2017-03-23 TOEFL: reading reference, speaking 1 and 2

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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http://ed.ted.com/lessons/meet-the-tardigrade-the-toughest-animal-on-earth-thomas-boothby
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Homework: DELTA p. 249-250
“The road to Hell is paved with good intentions.”
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DELTA p. 257 - Listen to the conversation and answer the questions.
1 D
2 B
3 A C
4 C
5 D
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Reading Question Types
- purpose
- inference
- paraphrase
- vocabulary
- fact
- negative fact
- reference
- sentence insertion
- summary
- organize/categorize
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Reference Questions - These ask about what pronouns and other expressions refer to.
Handout (Cambridge) p. 167 - Take a few minutes to identify what each underlined word or phrase refers to.
1 themselves = arctic people
  they = arctic people
  these natural resources = environment and wild animals
2 who = individuals
  their = political prisoners’
3 when = 1863
  he = Hungarian count
  the first European variety = wine grapes
  there = California
4 the lawyer and lexicographer = Noah Webster
  who = Noah Webster
  at this time = 1828
  that = English
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(You can do 116-117 at home.)
Skip ahead to (Cengage) p. 118-119 - What do the highlighted words or phrases refer to?
12 this method = satellite photography
13 them = American importers
14 where = New York City
   the time = the 1920s
   there = Paris
15 this creature = anemone
   it = nest / clown fish (It could refer to either one, but if you had both choices on a test, “nest” is the better answer because we would talk about raiding a nest, not raiding a fish.)
16 his = Garland
   his mentor = Howells
17 they = fats
   these = basic types of nutrients / fats, carbs, and proteins
   which = fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K
   some = fats
18 there = Wisconsin Dells
   (some = formations)
   others = formations
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weed-out class = a very difficult class designed to “weed out” (remove) weaker students from a program
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BREAK
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Handout (Oxford) p. 72-74 - Answer the reference and sentence insertion questions about Gandhi.
Compare your answers with your partners.
1 c
2 b - “its” is singular (not a) and possessive (not c), and d doesn’t make sense
3 c - The previous sentence has to be about an aim of some kind.
4 c
5 c
6 c
7 b
8 d
9 b - not a because “these” refers directly back to the laws, and the previous sentence says nothing about caste; b makes the most sense because the sentence before it talks about both caste and electorates
10 b - The important thing is to realize it’s about Gandhi, though both Mahatma and “the magician” were other names people used for him.
11 d
12 b
13 c
14 c
15 b - “Neither side” refers to something with exactly two sides, and both of those sides didn’t want to see him starve to death.
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Words like “both”, “either”, “neither”, “between”, and comparative forms are remnants of an old dual grammatical number that refers to exactly two things. (For more than two, we use “all”, “any”, “none”, “among”, and superlative forms.)
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Independent Speaking (questions 1 and 2) - Talk about your own opinions and experiences.
The first question is open-ended, like “Who is your favorite person?”
The second is a choice question, like “Do you prefer small towns or big cities?” (This is the same type of question you’ll get for independent writing.)
You have 15 seconds to prepare this response, and 45 seconds to speak.
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Your answer should include these parts:
1 Introduction/topic statement: “My favorite person is _____.”
  Description (for question 1): “He is a friend who I met in elementary school and we’ve known each other for 30 years now.”
2 Lead-in: “There are two reasons why he is my favorite person.”
3 Reason 1: “The first reason is that he…”
4 Detail/Example: “For example, when I …, he …, which…”
5 Reason 2: “The second reason is…”
6 Detail/Example: “For example…”
(7 Conclusion, if you have time: “For these two reasons, ____ is my favorite person.”)
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What should you write in your 15 seconds of preparation time?
- Answer: “Jack”
- Reason 1: “advice”
- Reason 2: “cheerful”
You could add a word or two about the examples you’ll use, if you have time to do so.
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Homework: handout p. 24-25 (Longman) about Coral Colonies
	(optional - The other handout pages we skipped in class today.)