TUGAS B.ING NADIA

Subjunctive Wish
Pengertian Subjunctive

Subjunctive adalah kata kerja yang digunakan untuk membayangkan akibat dari sesuatu yang tidak ada atau tidak terjadi, yang dapat berupa wish (harapan), requirements (kebutuhan), dan suggestion(saran). Atau dengan kata lain, makna kalimat subjunctive ini selalu berlawanan dengan kenyataan atau fakta.

Kata-kata yang digunakan dalam subjunctive adalah “wish”(menginginkan/ mengharapkan), “as if/ as though” (seolah-olah),“would rather” (lebih suka), “if only” (seandainya/ jika saja).

Fungsi Subjunctive

As if/ as though digunakan untuk menyatakan keadaan yang tidak benar kenyataan atau faktanya.
Wish, would rather, dan if only digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu harapan atau keinginan.

Rumus Penggunaan Subjunctive

1.    Future Subjunctive

Future Subjunctive digunakan sebagai kalimat pengandaian yang mengacu pada masa yang akan datang, jadi faktanya juga dalam bentuk Simple Future Tense.

Wish
Subject (1) + wish + Subject (2) + Could / Would +Verb 1

Contoh:
I wish you would come to the party tonight.
(Artinya: Saya berharap kamu akan datang ke pesta nanti malam.)
(Faktanya: He will not come to the party tonight)

CATATAN
Walaupun jarang digunakan, tetapi Future Subjunctive terkadang masih sering kita jumpai, jadi lebih baik kita mengenalinya juga. Sebagai gantinya bisa menggunakan Present Subjunctive.


2.    Present Subjunctive

Present Subjunctive digunakan sebagai kalimat pengandaian yang mengacu pada masa sekarang, jadi faktanya juga dalam bentukSimple Present Tense.

Wish
Subject (1) + wish + Subject (2) + Verb 2 / were
As if /As though
Subject (1) + Verb 1 + as if + Subject (2) + Verb2 / were
Would rather
Subject (1) + would rather + Subject (2) + Verb 2 / were
If only
If only + Subject + Verb 2

CATATAN
Pada bentuk Present Subjunctive, kata kerja yang digunakan adalah bentuk ke-2 (VERB 2), dan jika harus menggunakan to be, harus menggunakan “were” untuk semua jenis Subject.

Contoh:
I wish you visited me.
(Artinya: Saya berharap kamu mengunjungi saya.)
(Faktanya: You don’t visit me.)

The girl dresses as if it were summer now.
(Artinya: Perempuan itu berpakaian seolah-olah sekarang musim panas.)
(Faktanya: it is not summer now.)

Shelly would rather he told the truth.
(Artinya: Shelly lebih suka dia mengatakan yang sebenarnya.)
(Faktanya: He doesn’t tell the truth.)

If only she knew.
(Artinya: Seandainya dia tau.)
(Faktanya: She doesn’t know.)

3.    Past Subjunctive

Past Subjunctive digunakan sebagai kalimat pengandaian yang mengacu pada masa lampau, jadi faktanya juga dalam bentuk Simple Past Tense.

Wish
Subject (1) + wished + Subject (2) + Had + Verb 3 / been
As if /As though
Subject (1) + Verb 2 + as if + Had + Verb 3 / been
Would rather
Subject (1) + would rather + Subject 2 + Had + Verb 3 / been
If only
If only + Subject + Had + Verb 3 / been

Contoh:
She wished (that) she had had more time last night.
(Artinya: Dia berharap bahwa dia punya waktu lebih kemarin malam.)
(Faktanya: She didn’t have more time last night.)

Jeff looked as though he had seen a ghost.
(Artinya: Jeff terlihat seolah-olah dia telah melihat hantu.)
(Faktanya: He didn’t see a ghost.)

I would rather he had been here.
(Artinya: Saya lebih suka dia sudah berada disini.)
(Faktanya: He was not here.)

If only Rachel had not been at home last night
(Artinya: Seandainya Rachel sudah tidak ada di rumah kemarin malam.)
(Faktanya: Rachel was at home last night.)



Conditional Sentence
Conditional Sentence (=Kalimat pengandaian) adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi atau mungkin tidak terjadi seperti yang diharapkan.
Conditional sentence terdiri dari dua klausa, yaitu:
Main Clause (Induk Kalimat) dan IF Clause.
Letak main clause bisa di depan maupun di belakang IF Clause. Perbedaan letak ini tidak mempengaruhi arti.
Ada beberapa tipe Conditional Sentence, yaitu:
Type I: Future Conditional
Type II: Present Conditional
Type III: Past Conditional

Type I: Future Conditional
Kalimat ini mengungkapkan kejadian yang diharapkan akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang dan memiliki kemungkinan untuk terjadi.
Pola kalimat:
If + S + Verb (present), S + will + Verb1
Kalimat 1                         Kalimat 2
Contoh:
1. If I have enough time, I will visit him.
(mean: I may have enough time, I may visit him)
1. I will go to the beach if my father gives me permission.
( mean: Perhaps, I go to the beach, my father permit me)
1. We will wait if you want to join us.
(mean: Perhaps, we wait, you probably want to join us)
1. If you study hard, you will pass the final exam.
(mean: Perhaps, you study hard, you may pass the final exam)
1. If he wins the competition, they will give him a gold medal.
(mean: Perhaps, he win the competition, they may give him gold medal)
Type II: Present Conditional
Kalimat ini menyatakan peristiwa yang diharapkan terjadi sekarang tetapi  tidak terjadi.
Pola kalimat:
If + S + Verb 2 / were,     S + would + Verb1
Kalimat 1                              Kalimat 2
Contoh:
1. If she visited me, I would give him money.
(mean: She doesn’t visit me, so I don’t give her money.)
1. If I had enough time, I would go swimming.
(mean: I don’t have enough time, so I don’t go swimming.)
1. If you were a flower, I would be a bee.
(mean: You are not a flower, I am not a bee.)
1. If Agnes Monica were my girlfriend, I would be the happiest boy in the world.
(mean: Agnes Monica is not my girlfriend, so I am not the happiest boy in the world)
Catatan:
Pada tipe ini, to be untuk semua subyek pada IF clause adalah WERE.
Type III: Past Conditional
Kalimat ini menyatakan peristiwa yang diharapkan terjadi di waktu lampau, tetapi tidak terjadi.
Pola kalimat:
If + S + had + Verb 3, S + would have + Verb 3
Kalimat 1                             Kalimat 2

Contoh:
1. If she had studied hard, she would have passed the final exam.
(mean: She didn’t study hard, so she didn’t pass the final exam.)
1. If the team had played well, it would have won the competition.
(mean: The didn’t play well, so the team didn’t win the competition)
1. If Britney Spears had been here, I would have been very happy.
(mean: Britney was not here, so I was not very happy.)
1. If you had come to my house, you would have met me.
(mean: You didn’t come to my house, so you didn’t meet me.)

Pengertian Suffix
Pada dasarnya yang dimaksud dengan suffix adalah suatu huruf atau sekumpulan huruf yang diletakkan pada akhir suatu kata atau root (base form suatu kata), tujuannya adalah untuk mengubah arti dari kata tertentu, hal ini berarti penggunaan suffix akan menciptakan kata baru dengan makna dan arti yang berbeda dari kata dasarnya. Sebagai contoh, kata “Avoid” jika ditambahkan suffix ‘able” maka akan menjadi “Avoidable”. Contoh lain, Friend + ship = friendship, Happy + ness= Happyness, slow + ly= slowly, dan masih banyak lagi contoh suffix yang akan saya berikan pada bagian bawah.

Tambahan-tambahan yang diletakkan pada akhir kata seperti contoh diataslah yang dimaksud dengan suffix itu, dan jumlahnya ini sangat banyak. Selain itu, suffix juga dibedakan menjadi dua tipe, yaitu derivational suffix dan juga inflectional suffix. Berikut penjelasan dari masing-masing tipe tersebut.

Derivational Suffix
Derivational suffix merupakan tipe suffix yang dapat membentuk kata turunan dari kata dasarnya, suffix ini juga akan merubah makna kata dasarnya secara drastis.

Contoh derivational suffix
Derivational Suffix
Example
Noun Suffixes

-acy
democracy, accuracy, lunacy
-al
remedial, denial, trial, criminal
-ance, -ence
nuisance, ambience, tolerance
-dom
freedom, stardom, boredom
-er, -or
reader, creator, interpreter, inventor, collaborator, teacher
-ism
Judaism, scepticism, escapism
-ist
Geologist, protagonist, sexist, scientist, theorist, communist
-ity, -ty
extremity, validity, enormity
-ment
enchantment, argument
-ness
heaviness, highness, sickness
-ship
friendship, hardship, internship
-sion, -tion
position, promotion, cohesion


Verb Suffixes

-ate
mediate, collaborate, create
-en
sharpen, strengthen, loosen
-ify, -fy
justify, simplify, magnify, satisfy
-ise, -ize
publicise, synthesise, hypnotise


Adjective Suffixes

-able, -ible
edible, fallible, incredible, audible
-al
fiscal, thermal, herbal, colonial
-esque
picturesque, burlesque, grotesque
-ful
handful, playful, hopeful, skilful
-ic, -ical
psychological, hypocritical, methodical, nonsensical, musical
-ious, -ous
pious, jealous, religious, ridiculous
-ish
squeamish, sheepish, childish
-ive
inquisitive, informative, attentive
-less
meaningless, hopeless, homeless
-y
dainty, beauty, airy, jealousy


Adverb Suffixes

-ly
softly, slowly, happily, crazily, madly
-ward, -wards
towards, afterwards, backwards, inward
-wise
otherwise, likewise, clockwise

Inflectional Suffix
Ini merupakan tipe suffix yang hanya memberikan penjelasan yang lebih jelas terhadap kata dasarnya, tapi suffix ini tetap merubah makna kata dasar namun tidak drastis.

Contoh inflectional suffix
Inflectional Suffix
Example
-s
Books, friends, cats, apples, sleeps, comes, likes, speaks, plays.
-ing
Sleeping, playing, swimming, crying, seeing, mixing, studying, flying.
-er
Bigger, faster, cleverer
-est
Biggest, fastest, cleverest
-ed, -d
Played, mixed, cried, died, moved

Contoh suffix dalam kalimat
Nah, berikut ini ada beberapa contoh kalimat bahasa inggris yang didalamnya mengandung suffix.
She sang softly hoping that the baby would fall asleep.
He was known throughout the community for his kindness and generosity.
She's crying because she stepped on very hot pavement.
We have so much to be thankful for.
Walking alone at night is dangerous.
Sometimes, Dad has selective hearing.
He got an A in biology class.
The seamstress will shorten the dress so it's the correct length.
His fascination with animals led to a career as a veterinarian.
She always wants to move! She is restless.
The second dog is very cute! He's adorable!
Mela can't remember anything! She's very forgetful.
I am a physics teacher.
He is the most important knight in Richard's whole kingdom.
The best thing about her is her kindness.
They never disagree or have an argument.

Antonyms
Antonyms are words that mean the opposite of other words. The antonym of big is small, for example. Pretty easy, right? Well, slow down there, there's something to be learned in this. English lets its speakers make their own antonyms just by adding a prefix. The ability to make up one's own words and have them be real words is something truly lovable about English.
Mis, dis, dys, mal, in, and unare all prefixes one can affix to words to create antonyms.
Examples:
Official becomes unofficial.
Flexible becomes inflexible.
Adroit becomes maladroit.
Functional becomes dysfunctional.
Peptic becomes dyspeptic.
Philanthropist becomes misanthropist.
Careful: changing prefixes doesn't always work, like flammable and inflammable pretty much mean the same thing––they're synonyms––but usually prefix juggling works like water on fire.
Synonyms
Synonyms are words that share meanings with other words. There are many reasons why synonyms are great. Here are three:
1. They make it possible for writers to create a mood with the nuances of their vocabularies. "Walk" is different than "saunter," and "drink" is different than "guzzle." The differences are in the mind, and when a writer is trying to paint a picture in a reader's mind, those differences can make or break a writer's prose.
2. They give writers more rhythmic tools. "Absquatulate" means the same thing as "abscond," but they are rhythmically very different. Every serious writer thinks about the rhythm of what he or she produces. Synonyms give writers more control over that rhythm.
3. They sound fancy. A little of this goes a long way, like using "utilize" for "use," but sometimes knowing a better-sounding word makes you sound intelligent. If you don't use fancy synonyms, you should at least be able to know when someone else is. Certain people use argot that isn't immediately understandable, but if you know a lot of synonyms, you will never be lost. Plus, if someone fails to comprehend your own jargon, you can use a synonym they know to get your point across. In writing, you can work on tone by saying "discharging a firearm" instead of "firing a gun" or "disenfranchised youths" for "kids without voices."
Homonyms
Homonyms are words that sound alike but have different meanings. They're great. They are source of entertainment, confusion, and inspiration.
Homonyms are often the cause of a spelling or word usage error. For example:
We accept (receive) a gift and we except (exclude) someone from a gift list.
We have multiple days (more than one day) of fun and we can have be in a daze (to be bewildered) on a new job.
We can go to (a preposition) the store, tell someone we want to go too (also) and we can take two (a number) friends.
Here are some links to get you started in the wonderful, and sometimes confusing world of homonyms:
Examples of Homonyms
Alan Cooper's Homonyms
Knowing antonyms, synonyms and homonyms will certainly expand our vocabulary; but, they can also be very confusing if the wrong word is written or spoken.

Read more at http://grammar.yourdictionary.com/style-and-usage/Antonyms-Synonyms-Homonyms.html#XCDQG5wmg13ZylMJ.99