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Prosopography (Classics)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. The tongue twister “prosopography” literally means “descriptions of persons”; it is a learned neologism derived from the Greek prosōpon = “face, mask, dramatic character, person” and graphein = “write.” In current use, the word means two interrelated things: (1) an auxiliary discipline collecting and organizing all evidence relating to the individuals who make up (regularly large) groups of historical persons and establishing the connections among them; and (2) an analytical approach that makes use of those collections. Originally, prosopography was a way of study that was very specific to classics. Meanwhile, it has also been applied with increasing success to other branches of historical research. The following bibliography focuses on general collections, reference works, and comprehensive studies. Much of the practical work on details is published in numerous articles of scholarly journals (e.g., Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik).
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  5. Origins, History, Significance
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  7. To humanists of the 16th century, prosopograpy simply meant a work offering a series of literary portraits of famous persons (e.g., Göbler 1537). Later, the word was used for an ample index of persons mentioned in a single work or text corpus (Groen van Prinsterer 1823). It acquired its modern meaning not before the late 19th century. At that point, the Berlin Academy commissioned lexicons to collect all available information on persons: one for all Athenian citizens (Prosopographia Attica; see Greece: Reference Works) and one for the high dignitaries of the Roman Empire (Prosopographia Imperii Romani; see Roman Empire; for the early history, see W. Eck in Cameron 2003, pp. 11–22, and T. D. Barnes in Keats-Rohan 2007, pp. 71–82). In substance, these were works of a new type though they retained the old name “prosopography.” They became increasingly desirable as archaeological excavations and scholarly surveys produced masses of monumental inscriptions and papyri containing a huge amount of new information on persons. Meanwhile, prosopography has developed an international and multilingual identity, treating nearly all epochs and sectors of classics and many fields beyond. The primary concern was and is to organize knowledge about historically attested persons. Two broad patterns can be discerned: the prosopography of elites and works that include all persons of an area for a certain time. The collections provide the groundwork for social, administrative, and military history, and make visible the social profile of classes, patterns of careers, and personal networks, particularly within elites. Furthermore, attempts have been made to use these data to interpret political history presupposing that personal relations are the key for understanding, but the results have not always been conclusive (see Controversies in Approaches to Roman Republican Prosopography). Stone 1971 provides a critical evaluation of what prosopography is; the present state of the art is represented in Cameron 2003 and Keats-Rohan 2007; for introductions, see Hornblower and Spawforth 2016, and Fossey 1991. The task of gathering and organizing data is still not finished. Particularly for the Hellenistic age and the Roman Empire, much new evidence comes to light every year. Hence, a steady supplementation is needed, which complicates the use of printed reference works. In the meantime, computers, databases, and the Internet increasingly offer new and better ways to make knowledge accessible. The transition to information technology (IT) and Internet-based work has begun, but is not yet finished. It appears that the possibilities of IT have facilitated the considerable growth of a new interest in prosopography outside of classics.
  8.  
  9. Cameron, Averil, ed. 2003. Fifty years of prosopography: The later Roman Empire, Byzantium and beyond. Proceedings of the British Academy 118. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  11. An instructive collection of papers on the history of prosopographical research and the state of the discipline, originating from a conference in 2000 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire project (see Late Antiquity: General); mainly referring to Late Antiquity and Byzantium.
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  13. Fossey, John M. 1991. The study of ancient Greek prosopography. Chicago: Ares.
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  15. An introduction to Greek prosopography offering an extensive bibliography.
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  17. Göbler, Justinus. 1537. Prosopographiarum libri quatuor in quibus personarum illustrium descriptiones aliquot seu imagines ex optimis quibusdam authoribus per Justinum Goblerum selectae continentur. Moguntiae (= Mainz).
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  19. The first work titled “prosopography.” In Latin.
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  21. Groen van Prinsterer, G. 1823. Prosopographia platonica: Sive expositio judicii, quod Plato tulit de iis, qui in scriptis ipsius aut loquentes inducuntur, aut quavis de causa commemorantur. Lugduni Batavorum (= Leiden), The Netherlands: Luchtmans.
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  23. A prosopography in the old sense: a study (continuous text) compiling what Plato said on persons he mentioned. In Latin. Reprinted 1975 (Amsterdam: Hakkert).
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  25. Hornblower, Simon, and Anthony J. S. Spawforth. 2016. Prosopography. In the Oxford Classical Dictionary. Digital ed. Edited by Sander Goldberg. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  26. DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5382Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  27. A useful summary of what prosopography means, markedly influenced by the controversy on prosopography of the Roman Republic (see Controversies in Approaches to Roman Republican Prosopography). Originally published in 1996, in the Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3d ed., edited by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, 1262-1263 (Oxford and New York: Oxford Univ. Press).
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  29. Keats-Rohan, K. S. B., ed. 2007. Prosopography approaches and applications: A handbook. Prosopographica et Genealogica 13. Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, Univ. of Oxford.
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  31. A collection of articles on what prosopography is, on its history, and on current projects. It also gives guidance on how to proceed in prosopographical works. It gives a good overview of the current state of the field even outside of classics.
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  33. Modern History Research Unit, Univ. of Oxford. Prosopography Research.
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  35. Offers an online bibliography that in major part refers to research outside of classics.
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  37. Stone, Lawrence. 1971. Prosopography. Daedalus 100:46–79.
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  39. An influential and often-quoted article on prosopography. Its information on the origins and the use of prosopography in classics is incomplete.
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  41. Greece
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  43. For Archaic Greece, knowledge of persons is so limited that prosopographies are neither needed nor useful. The necessity comes with Classical and Hellenistic Athens. Besides the literary sources, thousands of inscriptions have come to light—among them copies of official documents and long lists of persons.
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  45. Reference Works
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  47. The Athenians are documented in Kirchner 1901 (supplemented by Sundwall 1910) and Traill 1994– (supplemented by Website Attica), foreign residents of Attica in Osborne and Byrne 1996. According to the pattern developed for Roman history, the officials and the well-to-do have also been recorded, as in Davies 1971 and Develin 1989. Other cities were studied, too, but here the evidence is limited (Poralla 1985). Meanwhile, Fraser and Matthews 1987–, a lexicon of Greek personal names, offers much more than the title promises and should be consulted as well.
  48.  
  49. Davies, John Kenyon. 1971. Athenian propertied families, 600–300 B.C. Oxford: Clarendon.
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  51. A standard reference work comprising persons of the most propertied class who had to perform special public services (liturgies). This is the class to which most politicians belonged. Partly long entries and stemmata. The focus is not on politics, but on the social conditions of these persons.
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  53. Develin, Robert. 1989. Athenian officials 684–321 B.C. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  54. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511552625Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  55. Following the model of Broughton 1951–1952 (see Roman Republic), it presents all known Athenian officials year by year, with short references to Kirchner 1901, Davies 1971, and other standard works.
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  57. Fraser, P. M., and Elaine Matthews, eds. 1987–. A lexicon of Greek personal names. Oxford: Clarendon.
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  59. A comprehensive lexicon of Greek personal names quoting all attestations, subdivided by regions and cities. To date, there are six volumes covering mainland Greece, the Aegean islands, the western colonies, and the northern areas. Compiled by a larger team (Peter Fraser died in 2007). Close to a general prosopography of the ancient Greek world. Further volumes are to follow.
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  61. Kirchner, Iohannes, ed. 1901. Prosopographia Attica. Vols. 1–2. Berlin: de Gruyter.
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  63. The classic work of reference on the known Athenian citizens until the time of Augustus. Contains more than fifteen thousand entries, mostly very short, and comments in Latin. Reprinted 1966 with additions and a new subtitle: Inscriptionum Graecarum conspectum numerorum add. Siegfried Lauffer (Berlin: de Gruyter). Unchanged reprint of the original edition (Chicago: Ares, 1981).
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  65. Osborne, Michael J., and Sean G Byrne. 1996. The foreign residents of Athens. An annex to the Lexicon of Greek personal names: Attica. Studia Hellenistica 33. Louvain, Belgium: Peeters.
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  67. Formally a supplement to the Attica volume of Fraser and Matthews 1987–. In fact, it is a register of attested metoikoi (foreign residents) in Athens.
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  69. Poralla, Paul. 1985. A prosopography of Lacedaemonians from the earliest times to the death of Alexander the Great: (X–323 B.C.). Chicago: Ares.
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  71. Reprinted edition of Prosopographie der Lakedaimonier bis auf die Zeit Alexanders des Großen (Breslau: Max & Comp., 1913), with introduction and supplements by A. S. Bradford. A prosopography of known Spartans of the Classical age, mostly drawing on literary sources. Still of relevance, as few additional sources have come to light since then. Text in German and English.
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  73. Sundwall, Johannes. 1909–1910. Nachträge zur “Prosopographia Attica.” Öfversigt af Finska Vetenskaps-Societetens Förhandlingar 52; Afd. B No: 1. Helsingfors, Finland: Akad. Bokhandeln.
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  75. Offers early additions to Kirchner 1901. Text in German. Reprinted (but not translated) 1981 under the title Supplement to J. Kirchner’s Prosopographia Attica: Nachträge zur Prosopographia Attica (Chicago: Ares).
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  77. Traill, John. 1994–. Athenians: Persons of Athens. Toronto: Athenians.
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  79. Starting from unpublished records of D. B. Merritt, the work comprises all people living in Athens from the beginning to Late Antiquity, including metoikoi, slaves, and foreigners. Planned for twenty volumes (of which eighteen have appeared already). Will comprise more than 100,000 entries, mostly short.
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  81. Website Attica.
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  83. Offers online supplements to Traill 1994–, a synopsis of published volumes, and a database that covers a part of the work. A complete online publication is under consideration.
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  85. Specific Groups
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  87. Some smaller groups of interrelated persons were studied for specific interests, as in Nails 2002 and Németh 2006. A very special group, important in Greek history, are the tyrants studied by Berve 1967.
  88.  
  89. Berve, Helmut. 1967. Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen. 2 vols. Munich: Beck.
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  91. The author—a man with a Nazi past—describes all tyrants of Greece. Useful collection of material. Text in German.
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  93. Nails, Debra. 2002. The people of Plato: A prosopography of Plato and other Socratics. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
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  95. A lexicon of people Plato had to do with. Similar to Groen van Prinsterer 1823 (see Origins, History, Significance), but functioning in a different way as it makes use of all available evidence for the persons treated.
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  97. Németh, György. 2006. Kritias und die Dreißig Tyrannen: Untersuchungen zur Politik und Prosopographie der Führungselite in Athen 404/403 v. Chr. Heidelberger Althistorische Beiträge und Epigraphische Studien 43. Stuttgart: Steiner.
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  99. A study (by a Hungarian scholar, in German) on the short-lived but brutal oligarchic regime in Athens 404/3 BCE. The author tries to identify the adherents and adversaries of the oligarchs as far as possible.
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  101. The Hellenistic World
  102.  
  103. The conquests of Alexander changed the ancient world although his empire was short-lived. While his successors were fighting for the rule over large parts of the Middle East, Greek culture became dominant in this whole area. Events were described by contemporaries, but nearly all histories and literary works of this epoch have been lost. Therefore, our knowledge depends to a high degree on the evidence of documentary sources, especially inscriptions and papyri.
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  105. General
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  107. The men of Alexander the Great have been studied in Berve 1926 and Heckel 2006. His successors, the diadochs, exercised rule with the assistance of personal confidants styled as “friends” and “relatives,” many of whom are known from inscriptions (Olshausen 1974, Savalli-Lestrade 1998; see also Grainger 1997 in Regional). For these kingdoms, prosopography can make visible the (emerging) administrative structures, its many changes, and the composition of the governing elite, nearly exclusively of Greek or Macedonian extraction (see also Paschidis 2008 and Tataki 1998).
  108.  
  109. Berve, Helmut. 1926. Das Alexanderreich auf prosopographischer Grundlage. 2 vols. Munich: Beck.
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  111. Reprinted New York (1973) and Hildesheim, Germany (1999). Volume 1 describes the institutions (court, army, administration); Volume 2 offers a prosopography with 833 entries on officials. Text in German. As almost no new sources have become known since then, this old collection remains valuable.
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  113. Heckel, Waldemar. 2006. Who’s who in the age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander’s empire. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
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  115. A modern work similar to Berve 1926, which is duly cited in nearly every entry.
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  117. Olshausen, Eckard. 1974. Prosopographie der hellenistischen Königsgesandten. Teil I: Von Triparadeisos bis Pydna. Studia Hellenistica 19. Louvain, Belgium: Peeters.
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  119. The work documents the diplomatic personnel of the Hellenistic monarchies 321–168 BCE (221 entries). These men mostly belonged to the “friends” of the kings. Text in German.
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  121. Paschidis, Paschalis. 2008. Between city and king: Prosopographical studies on the intermediaries between the cities of the Greek mainland and the Aegean and the Royal Courts in the Hellenistic period (322–190 BC). ΜΕΛΕΤΗΜΑΤΑ 59. Athens: Research Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity, National Hellenic Research Foundation.
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  123. A massive, up-to-date study in the vital relations between Hellenistic kings and Greek cities (here limited to the area of modern Greece), based on an extensive prosopography of intermediaries (approximately 275 long entries).
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  125. Savalli-Lestrade, Ivana. 1998. Les philoi royaux dans l’Asie hellénistique. Hautes études du monde gréco-romain 25. Geneva, Switzerland: Droz.
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  127. An extensive study of the “friends” of the Hellenistic kings who ruled in Asia Minor (Seleucids, Attalids, Mithridates, and others), their origins and their functions, based on a prosopography of known “friends.” In French.
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  129. Tataki, Argyro B. 1998. Macedonians abroad: A contribution to the prosopography of ancient Macedonia. ΜΕΛΕΤΗΜΑΤΑ 26. Athens: Research Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity, National Hellenic Research Foundation.
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  131. A comprehensive catalogue of Macedonians attested outside of Macedonia up to the end of the Hellenistic period (and even later).
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  133. Regional
  134.  
  135. For some states and regions, complete collections of persons have been provided, such as Grainger 1997 for the Seleucid kingdom, Grainger 2000 for the Aetolian federation, and Michaelidou-Nicolaou 1976 for Cyprus. Ptolemaic Egypt is a special case. Thousands of papyri have been preserved and are published continually. This vast but scattered evidence provides very detailed information on administration, but also on the Egyptian subjects. Here, a large part of the whole society becomes visible (Peremans, et al. 1950–2002; Prosopographia Ptolemaica).
  136.  
  137. Grainger, John D. 1997. A Seleukid prosopography and gazetteer. Mnemosyne Supplements 172. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
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  139. A large collection naming all known persons in the Seleucid kingdom: kings, officials, subjects (thousands of entries, mostly very short), added by a gazetteer of places, provinces, and peoples in the kingdom and a lexicon of institutions.
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  141. Grainger, John D. 2000. Aitolian prosopographical studies. Mnemosyne Supplements 202. Leiden, The Netherlands and Boston: Brill.
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  143. As complete as possible a prosopography of the Aetolians. A counterpart to the author’s The League of the Aetolians (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1999), which studies the history and political institution of the Aetolians.
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  145. Michaelidou-Nicolaou, Ino. 1976. Prosopography of Ptolemaic Cyprus. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 44. Gothenburg, Sweden: Åström.
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  147. Assembles all persons connected with Ptolemaic Cyprus (295/4–30 BCE).
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  149. Peremans, Willy, Edmond Van’t Dack, et al. 1950–2002. Prosopographia Ptolemaica. Studia Hellenistica 6, 8, 11–13, 17, 20, 21, 25, 38. Louvain, Belgium: Bibliotheca Universitatis.
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  151. A huge collection of evidence for all known persons from Ptolemaic Egypt, drawing mostly on papyri. More than seventeen thousand entries (generally short, in French). Volumes 1–6 (1950–1968), mainly written by Peremans and Van’t Dack, is the basic collection; Volumes 7–9 (1975–1981) offer an index and addenda. Volume 10 is a supplement on foreigners in Hellenistic Egypt. The last editor was Willy Clarysse.
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  153. Prosopographia Ptolemaica.
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  155. A free online accessible database that serves as a sequel to Peremans,et al. 1950–2002, comprising all inhabitants of Egypt between 300 and 30 BCE, provided by a research team of the University of Leuven (Belgium) directed by Willy Clarysse and others. The intention is to create a prosopography of the whole population. The database is now being extended to the Roman and Byzantine periods.
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  157. Roman Republic
  158.  
  159. The knowledge of Roman history in the age of the Republic is uneven—for the first centuries. We almost completely depend on literary sources that are, in part, fictitious. For the last phase, we know most persons belonging to the elite (and many others) quite well, owing to the works and letters of Cicero and his contemporaries, but also because of inscriptions, the majority of which were set up in the Greek-speaking eastern provinces (used, for example, by Eilers 2002). Since the late 19th century, information on persons was collected systematically in Drumann 1899–1929 and particularly in Wissowa, et al. 1893–1997. Furthermore, the fasti, the annual lists of magistrates, have been established; the reference works are Broughton 1951–1952 and Broughton 1986. These clearly established that a relatively small group of fewer than one hundred interrelated families occupied the larger part of the high-ranking offices—their male heads were elected praetors and consuls generation after generation. This provoked a discussion over the very nature of the Republic itself (see also Controversies in Approaches to Roman Republican Prosopography). Prosopographical studies concentrated on the elite—mostly because the rest of the population is poorly documented as individuals. Special groups were studied, such as the equites (knights) by Nicolet 1974 or the newcomers in the senate by Wiseman 1971 or those outlawed in civil wars by Hinard 1985. Prosopography helped to establish a better understanding of the end of the Republic, on which see Syme 1939. The bulk of the work of collecting and organizing the evidence seems to be done. Since little additional information now comes to light, the old collections remain valuable. Today prosopography is not a central issue in research on the Roman Republic.
  160.  
  161. Broughton, T. Robert S. 1951–1952. The magistrates of the Roman Republic. 2 vols. Philological Monographs of the American Philological Association 15.1–2. New York: American Philological Association.
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  163. A compilation of all known Roman magistrates from 509 to 31 BCE, listed year by year. The standard reference work for the subject.
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  165. Broughton, T. Robert S. 1986. The magistrates of the Roman Republic. Vol. 3, Supplement. Philological Monographs of the American Philological Association 15.3. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
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  167. The inevitable supplement to Broughton 1951–1952 offering corrections of errors and additional knowledge from new sources and recent research; to be used together with the original volumes.
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  169. Drumann, Wilhelm. 1899–1929. Geschichte Roms in seinem Übergange von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung oder Pompeius, Caesar, Cicero und ihre Zeitgenossen nach Geschlechtern und mit genealogischen Tabellen. 2d ed. 6 vols. Edited by Paul Groebe. Lipsia, Germany: Bornträger.
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  171. Reprinted 1964 (Hildesheim, Germany: Olms); first edition 1834–1844. A strange type of history of the last decades of the Roman Republic, organized according to clans (gentes). Still valuable (and cited) for its collection of data on persons, mainly from literary sources.
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  173. Eilers, Claude. 2002. Roman patrons of Greek cities. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  174. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248483.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  175. A study in the relation of Greek cities to influential Roman politicians, especially in the 1st century BCE, based mainly on the evidence of Greek inscriptions.
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  177. Hinard, François. 1985. Les proscription de la Rome républicaine. Collection de l’École Française de Rome 83. Rome: École Française de Rome Palais Farnèse.
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  179. A study of mass proscriptions in Roman civil wars. With prosopography of the known proscribed (160 entries).
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  181. Nicolet, Claude. 1974. L’ordre équestre à l’époque républicaine (312–43 av. J.-C.). Vol. 2, Prosopographie des chevaliers Romains. Bibliothèque des Écoles Françaises d’Athènes et de Rome 207. Paris: de Boccard.
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  183. Offers 404 longer entries describing all known equites of 312–31 BCE. Volume 1 (Paris: de Boccard, 1966) deals with “définitions juridiques et structures sociales.” The two volumes together are considered the standard work on the equestrian order of the Roman Republic.
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  185. Syme, Ronald. 1939. The Roman revolution. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  187. A seminal study in Roman history in the age of Caesar and Augustus. It combines deep knowledge of the sources, full command of prosopographical information, a feel for politics, and stylistic mastery. Republished 1952 with corrections (Oxford: Oxford University Press) and often reprinted. It is considered the most successful application of the prosopographical approach.
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  189. Wiseman, T. P. 1971. New men in the Roman Senate 139 B.C.–A.D. 14. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  191. A study of men of equestrian or municipal extraction who managed to rise to the Roman senate. With exhaustive prosopograpy on the issue (pp. 209–283).
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  193. Wissowa, Georg, et al., eds. 1893–1997. Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Neue Bearbeitung. Unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher Fachgenossen. Stuttgart: Metzler.
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  195. Exhaustive lexicon of all aspects of the classics consisting of two series (A–Q, 1893–1963, forty-seven half-volumes; R–Z, 1914–1972, nineteen half-volumes), fifteen supplement volumes (1903–1978), and two index volumes (1980, 1997). The articles on persons particularly of the Roman Republic still are fundamental, for they comprise all (literary) sources. Text in German. The persons are sorted according to the names of their clans, so, for example, Cicero will be found under “Tullius.”
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  197. Controversies in Approaches to Roman Republican Prosopography
  198.  
  199. Research on the Roman Republic initiated a discussion over the usefulness of the “prosopograpical approach” as a whole. It is connected with—and complicated by—divergent opinions of what the Roman Republic was in its essence. The prosopographical collections (see Roman Republic) gave rise to the view of a republic dominated by an aristocracy. Münzer 1920—while displaying the evidence–also tried to explain how things worked, suggesting that noble families and allied groups of families (“factions”) were the principal actors in history. Since then the term “prosopographical approach” has been widely identified with this “factionalist” view. Münzer’s attitudes have since been criticized as too schematic by contemporaries, although Scullard 1973 supported his interpretations. Syme 1939 (see Roman Republic) advanced similar ideas, but made better use of the evidence. During recent decades, critique on the prosopographical approach has become stronger; most aim at Münzer 1920 as it is an easy target (see Meier 1966, Hölkeskamp 1987, and especially Brunt 1988), while Broughton 1972 advocated the use of prosopography, if properly applied. Some of the critics hesitate to consider the Roman Republic as basically ruled by an aristocracy, believing it to have been more open or even to have had democratic traits. Whatever the case, the evidence of the fasti remains to be explained.
  200.  
  201. Broughton, T. R. S. 1972. Senate and senators of the Roman Republic: The prosopographical approach. In Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Vol. 1.1. Edited by Hildegard Temporini, 250–265. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter.
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  203. A balanced defense of the prosopographical approach against early criticism (which particularly objected to views–like Münzer 1920–that political alliances were based on kinship). With extensive bibliography.
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  205. Brunt, Peter. 1988. The fall of the Roman Republic and related essays. Oxford: Clarendon.
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  207. See especially chapter 9: “Factions” (pp. 443–502), which sums up earlier publications of the author. An influential critique of the “prosopographical approach” aiming particularly at Münzer 1920. Yet the author does not discuss the evidence of the fasti, which Münzer tried to explain. He makes the Roman politicians appear as free individuals, thereby minimizing the “otherness” of the Roman Republic.
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  209. Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim. 1987. Die Entstehung der Nobilität: Studien zur sozialen und politischen Geschichte der Römischen Republik im 4. Jhdt. v. Chr. Wiesbaden, Germany: Steiner.
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  211. Criticizes views like Münzer 1920, especially pp. 41–61.
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  213. Meier, Christian. 1966. Res publica amissa: Eine Studie zur Verfassung und Geschichte der späten römischen Republik. Wiesbaden, Germany: Steiner.
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  215. Second and third editions 1988 and 1997 (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp). Starting from an analysis of the political culture in the last phase of the Roman Republic, the author negates the existence of long-lasting factions based on family ties while admitting small, frequently changing coalitions of individuals and stressing the necessity of coming to a consensus (especially pp. 182–190). In German.
  216. Find this resource:
  217. Münzer, Friedrich. 1920. Römische Adelsparteien und Adelsfamilien. Stuttgart: Metzler.
  218. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  219. Reprinted 1963 (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft). A detailed book (in German) on Roman noble families and family connections, based on the author’s articles in Wissowa, et al. 1893–1997 (see Roman Republic). The author also uses this evidence to write a history of the dominating groups in Roman domestic politics. Doing so, he tends to identify personal networks with political pressure groups–a view much criticized since then. English version (translated by Thérèse Ridley), Roman Aristocratic Parties and Families (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).
  220. Find this resource:
  221. Scullard, Howard Hayes. 1973. Roman politics: 220–150 B.C. 2d ed. Oxford: Clarendon.
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  223. First edition 1951 (Oxford: Clarendon). Tries to offer a clearer and more readable version of the ideas of Münzer 1920. In the foreword (pp. xvii–xxxiii) of the second edition, the author reviews the discussion that followed the first.
  224. Find this resource:
  225. Roman Empire
  226.  
  227. The majority of prosopographical studies refer to the Roman Empire (and Late Antiquity). Also under the rule of the emperors, the social elite were roughly identical to the senators and the equites. Since the time of Augustus, setting up inscriptions became common all over the Roman world and the custom continued up to the mid-3rd century CE, when the number of inscriptions markedly decreased. Also many papyri of this time have been preserved in Egypt. Literary sources are important only as a supplement. Among the inscriptions are those that give honor to high-ranking persons by enumerating all of their public offices, that is, all of their career or parts of it. This helps to reconstruct administrative structures and career patterns. The elites (senators and equites) proved to be interrelated by marriage and kinship to a high degree. Over the course of time, rich persons and families from nearly all parts of the empire were integrated, but maintained strong ties with their local origins. Other groups and institutions have been studied as well. The evidence for all members of the elite is collected and presented by Stein, et al. 1933– (Dessau, et al. 1897–1898 is out of date now). Raepsaet-Charlier 1987 comprises a separate collection of women of the senatorial order. Much knowledge on the equites is gathered in Stein 1927, while Demougin 1992 gives a systematic treatment of the equites under the first emperors.
  228.  
  229. Demougin, Ségolène. 1992. Prosopographie des chevaliers romains Julio-Claudiens (43 av. J.-C. - 70 ap. J.-C.). Collection de l’École Française de Rome 153. Rome: École Française de Rome Palais Farnèse.
  230. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  231. A lexicon of known Roman equites from 43 BCE to 70 CE. A counterpart to the author’s comprehensive study L’ordre équestre sous les Julio-Claudiens, Collection de l’École Française de Rome 108 (Rome: École Française de Rome, 1988). In French.
  232. Find this resource:
  233. Dessau, Hermannus, Elimarus Klebs, and Paulus de Rohden, eds. 1897–1898. Prosopographia Imperii Romani saec. I. II. III: Consilio et auctoritate Academiae Scientiarum Regiae Borussicae. 3 vols. Berlin: Reimer.
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  235. First general prosopographical lexicon of the elite of the Roman Empire from 31 BCE to 284 CE, normally abbreviated PIR. Sorted by family names, all texts are in Latin. "PIR" comprised all evidence on these persons then known. Made visible the class that, in fact, ruled the Roman Empire. Now outdated and superseded by a completely reworked second edition (Stein, et al. 1933–).
  236. Find this resource:
  237. Raepsaet-Charlier, Marie-Thérèse. 1987. Prosopographie des femmes de l’ordre sénatorial (Ier–IIe siècles). 2 vols. Louvain, Belgium: Peeters.
  238. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  239. A lexicon of all women of the senatorial order. The second volume contains seventy-two temmata on folding plates. The family connections depicted in these stemmata, in part, are hypothetical.
  240. Find this resource:
  241. Stein, Arthur. 1927. Der römische Ritterstand: Ein Beitrag zur Sozial- und Personengeschichte des römischen Reiches. Münchener Beiträge zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte 10. Munich: C. H. Beck.
  242. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  243. Contrary to the title, not a book on the order of the Roman equites but a large collection of prosopographical material in a continuous (German) text. Now outdated, but not completely replaced.
  244. Find this resource:
  245. Stein, Arthur, Edmund Groag, et al. 1933–. Prosopographia Imperii Romani saec. I. II. III: Consilio et auctoritate Academiae Litterarum Borussicae [afterwards Academiae Scientiarum Germanicae Berolinensis or Academiae Scientiarum Rei Publicae Democraticae Germanicae, now Academiae Scientiarum Berolinensis et Brandenburgensis] iteratis curis ediderunt. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter.
  246. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  247. Presently eight volumes in twelve parts. The second edition of PIR (Dessau, et al. 1897–1898), arranged according to the same principles. Approximately fourteen thousand entries, texts still in Latin. The standard reference work for persons of the elite of the Roman Empire, also used for disambiguing homonyme persons. The publication history was very complicated. Now complete for letters A–T; projected to be finished in 2013. The first volumes now deserve revision. The complete name list and some addenda may be found online.
  248. Find this resource:
  249. Roman Senate
  250.  
  251. The Roman senate under the emperors—its composition, the kinship relation of its members, and its internal rules—was studied mainly on the basis of prosopographical data. Many aspects of the issue were treated by Sir Ronald Syme in a series of still influential studies (Syme 1958, Syme 1979–1991, Syme 1986). In the late 1st and the 2nd centuries CE, career patterns became rather strict and emperors were reluctant to interfere massively (Eck 1974). A comprehensive study of the age of the Antonines shows how the most honored positions de facto became hereditary within the leading families (Alföldy 1977; for the following period, see Leunissen 1989). For the public appearance of the senators, see Eck and Heil 2005. A comprehensive study of the second half of the 3rd century shows that during this period, the internal structures changed only in part, while the senate lost its political role (Christol 1986).
  252.  
  253. Alföldy, Géza. 1977. Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen: Prosopographische Untersuchungen zur römischen Führungsschicht. Antiquitas Reihe 1. Band 27. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  254. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  255. A study in social history of the elite within the elite: the leading Roman senators. Based on extensive prosopographical studies. Text in German.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Christol, Michel. 1986. Essai sur l’évolution des carrières sénatoriales dans la 2e moitié du IIIe siècle ap. J.-C. Ètudes prosopographiques VI. Paris: Nouvelles éditions latines.
  258. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  259. A standard work for Roman senators in the 3rd century CE. With presentation of the senators whose career is known at least in part. In French.
  260. Find this resource:
  261. Eck, Werner. 1974. Beförderungskriterien innerhalb der senatorischen Laufbahn, dargestellt an der Zeit von 69 bis 138 n. Chr. In Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: II Principat. Vol. 1. Edited by Hildegard Temporini, 158–228. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter.
  262. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  263. A fundamental study on the patterns of senatorial careers in the time of the emperors from Vespasian to Hadrian, based on prosopographical evidence.
  264. Find this resource:
  265. Eck, Werner, and Matthäus Heil, eds. 2005. Senatores populi Romani: Realität und mediale Präsentation einer Führungsschicht. Kolloquium der Prosopographia Imperii Romani vom 11–13. Juni 2004. Heidelberger althistorische Beiträge und epigraphische Studien 40. Stuttgart: Steiner.
  266. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  267. A collection of studies in the public appearance of Roman senators. Texts in different languages.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. Leunissen, Paul M. M. 1989. Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (180–235 n. Chr.): Prosopographische Untersuchungen zur senatorischen Elite im Römischen Kaiserreich. Amsterdam: Gieben.
  270. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  271. A study of the leading Roman senators in the period after that covered by Alföldy 1977. With extensive lists of persons. By a Dutch scholar, in German.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Syme, Ronald. 1958. Tacitus. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon.
  274. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  275. In spite of its title, more of a book on the Roman elite in the 1st century CE than a literary study on Tacitus.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Syme, Ronald. 1979–1991. Roman papers. 7 vols. Edited by E. Badian and Anthony R. Birley. Oxford: Clarendon.
  278. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  279. Reprinted smaller studies of the author, mostly on senators and their families concentrating on the 1st and 2nd centuries; copiously indexed.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Syme, Ronald. 1986. The Augustan aristocracy. Oxford: Clarendon.
  282. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  283. A detailed study in important senatorial families of the age of Augustus, with many stemmata.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Album Senatorium
  286.  
  287. Attempts have been made to draw up lists of the members of the Roman senate (album senatorium) for specific times. In order of the epochs treated, the relevant works are De Laet 1941, Lambrechts 1936, Barbieri 1952, and Dietz 1980. In recent years, this type of study has fallen out of fashion.
  288.  
  289. Barbieri, Guido. 1952. L’Albo senatorio da Settimio Severo a Carino (193–285). Rome: Angelo Signorelli.
  290. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  291. A catalogue (in Italian) of all known senators of the years 193–285 CE with biographical data. Replaces Pierre Lambrechts’s La composition du Senat Romain de Septime Severe à Diocletien (193–284) (Budapest: Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum, 1937). Now itself outdated, but not completely replaced.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. De Laet, Siegfried J. 1941. De Samenstelling van den romeinsche Senaat gedurende de eerste eeuw van het principaat (28 vóór Chr.–68 na Chr.). Rijksunversitet te Gent. Werken uitgegeven door de faculteit van de wijsbegeerte en letteren, 92e aflevering. Antwerp, Belgium: de Sikkel.
  294. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  295. A catalogue (in Dutch) of Roman senators in the time from Augustus to Nero. A sequel to Lambrechts 1936. Now outdated.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Dietz, Karlheinz. 1980. Senatus contra principem: Untersuchungen zur senatorischen Opposition gegen Kaiser Maximinus Thrax. Vestigia 29. Munich: Beck.
  298. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  299. Contrary to its title, a prosopographical study (in German) on the Roman senate in the years 235–238 CE.
  300. Find this resource:
  301. Lambrechts, Pierre. 1936. La composition du Sénat Romain de l’accession au thrône d’Hadrien à la mort de Commode (117–192). Rijksuniversiteit te Gent. Werken uitgegeven door de faculteit van de wijsbegeerte en letteren, 79e aflevering. Antwerp, Belgium: de Sikkel.
  302. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. A catalogue (in French) presenting the known senators in the ages of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, and Commodus. Now outdated. Reprinted 1972 (Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider).
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Offices
  306.  
  307. One of the peculiarities of the Roman Empire was an efficient administration while it had few administrative personnel—at least in the beginning. Over the course of time, the number of persons employed increased significantly. Most offices are known only by the men in office, and therefore the study of administration is based principally on prosopography. The government of Roman provinces—the major part was governed by senators—is a complex and important issue and is discussed separately (see Roman Empire: Fasti of Roman Provinces).
  308.  
  309. Senatorial Offices
  310.  
  311. Besides the government of provinces, several other offices were part of a senatorial career—and duly studied. The consulate always was an important step, and much effort has been made to reconstruct the lists of consuls, which also are of significance for Roman chronology (Degrassi 1952, Tortoriello 2004). For the financial branch, see Corbier 1974 and Jacques 1983. Priesthoods formed an integral part of these careers; the best-known specimen has been studied by Scheid 1990.
  312.  
  313. Corbier, Mireille. 1974. L’aerarium Saturni et l’aerarium militare: Administration et prosopographie sénatoriale. Collection de l’École Française de Rome 24. Rome: École Française de Rome Palais Farnese.
  314. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  315. A study (in French) on the two public treasuries administered by senators, still the main reference work.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Degrassi, Attilio. 1952. I fasti consolari dell’impero Romano da 30 avanti Cristo al 613 dopo Cristo. Rome: Edizioni di storia e letteratura.
  318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319. A catalogue (in Italian) of all consuls of the Roman Empire and Late Antiquity (including consules suffecti). Careful but now hopelessly outdated by very many new findings (particularly for the suffect consuls). Revision by Werner Eck in preparation.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Jacques, François. 1983. Les curateurs des cités dans l’Occident Romain de Trajan à Gallien. Études prosopographiques 5. Paris: Nouvelles Éditions Latines.
  322. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  323. On the commissioners supervising communities in financial difficulties, whose number grew more and more. The study concentrates on the Western (i.e., Latin) provinces, though similar commissioners also existed in the East. With a catalogue of commissioners. Text in French.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Scheid, John. 1990. Le collège des fréres Arvales: Études prosopographiques du recrutement (69–304). Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider.
  326. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  327. A study (in French) on a college of priests, fratres Arvales, whose members all were senators. This college is exceptionally well known, for large parts of its acts have been preserved as inscriptions. The author also provided the standard edition of these inscriptions, Commentarii fratrum Arvalium qui supersunt: Les copies épigraphiques des protocoles annuels de la confrérie Arvale (Rome: École Française de Rome, 1988).
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Tortoriello, Annalisa. 2004. I fasti consolari degli anni di Claudio. Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, classe di scienze morali, storichi e filologiche. Memorie 17.3, serie IX. Rome: Accademia dei Lincei.
  330. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  331. A careful list of consuls, but limited to the years 41–54 CE. Text in Italian.
  332. Find this resource:
  333. Equestrian Offices and Others
  334.  
  335. Over the course of time, many new administrative functions were created, the majority of which were entrusted to equites. This steady growth of the equestrian (non-senatorial) bureaucracy transformed the nature of the empire more and more. Administrative structures can be studied mainly through persons in office. For the order of the Roman equites and its administrative role, Pflaum 1950, Pflaum 1960–1961, and Pflaum 1982 still are fundamental. Equites as military officers are documented by Devijver 1975, Devijver 1976–1993, and Devijver 2001 (see Roman Empire: Military). Other key functions were studied by Pavis d’Escurac 1976 and Sablayrolles 1996. A detailed synopsis of all sorts of religious functionaries in Rome has been compiled in Rüpke 2008.
  336.  
  337. Pavis d’Escurac, Henriette. 1976. La préfecture de l’annone: Service administratif impérial d’Auguste à Constantin. Bibliothèque des Écoles Françaises d’Athènes et de Rome 226. Rome: École Française de Rome Palais Farnese.
  338. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  339. On the office and officials responsible for the grain supply of Rome. In French.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Pflaum, Hans-Georg. 1950. Les procurateurs équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain. Paris: Librarie d’Amérique et d’Orient Adrien Maisonneuve.
  342. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  343. A study (in French) of the system of the equestrian bureaucracy focusing on the most important group of officers, those with the title of procurator. To be used in conjunction with Pflaum 1960–1961 and Pflaum 1982.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Pflaum, Hans-Georg. 1960–1961. Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain. 3 vols. Paris: Libraire Orientaliste Paul Geutner.
  346. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  347. A fundamental study (in French) of all known officials of equestrian status having the title of procurator. It comprises detailed studies in evidence, careers, and backgrounds. Extensively indexed.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Pflaum, Hans-Georg. 1982. Les carrières procuratoriennes équestres sous le Haut-Empire romain: Supplément. Bibliothèque archéologique et historique 112. Paris: Libraire Orientaliste Paul Geutner.
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  351. A supplement to Pflaum 1960–1961 adding procurators who recently became known and new evidence for those already treated.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Rüpke, Jörg. 2008. Fasti sacerdotum: A prosopography of Pagan, Jewish, and Christian religious officials in the city of Rome, 300 BC to AD 499. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  354. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355. English version of an extensive work that appeared in 2005 in German. Parts compiled by Anne Glock. It comprises all known religious functionaries in the city of Rome, pagan as well as Jewish and Christian, of official cults as well as of private confraternities.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Sablayrolles, Robert. 1996. Libertinus Miles: Les cohortes de vigiles. Collection de l’École Française de Rome 224. Rome: École Française de Rome Palais Farnese.
  358. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  359. A study (in French) of the fire department of Rome and its personnel.
  360. Find this resource:
  361. Fasti of Roman Provinces
  362.  
  363. Great efforts have been made to reconstruct the lists (fasti) of governors of Roman provinces, for this is of central importance in understanding the administration of the empire. Only a selection of such works can be enumerated here. A comprehensive catalogue covering all Roman provinces was compiled by Thomasson 1972–1990; as new sources came to light constantly, the author added several supplements (see also the website Laterculi praesidum. Addenda VI). A review of the 3rd century CE may also be found in Johne 2008.
  364.  
  365. Johne, Klaus-Peter, ed. 2008. Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser: Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (235–284). Herausgegeben unter Mitwirkung von Udo Hartmann und Thomas Gerhardt. 2 vols. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
  366. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  367. A handbook for the history of the 3rd century CE. Volume 2 contains annotated lists (fasti) of the urban prefects, the pretorian prefects, and the governors of the provinces of this time. Text in German.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Thomasson, Bengt E. 1972–1990. Laterculi praesidum. 3 vols. Gothenburg, Sweden: Bokförlaget Radius Göteborg.
  370. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  371. A very reliable catalogue of all known governors of all Roman provinces between 30 BCE and 284 CE. The core of the work is Volume 1 (which appeared in 1984). Entries contain the name, time, reference to important evidence, and sometimes short commentaries in Latin. Volume 3 contains addenda et corrigenda, important new inscriptions, and indices. Partially, the author uses a Latinized form of his name, Benedictus Thomae.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Thomasson, Bengt E. Laterculi praesidum ex parte iterum editi. CD-ROM. Gothenburg, Sweden: Bokförlaget Radius.
  374. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  375. Supplements Thomasson 1972–1990, drawing on new evidence and new studies. Previous supplements were published in the journal Opuscula Romana 20 (1996): 161–175; 24 (1999): 163–174; 30 (2005): 105–122.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Laterculi praesidum Addenda VI author="Thomasson, Bengt E.">Thomasson, Bengt E.
  378. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379. Most recent supplements to Laterculi praesidum (Thomasson 1972–1990), to be updated from time to time.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Specific Provinces
  382.  
  383. Among the studies of specific provinces, two models can be discerned. Some just intend to give a reliable list of governors and an outline of the evidence relating to each of them; an example is Eck 1985 (similarly, Dąbrowa 1998, Pflaum 1978, and Thomasson 1996). Others in addition try to trace the administrative structures of the province in question and the career patterns of the officials; the best example is Birley 2005 on Roman Britain (similarly, Alföldy 1969, Fitz 1993–1995, Piso 1993, and Rémy 1989).
  384.  
  385. Alföldy, Géza. 1969. Fasti Hispanienses: Senatorische Reichsbeamte und Offiziere in den spanischen Provinzen des römischen Reiches von Augustus bis Diokletian. Wiesbaden, Germany: Steiner.
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  387. A catalogue (in German) of the officials of the Hispanic provinces, combined with administrative and career studies.
  388. Find this resource:
  389. Birley, Anthony R. 2005. The Roman government of Britain. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  390. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252374.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  391. An extensive catalogue of the governors of Roman Britain, combined with general remarks on the careers of the officials. Updated version of Anthony R. Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981).
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Dąbrowa, Edward. 1998. The governors of Roman Syria from Augustus to Septimius Severus. Antiquitas Reihe 1, Band 45. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  394. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  395. A catalogue of the governors of the Syriac provinces.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Eck, Werner. 1985. Die Statthalter der germanischen Provinzen vom 1.–3. Jahrhundert. Epigraphische Studien 14. Cologne: Rheinland-Verlag.
  398. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  399. A catalogue of the governors of the Upper and Lower Germany. Text in German.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Fitz, Jenő. 1993–1995. Die Verwaltung Pannoniens in der Römerzeit. 4 vols. Budapest: Encyclopedia.
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  403. An extensive catalogue (by a Hungarian scholar, in German) of Roman officials in the Pannonian provinces.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Pflaum, Hans-Georg. 1978. Les fastes de la Province de Narbonnaise. Supplément à “Gallia” 30. Paris: Éditions du CNRS.
  406. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  407. A catalogue (in French) of the officials of Gallia Narbonensis, with career studies, extensive index.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Piso, Ioan. 1993. Fasti Provinciae Daciae I: Die senatorischen Amtsträger. Antiquitas Reihe 1, Band 43. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  410. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  411. A catalogue (by a Romanian scholar, in German) of the senatorial governors and the commanders of the legions in the Dacic provinces.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Rémy, Bernard. 1989. Les carrières sénatoriales dans les provinces Romaines d’Anatolie au Haut-Empire (31 av. J.-C.–284 ap. J.-C.) (Pont-Bithynie, Galatie, Cappadoce, Lycie-Pamphylie et Cilicie). Varia Anatolica 2. Istanbul: Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes.
  414. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415. An extensive catalogue (in French) of senatorial governors of the Anatolian provinces.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Thomasson, Bengt E. 1996. Fasti Africani: Senatorische und ritterliche Amtsträger in den römischen Provinzen Nordafrikas von Augustus bis Diokletian. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Institutet i Rom 4o, 53. Stockholm: Åström.
  418. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  419. A careful composed catalogue of the Roman officials in the African provinces. Text in German.
  420. Find this resource:
  421. Military
  422.  
  423. Prosopography is of great importance for military history as well. Most attention has been given to the commanders of the legions (legati of senatorial rank) and to the high-ranking officers (mostly of equestrian rank). The commanders of the legions in the 1st century have been treated in Franke 1991 and those of the Germanic provinces in Alföldy 1967. Devijver 1975, Devijver 1976–1993, and Devijver 2001 are fundamental not only for the equestrian officers of the armies but also for the study of the equestrian order as a whole. Furthermore, complete legions have been scanned by Le Bohec 1989, Dąbrowa 1993, and Malone 2006, while Richier 2004 demonstrated the profile of the centurions of the Rhine armies. Meanwhile, the Roman army is one of the best-known sectors of classical Antiquity.
  424.  
  425. Alföldy, Géza. 1967. Die Legionslegaten der römischen Rheinarmeen. Epigraphische Studien 3. Cologne and Graz, Austria: Böhlau.
  426. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  427. A study collecting the evidence for the commanders (all senators) of the legions in the Germanic provinces. In German.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Dąbrowa, Edward. 1993. Legio X Fretensis: A prosopographical study of its officers (I–III c. A.D.). Historia Einzelschriften 66. Stuttgart: Steiner.
  430. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  431. A catalogue of the officers and centurions of the legion X Fretensis that occupied Jerusalem after 70 CE.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Devijver, Hubert. 1975. De Aegypto et exercitu Romano sive Prosopographia militiarum equestrium quae ab Augusto ad Gallienum seu statione seu origine ad Aegyptum pertinebant. Studia Hellenistica 22. Louvain, Belgium: Universitaire Stichting van Belgie.
  434. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  435. Use in conjunction with Devijver 1976–1993. Contains the evidence from Egypt.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Devijver, H. 1976–1993. Prosopographia militiarum equestrium quae fuerunt ab Augusto ad Gallienum. 5 parts. Louvain, Belgium: Peeters.
  438. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  439. A general catalogue of all known military officers of the equestrian order. Service as an officer normally was a prerequisite for higher equestrian functions, so the catalogue covers most of the important equites. Text in Latin. Part 1 and 2 are the articles; Part 3, the indices; Parts 4 and 5, supplements I and II.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Devijver, Hubertus. 2001. Prosopographia militiarum equestrium quae fuerunt ab Augusto ad Gallienum. Pars sexta. Laterculi alarum—cohortium—legionum. Ediderunt Segolena Demougin et Maria-Theresia Raepsaet-Charlier. Leuven, Belgium: Universitaire Pers Leuven.
  442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  443. An additional volume to Devijver 1976–1993 sorting the officers according to their units.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Franke, Thomas. 1991. Die Legionslegaten der römischen Armee in der Zeit von Augustus bis Trajan. Bochumer historische Studien, Alte Geschichte 9. 2 vols. Bochum, Germany: Brockmeyer.
  446. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  447. A comprehensive collection of evidence for the commanders of the Roman legions in the 1st century CE. In German.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Le Bohec, Yann. 1989. La troisième légion Auguste. Études d’Antiquités Africaines. Paris: Éditions du CNRS.
  450. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  451. A general study (in French) in the legion quartered in Lambaesis, North Africa. It includes prosopographical lists of known officers and soldiers.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Malone, Stephen James. 2006. Legio XX Valeria Victrix: Prosopography, archaeology and history. BAR International Series 1491. Oxford: Archaeopress.
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  455. A study on the history of the legion quartered in Deva (= Chester), Britain, integrating all kinds of evidence. Includes a prosopography of officers and soldiers.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Richier, Olivier. 2004. Centuriones ad Rhenum: Les centurions legionnaires des armées Romains du Rhin. Gallia Romana 6. Paris: de Boccard.
  458. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  459. A detailed study (in French) on the centurions of legions in the Germanic provinces, based on a prosopography (410 entries).
  460. Find this resource:
  461. Roman Families
  462.  
  463. Several Roman noble families existed over centuries; some were studied in Dondin-Payre 1993 and Settipani 2000 under the heading of longtime continuity (similarly, Carlsen 2006). Väisänen 1979 includes a wider circle of persons, as freedmen took over the names of their patrons and new citizens often assumed the family name of the emperor or the names of those protectors who helped them to acquire citizenship.
  464.  
  465. Carlsen, Jesper. 2006. The rise and fall of a Roman noble family: The Domitii Ahenobarbi 196 BC–AD 68. Odense: Univ. Press of Southern Denmark.
  466. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  467. Presentation of the evidence for a remarkable noble family.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Dondin-Payre, Monique. 1993. Exercice du pouvoir et continuité gentilice: Les Acilii Glabriones du IIIe siècle av. J.-C. au Ve siècle ap. J.-C. Collection de l’École Française de Rome 180. Rome: École Française de Rome Palais Farnèse.
  470. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  471. A study (in French) of a Roman noble family whose members occupied prominent posts from the 3rd century BCE to the 5th century CE.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Settipani, Christian. 2000. Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l’époque imperial: Mythe et réalité. Prosopographica et genealogica 2. Oxford: Unit for Prosopographical Research.
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  475. A study (in French) in the longtime continuity of Roman senatorial families (real or alleged). The major part is case studies in more than two dozen families.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Väisänen, Maija. 1979. Su una gens Romana: Gli Ulpii. Dei ceti superiori e la questione delle origine dei portatori del gentilizio. Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum 65. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica.
  478. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. On all Romans named Ulpius/Ulpia (the family name of the emperor Trajan). By a Finnish scholar, in Italian.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Regions
  482.  
  483. Over time, persons originating from nearly all parts of the Roman Empire became members of the governing elite. Therefore, geographical origins and regional aspects have been studied. Atti del Colloquio 1982 (Volume 2) is something like a handbook. In addition, Halfmann 1979 covers the East, Follet 1976 and Schmalz 2009 focus on Athens, while Spain and Gaul are treated by Caballos Rufino 1990 and Burnand 2005–2008, respectively. Hardly any high-ranking person originating from Britain or the Germanic or Danubian provinces is known.
  484.  
  485. Atti del Colloquio Internazionale AIEGL su Epigrafia e ordine senatorio, Roma 14–20 maggio 1981. 1982. 2 vols. Rome: Edizioni di storia e letteratura.
  486. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487. Acts of a congress. Volume 2 offers a complete review of the geographical origins of Roman senators, one article per province, in different languages. To be used as a reference work.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Burnand, Yves. 2005–2008. Primores Galliarum: Sénateurs et chevaliers romains originaires de Gaule de la fin de la République au IIIe siècle. 3 vols. Collection Latomus 290, 302, 306, 319. Brussels: Édition Latomus.
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  491. A comprehensive study of Roman dignitaries originating from the Gaulish provinces. Volume 1: Méthodologie; Volume 2: Prosopographie (the core, 291 entries); Volume 3 (in two parts): Étude sociale.
  492. Find this resource:
  493. Caballos Rufino, Antonio. 1990. Los Senadores Hispanorromanos y la Romanisación de Hispania (Siglos I al III p.C.). Vol. 1, Prosopografia. 2 parts. Ecija, Spain: Editorial Gráficas Sol.
  494. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  495. A catalogue (in Spanish) of all Roman senators originating from the Hispanic provinces of the Roman Empire.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Follet, Simone. 1976. Athènes au IIe et au IIIe siècle: Études chronologiques et prosopographiques. Collection d’Études anciennes. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  498. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  499. A general study of Athens and its institutions in the era of Roman emperors, partly based on prosopographical material. In French.
  500. Find this resource:
  501. Halfmann, Helmut. 1979. Die Senatoren aus dem östlichen Reichsteil des Imperium Romanum bis zum Ende des 2. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. Hypomnemata 58. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht.
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  503. A useful catalogue of Roman senators originating from the Greek East. In German.
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Schmalz, Geoffrey C. R. 2009. Augustan and Julio-Claudian Athens: A new epigraphy and prosopography. Mnemosyne Supplements 302. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.
  506. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004170094.i-376Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  507. Offers inscriptions from Athens from the time of the first Roman emperors published after the standard collection (Inscriptiones Graecae II/III2) and a comprehensive prosopography of Athenians of this period. With chronological lists of magistrates and official priests.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Other Groups
  510.  
  511. Under the heading of social history, very different groups have been studied on the basis of prosopographical collections, as jurisprudents, who were members of the elite (Kunkel 2001), semiprofessional prosecutors (Rivière 2002), adherents of Epicurean philosophy (Castner 1988), freedmen teachers (Christes 1979), low-ranking actors (Leppin 1992), and all types of priests (Baslez and Prévot 2005; see also Rüpke 2008 in Roman Empire: Offices: Equestrian Offices and Others). The respective social profiles that came to light showed a complex and unhomogenous society.
  512.  
  513. Baslez, Marie-Françoise, and Françoise Prévot, eds. 2005. Prosopographie et histoire religieuse: Actes du colloque tenu en l’Université Paris XII-Val de Marne les 27 & 28 octobre 2000. De l’archéologie à l’histoire. Paris: de Boccard.
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  515. A collection of prosopography-based studies (all in French) on religion in the ancient world, from early Greece to Christianity in Late Antiquity. Includes a list of different kinds of priests and religious functionaries.
  516. Find this resource:
  517. Castner, Catherine J. 1988. Prosopography of Roman Epicureans from the second century B.C. to the second century A.D. Studien zur klassischen Philologie 34. Frankfurt am Main: Lang.
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  519. A small catalogue of Romans devoted (more or less) to the Epicurean philosophy, forty-three entries. Second (unchanged) edition 1991.
  520. Find this resource:
  521. Christes, Johannes. 1979. Sklaven und Freigelassene als Grammatiker und Philologen im antiken Rom. Forschungen zur antiken Sklaverei 10. Wiesbaden, Germany: Steiner.
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  523. Exhaustive collection of slaves and freedmen as grammar teachers and philologists in Republican and Imperial Rome. Text in German.
  524. Find this resource:
  525. Kunkel, Wolfgang. 2001. Die römischen Juristen: Herkunft und soziale Stellung. 2d ed. Cologne: Böhlau.
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  527. A study (in German) of the social profile of the Roman jurisprudents. Unchanged reprint including the foreword of the second edition of 1967 (same publishers). A first, less complete edition appeared in 1952 (Weimar, Germany: Böhlau).
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Leppin, Hartmut. 1992. Histrionen: Untersuchungen zur sozialen Stellung von Bühnenkünstlern im Westen des Römischen Reiches zur Zeit der Republik und des Principats. Antiquitas Reihe 1, Band 41. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
  530. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  531. A study (in German) in Roman actors and their social position. With exhaustive prosopography.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Rivière, Yann. 2002. Les délateurs sous l’Empire Romain. Bibliothèque des Écoles Françaises d’Athènes et de Rome 311. Rome: École Française de Rome.
  534. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  535. A study (in French) of the prosecutors of high-ranking persons, partially based on prosopographic material.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. Late Antiquity
  538.  
  539. For a long time, the epoch after Constantine the Great was considered an age of decline and decay and was often neglected by scholarship. Meanwhile, Late Antiquity is recognized as an integral part of classical Antiquity; it is studied intensely and proved to be an age of multifarious processes of transition. Yet, the conditions for study and the sources differ markedly from those for the time before: there are few inscriptions, but many literary texts, mostly of Christian origin and often on theological issues with some interspersed comments on persons. Furthermore, for the period toward the end of Antiquity, the number of sources decreases and it becomes difficult to discern persons, for very many had Christian personal names like Ioannes (John) or Maria, while family names disappeared.
  540.  
  541. General
  542.  
  543. It took a long while until general prosopographical collections for Late Antiquity were composed and published. A project of the Berlin Academy begun at the end of the 19th century failed from overambition. Meanwhile, we possess a general collection of the secular officials—Jones, et al. 1971–1992 (the project started in 1950)—and a general prosopography of Christian clerics still in progress—Marrou, et al. 1982– (a project started in 1951). Still, much work remains to be done.
  544.  
  545. Jones, A. H. M., J. R. Martindale, and J. Morris. 1971–1992. The prosopography of the later Roman Empire. 3 vols. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  547. This general collection (normally referred to as “PLRE”) concentrates on the secular officials, omitting persons known only as Christians. It captures the majority of persons relevant to political history. Volume 1 comprises 260–395 CE; Volume 2, 395–527 CE; and Volume 3, 527–641 CE. It is a fundamental work, but at least the first volume needs some supplementation.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Marrou, Henri-Irénée, Jean-Rémy Palanque, A. Mandouze, Janine Desmulliez, Charles Pietri, Luce Pietri, and Sylvain Destephen. 1982–. Prosopographie chrétienne du Bas-Empire. Paris: Association des Amis du Centre d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance.
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  551. A counterpart to Jones, et al. 1971–1992, comprising the known Christians of Late Antiquity without a government office, mostly clerics. Due to the huge amount of evidence, the regions of the empire were treated by different teams simultaneously. To date, three volumes have been published: Volume 1, Africa (Paris: Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1982); Volume 2 in two parts, Italy (Rome: École Française de Rome, 1999–2000); Volume 3, The Diocese of Asia (Paris: Association des Amis du Centre d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance, 2008). Text in French.
  552. Find this resource:
  553. Specific Groups and Offices
  554.  
  555. Prosopographical data have been collected and utilized for different purposes. Barnes 1982 demonstrated the administrative structures in the first decades of Late Antiquity. State offices have been studied in a classical manner by Chastagnol 1962, Clauss 1980, and Bagnall, et al. 1987. Kaster 1988 profiled a central group among the intellectuals. In addition, Haehling 1978 traced the process of conversion of the elites to Christian faith. Chausson 2007 studied the problem of continuity of elite families. There is room for many other applications of such data collections.
  556.  
  557. Bagnall, Roger S., et al. 1987. Consuls of the later Roman Empire. Philological Monographs of the American Philological Association 32. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
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  559. Presents the consuls of 284–541 CE in chronological lists with all evidence. Also comprises a study on the sources and some general aspects of the issue.
  560. Find this resource:
  561. Barnes, Timothy D. 1982. The new empire of Diocletian and Constantine. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
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  563. A reference work for fundamental data of the Roman Empire in 284–337 CE depicting the structure of administration and giving lists of all higher officials.
  564. Find this resource:
  565. Chastagnol, André. 1962. Les fastes de la préfecture de Rome au Bas-Empire. Paris: Nouvelles Éditions Latines.
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  567. To be used in conjunction with André Chastagnol, La préfecture urbaine à Rome sous le Bas-Empire (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1960). Comprises 129 long entries on the known praetorian prefects of the later Roman Empire quoting the evidence. In French.
  568. Find this resource:
  569. Chausson, François. 2007. Stemmata aurea: Constantin, Justine, Théodose. Revendications généalogiques et idéologie impériale au IVe siècle ap. J.-C. Centro Ricerche e Documentazione sull’Antichità Classica 26. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider.
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  571. Based on prosopographical studies, the author deals with genealogical claims of emperors (and senators) in Late Antiquity. Partly speculative. Text in French.
  572. Find this resource:
  573. Clauss, Manfred. 1980. Der magister officiorum in der Spätantike (4–6. Jahrhundert): Das Amt und sein Einfluß auf die kaiserliche Politik. Vestigia 32. Munich: Beck.
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  575. A study (in German) on the office and the role of the magister officiorum in the central administration in Late Antiquity, accompanied by a prosopography of holders of this post.
  576. Find this resource:
  577. Haehling, Raban von. 1978. Die Religionszugehörigkeit der hohen Amtsträger des Römischen Reiches seit Constantins Alleinherrschaft bis zum Ende der Theodosianischen Dynastie (324–450 bzw. 455 n. Chr.). Antiquitas Reihe 3, Band 23. Bonn, Germany: Habelt.
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  579. A catalogue (in German) of the religious denominations of high-ranking officials in 324–450/455 CE, showing the wave of conversions to Christianity that followed the conversion of Constantine.
  580. Find this resource:
  581. Kaster, Robert A. 1988. Guardians of language: The grammarian and society in Late Antiquity. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
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  583. A study in the social role of the grammarians (teachers of language and scholars of literature) in Late Antiquity, based on an extensive prosopography (281 longer entries).
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Regional Studies
  586.  
  587. Besides collections for epochs, regional prosopographies have been compiled as well. These offer the chance to study continuity and change over centuries in specific cities or regions. Works of this type have been compiled particularly for postclassical Greece (Bradford 1977, Fossey 2003–2005, Zoumbaki 2005; for Macedonia, see Kanatsoulis 1979 and Tataki 1988) and for Italy outside of Rome (Gregori 1990–1999, D’Isanto 1993) and also for southern Spain (Castillo Garcia 1965). Many other regions are less suited for study because of the scarcity of sources.
  588.  
  589. Bradford, Alfred S. 1977. A prosopography of Lacedaemonians from the death of Alexander the Great, 323 B.C., to the sack of Sparta by Alaric, A.D. 396. Vestigia 27. Munich: Beck.
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  591. Continuation of Poralla 1985 (see Greece: Reference Works). Comprises all known Spartans of the postclassical ages. Draws mainly on inscriptions.
  592. Find this resource:
  593. Castillo Garcia, Carmen. 1965. Prosopographia Baetica. 2 vols. Pamplona, Spain: Universidad de Navarra.
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  595. A catalogue (in Spanish) of the municipial elite of the Hispania province ulterior.
  596. Find this resource:
  597. D’Isanto, Gennaro. 1993. Capua romana: Ricerche di prosopografia e storia sociale. Vetera 9. Rome: Edizioni Quasar.
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  599. A structured catalogue (in Italian) of all known inhabitants of Capua from pre-Roman times to Late Antiquity, intended as a basis for studies in social history.
  600. Find this resource:
  601. Fossey, John M. 2003–2005. Prosopographiae Graecae Minores: A prosopographical corpus of the minor Greek states. 2 vols. Chicago: Ares.
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  603. Prosopographies of minor Greek cities. Volume 1, Ithaka; Volume 2, Anthedon.
  604. Find this resource:
  605. Gregori, Gian Luca. 1990–1999. Brescia romana: Ricerche di prosopografia e storia sociale. 2 vols. Rome: Edizioni Quasar.
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  607. A study (in Italian) of persons from Brescia in Italy. Volume 1: catalogue; Volume 2: analysis of documents, an essay in social history.
  608. Find this resource:
  609. Kanatsoulis, D. 1979. Prosopographia Macedonica: From 148 B.C. until the time of Constantine the Great. Chicago: Ares.
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  611. Modified reprint of the Greek edition (Thessaloniki 1955 and 1967, enlarged by a “Supplement to the prosopographia Macedonica”). Compiles the known Macedonians of this era. In spite of its English title, the core of the text is in modern Greek, with an (English) preface to the American edition by Al. N. Oikonomides.
  612. Find this resource:
  613. Tataki, Argyro B. 1988. Ancient Beroea: Prosopography and society. ΜΕΛΕΤΗΜΑΤΑ 18. Athens: Research Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity, National Hellenic Research Foundation.
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  615. Catalogue of citizens of a Macedonian city, Beroea (1,397 short entries), accompanied by a study of society based on it. The author has also published a small catalogue of Edessa, Macedonian Edessa: Prosopography and onomasticon (Athens: Research Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 1994), and is working on a general prosopography of Macedonia.
  616. Find this resource:
  617. Zoumbaki, Sophia B. 2005. Prosopographie der Eleer bis zum 1. Jh. v. Chr. ΜΕΛΕΤΗΜΑΤΑ 40. Athens: Research Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity, National Hellenic Research Foundation.
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  619. A catalogue of known persons from Elis up to the 1st century BCE intended as a basis for further studies. Text in German.
  620. Find this resource:
  621. Neighbors of the Classical World
  622.  
  623. Meanwhile, prosopographical studies also have been extended to the neighbors of the classical world: to the Etruscans (Morandi Tarabella 2004, Marchesini 2007), to the Carthagians (Geus 1994), and to the Persians (Weber 2004). But the sources in most cases are much more limited than those for Greece and Rome. Thus, such prosopographies are useful instruments for research but cannot always provide additional insights of their own.
  624.  
  625. Geus, Klaus. 1994. Prosopographie der literarisch bezeugten Karthager. Studia Phoenicia 13. Louvain, Belgium: Peeters.
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  627. Collects all Carthagians known from literary sources, which are fully referred to in each entry, excluding the evidence of the inscriptions (which are mostly tombstones). Text in German.
  628. Find this resource:
  629. Marchesini, Simona. 2007. Prosopographia etrusca. Vol. 2, Studia: Gentium mobilitas. Studia Archaeologica 158. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider.
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  631. A collection of studies on the Etruscans. Text in Italian. To be used in conjunction with Morandi Tarabella 2004.
  632. Find this resource:
  633. Morandi Tarabella, Massimo. 2004. Prosopographia etrusca. Vol. 1.1, Corpus I: Etruria meridionale. Studia Archaeologica 135. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider.
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  635. The volume comprises all known Etruscans from southern Etruria. Text in Italian.
  636. Find this resource:
  637. Weber, Ursula. 2004. Prosopographie des Sāsānidenreiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr..
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  639. Catalogues the known persons of the Sassanian (Neo-Persian) Empire of the 3rd century CE, drawing on Sassanian inscriptions of this time, particularly on King Shapur’s trilingual report of his deeds from Naqš-i Rustam. Text in German. Available in pdf format.
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  641. Byzantium and the Middle Ages
  642.  
  643. It is an accepted truth that Antiquity has no clear end and the Middle Ages have no clear beginning; the Byzantine Empire was the straightforward continuation of the Roman Empire in the East. Thus, some words on the prosopography of Byzantium and the Middle Ages may be appropriate. Several general collections referring to the Byzantine Empire have been compiled or are in progress: a Berlin project for the “middle” period, that is, 7th to 12th centuries (Lilie, et al. 1998–2001; Lilie, et al. 2009–, and the website Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit) and a London project roughly covering the same epoch (Martindale 2001 and the website Prosopography of the Byzantine World)—both of which are intended as a continuation of Jones, et al. 1971–1992 (see Late Antiquity: General). The sources for these centuries partially are of a different type than for the times before, as inscribed seals are of high importance. The last period of Byzantium is covered by Trappe 1976–1995. Savvides, et al. 2007– gives a survey of individuals spanning the whole of Byzantine history. Where sources allow, prosopographical collections also are compiled for regions in the West. One British project deserves attention from a methodological point of view for its intense use of information technology (IT): Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England (PASE). There also exists a specialized journal of note, Medieval Prosopography: History and Collective Biography.
  644.  
  645. Lilie, Ralph-Johannes, et al. 1998–2001. Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit: Erste Abteilung (641–867). 7 vols. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter.
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  647. A prosopography (in German) on the “middle” epoch of Byzantine history that followed the perod covered by The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (Jones et al., 1971–1992; see Late Antiquity: General). Abbreviated as “PmbZ.” Divided in two sections. This is the first one, for the years 641–867 CE.
  648. Find this resource:
  649. Lilie, Ralph-Johannes, et al. 2009–. Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit: Zweite Abteilung (867–1025). Berlin and New York: de Gruyter.
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  651. The second part of the work, covering 867–1025 CE. Up to now, only “Prolegomena” appeared, mainly on sources (2009). The volumes containing the articles on persons are to be published together in 2011.
  652. Find this resource:
  653. Martindale, John Robert, ed. 2001. Prosopography of the Byzantine Empire. Vol. 1, 641–867. CD-ROM. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
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  655. A preliminary Byzantine prosopography on a CD-ROM, slimmer than Lilie, et al. 1998–2001. Covers 641–867 CE. Will not be continued.
  656. Find this resource:
  657. Medieval Prosopography: History and Collective Biography. 1980– .
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  659. A journal devoted to medieval prosopography in all its aspects.
  660. Find this resource:
  661. Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England (PASE).
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  663. A project that seeks to record all persons in Anglo-Saxon England (597 CE–12th century), published as a database freely accessible on the Internet. A second version was launched in 2009. To be expanded.
  664. Find this resource:
  665. Prosopography of the Byzantine World.
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  667. The work is intended to cover the period 642–1261 CE, thus continuing The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (Jones, et al. 1971–1992; see Late Antiquity: General), and to record all persons of this time. It focuses on literary sources. Published online as a database; work in progress. At present, it covers the period 1025–1180 CE. The second edition (2006.2) of the database for this era was launched in December 2006.
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  669. Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit.
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  671. An online index for Lilie, et al. 1998–2001 and Lilie, et al. 2009–. A full online publication of the entire work is under consideration.
  672. Find this resource:
  673. Savvides, Alexis G. C., et al., eds. 2007–. Encyclopaedic prosopographical lexicon of Byzantine history and civilization. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols.
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  675. A lexicon of important persons of the Byzantine Empire and its neighbors, covering the whole Byzantine era. Planned as seven volumes, of which two have appeared (letter A, 2007; letters B–E, 2008). The first volumes are based on a similar project in modern Greek, which has been stopped. The other, more detailed prosopographies for parts of the Byzantine era have been consulted.
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  677. Trappe, Erich. 1976–1995. Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit. 12 vols. and 2 vols. of addenda. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  678. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  679. This lexicon documents the persons of the last epoch of the Byzantine Empire (1261–1453). The work was done by a larger team.
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