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Kawiesh

FT & WAWZ LINKS

Kawiesh
Dec 19th, 2019 (edited)
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  1. FT
  2. =============
  3. http://pantercriminology.blogspot.com/2014/01/fracture-matching-in-comparative.html?m=1
  4. =============
  5.  
  6. WAWZ
  7. ============
  8.  
  9. https://www.lenntech.nl/processen/zee/voorbehandeling/voorbehandeling.htm
  10.  
  11. J. Paul Guyer, P.E., R.A. (2018). An Introduction to Post-Treatment and Waste Disposal for Water Desalination. Guyer Partners. pp. 14–16.
  12.  
  13.  
  14. J. Paul Guyer, P.E., R.A. (2013). An Introduction to Pretreatment Considerations for Water Desalination. Guyer Partners. pp. 17–27.
  15.  
  16. Duranceau, Steven. (2009). Desalination post-treatment considerations. Florida Water Resources Journal. 60.
  17.  
  18. .......
  19.  
  20.  
  21. SOLIDS
  22. Physical and chemical treatment processes will be used to remove solid materials.
  23. Settleable solids are easily removed from water by gravity settling or filtration.
  24. Non-settleable solids are removed by chemical treatment. Chemical treatment may be designed to remove not only nonsettleable solids but to precipitate and remove scaleforming solids
  25.  
  26. IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS
  27. E.g. Emulsified oil and grease.Use gravity settling and chemical treatment processes followed by a filtration system to maintain immiscible liquid concentrations within acceptable levels
  28.  
  29. DISSOLVED ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS
  30. Can be removed from water by chemical treatment.
  31.  
  32.  
  33. SPARINGLY SOLUBLE SALTS.
  34. Some soluble materials become insoluble (precipitate).
  35.  
  36. This precipitation of solid materials can foul desalination systems through the formation of scale. Materials that precipitate easily to form scale are double-charged positive ions, such as calcium and magnesium salts. As water volume is reduced, the concentration of all ions and materials is increased. When the concentration reaches saturation, scale is formed. With alkaline earth sulfates and carbonates, the saturation concentration is reduced by increasing temperature. Ion exchange as well as chemical treatment followed by filtration can reduce the levels of sparingly soluble salts before desalination processes.
  37.  
  38.  
  39.  
  40. CHEMICAL TREATMENT
  41. Many materials, e.g., calcium salts, magnesium salts, oil and grease, total suspended solids and some organic contaminates, that are harmful to desalination processes can be reduced to acceptable levels by chemical treatment. Chemical treatment may involve any of the following: coagulation, either with or without clarification; pH adjustment, which may influence fluoride removal; or scale inhibition. When required, degasification and secondary filtration follow chemical treatment
  42.  
  43. COAGULATION
  44. lime, alum, ferric salts, and polyelectrolytes. To settle non stable solids
  45.  
  46.  
  47.  
  48.  
  49. PH ADJUSTMENT
  50. The pH adjustment step of pretreatment must result in the optimal pH level for the individual desalination system. After coagulants have been added, the pH is often changed significantly. In most cases, the pH must be returned to a neutral or a slightly acid level. Adjustment chemicals to lower the pH include carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid.
  51.  
  52.  
  53. SCALE INHIBITION. The precipitation of calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and calcium sulfate can be prevented through the addition of scale-inhibiting chemicals. Two scale-inhibiting chemical types are commonly used: polyphosphates and polyelectrolytes. The most commonly used polyphosphate compound is sodium hexametaphosphate.
  54.  
  55. DEGASIFICATION AND DEAERATION.
  56. The removal of dissolved gases from a feed water can be accomplished in one of two ways. The dissolved gas may be stripped out with another gas, or the dissolved gas may be stripped out with water vapor. A forced draft degasification tower will remove non-atmospheric gases. There are two basic designs for water distribution in deaerators. A design that sprays the water in the deaerator vessel will usually create the most complete deaeration. The other commonly used design involves cascading the water over trays. While the internal design of this deaerator is prone to short circuiting and incomplete deaeration, it is more compact and requires no pressure to operate the sprayers.
  57.  
  58. FILTRATION WITH GRANULAR MEDIA
  59. Primary filtration with granular media removes particulate materials left after lime, coagulates, or other chemicals have been added to the feed waters.
  60.  
  61.  
  62. DISINFECTION.
  63. Biological growth can seriously interfere with desalination surfaces and equipment.
  64. ultraviolet irradiation
  65. The addition of chemical oxidants, such as chlorine, bromine, iodine, or ozone, can provide biological disinfection before membrane processes when chlorine is used as a disinfectant, complete dechlorination of pretreated waters must occur before desalination in polyaromatic membrane systems. Dechlorination can be accomplished chemically through sulfite compound addition or passage through granular-activated carbon.
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