<?php
namespace VendorExtensionBlock;

class Getcategoryinfo extends MagentoFrameworkViewElementTemplate
{
    protected $_categoryCollectionFactory;

    public function __construct(
        MagentoFrameworkViewElementTemplateContext $context,
        MagentoCatalogModelResourceModelCategoryCollectionFactory $categoryCollectionFactory,
        array $data = []
    ) {
        $this->_categoryCollectionFactory = $categoryCollectionFactory;
        parent::__construct($context, $data);
    }

    public function getCategoryCollection() {
        $collection = $this->_categoryCollectionFactory->create();
        $collection->addAttributeToSelect('*');
        $collection->addIsActiveFilter();
        return $collection;
    }
}

// get the list of all categories
$categories = $block->getCategoryCollection();
foreach ($categories as $category) {
    echo $category->getName() .' '.$category->getId() . '<br />';
}