. Which is a difference between the WAIS-III and the Stanford-Binet (SB5)? a. The SB5 is a group test; the WAIS-III is an individual test. b. The SB5 utilizes a deviation IQ, while the WAIS-III does not. c. The WAIS-III reports separate performance and verbal scores; the SB5 does not. d. The WAIS-III is designed to test adults, while the SB5 tests individuals from two to 85 +-years-old. 32. Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding both the WAIS-III and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, 5 th Edition (SB5)? a. Both provide performance and verbal scores. b. Both can be used with adults. c. Both are group tests of intelligence. d. Both yield a single overall IQ. 33. The relationship (correlation) between IQ scores and out-of-school achievements (for example, art, music, science, and leadership) is a. about .50. b. very low. c. about .75. d. too variable to be of much importance. 34. People with IQs between 55 and 70 and adaptive behaviors within the same functioning range would be described as a. moderately retarded. b. seriously retarded. c. severely retarded. d. mildly retarded. 35. Howard Gardner has theorized all of the following types of intelligence EXCEPT a. language. b. creativity. c. interpersonal skills. d. intrapersonal skills. 36. The correlation of intelligence test scores between identical twins is a. higher when they are raised together than when they are raised apart. b. greater than that for fraternal twins raised together. c. higher than that for any other blood relatives. d. all of these.. 37. You are daydreaming in the middle of a lecture. Daydreming is a. not considered thinking and is not an example of cognition. b. not considered thinking but is an example of cognition. c. considered thinking but is not an example of cognition. d. considered thinking and is an example of cognition. 38. The form of imagery that is especially important in music, sports, dance, and martial arts is a. kinesthetic imagery. b. semantic imagery. c. prototypical imagery. d. conjunctive imagery. 39. Social stereotypes are faulty, oversimplified concepts about groups of people and are related to a concept's a. connotative meaning. b. denotative meaning. c. conjunctive meaning. d. disjunctive meaning. 40. Elmer is attending speech therapy classes because he has a frontal lisp, that is, he mispronounces the "s" sound as a "th." For example, he might say that "the thun thines in the morning. "Elmer is exhibiting a problem with a. syntax. b. transformations. c. morphemes. d. phonemes. 41. Ginny is 70-years-old and is taking a computer course at the local community college. She is learning to use the word processing feature on a computer and is attempting to "copy and paste" a section of text. As she attempts this procedure, she "talks" herself through the steps that her instructor taught her. Ginny is using __________ in completing this task. a. an algorithm b. a heuristic c. insight d. a random search strategy 42. Heuristics are problem-solving strategies which a. use a trial-and-error approach. b. use random search strategies. c . guarantee success in solving a problem. d. reduce the number of alternatives. 43. A truck gets stuck under a bridge. Several tow-trucks are unable to pull it out. At last a little boy walks up and asks the red-faced adults trying to free the truck why they haven't let the air out of the truck's tires. Their oversight was due to a. divergent thinking. b. functional incubation. c. synesthesia. d. fixation. 44. Hunger, thirst, pain avoidance, sleep needs, and regulation of body temperature are a. stimulus motives. b. secondary motives. c. primary motives. d. incentive motives 45. Which of the following is FALSE regarding set point, fat cells, and obesity? a. Radical diets may even raise the set point for fat, resulting in diet-induced obesity. b. Your leptin levels are partly under genetic control. c. When your body goes below its set point, you will not feel hungry and will eat less. d. Leptin is released from fat cells and tells your brain that you need to eat less. 46. Tanya's parents describe Tanya as the perfect daughter, considerate, obedient, and helpful. Recently, they have noticed that she has lost a considerable amount of weight, and is obsessed with dieting and relentless exercise. Although her parents have told her that she has lost enough weight, Tanya still feels like she needs to lose more weight. From these observations, it appears that Tanya is suffering from a. anorexia nervosa . b. bulimia nervosa. c. a taste aversion. d. the behavioral dieting syndrome. 47. Which of the following primary motives is considered episodic? a. hunger b. thirst c. sleepiness d. pain avoidance 48. Which of the following are human erogenous zones? a. surface of the scalp and forehead b. fingernails and toenails c. ears and mouth d. back of the knee and the bottom of the feet 49. Which of the following factors influence sexual orientation? a. hereditary and biological b. social and cultural c. psychological d. all of these 50. The need for achievement a. is greatest for behaviors leading to financial and material success. b. involves a desire to have social impact and control over others. c. involves a desire to meet an internal standard of excellence. d. is characterized by all of these. 51. Which of the following theories of emotion would explain that the feelings occur after the bodily arousal, that is, you see a bear, you run, are aroused, and, lastly, you feel fear? a. James-Lange theory b. Cannon-Bard theory c. Schachter's cognitive theory d. the common sense theory 52. Jeanie tends to be comfortable in any situation and has the ability to make others