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Geography (Classics)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. The study of geography in classical Antiquity can be undertaken in several directions: (1) the extent of actual exploration and knowledge of the world in various periods of time within Antiquity, (2) the means used to record this knowledge, whether in writing or graphically, (3) the conceptual image of the world as it emerges from ancient documents. A significant and fundamental starting point for any discussion is the classification of the primary sources (for cartography, see the Oxford Bibliographies article Maps). Greeks and Romans described the Earth, its continents and topographies, in a number of levels of written documentation. Through the scientific approach, they defined physical conditions, applying calculations and accuracies based on sensual observations and measurements. In this way, measurable and quantifiable features, such as distances, sizes, and heights, were conveyed to readers as accurately as possible. Through the verbal approach, they described with much detail and in many words, including numerous adjectives and metaphors, not only the same physical features treated in scientific geography, but also other kinds of data relevant to specific places, for instance flora and fauna, local myths and history, and ethnographic aspects. All these elements constituted a traditional part of geographical surveys, and they were based either on actual firsthand travels or on oral or written hearsay. Evidently, unlike scientific geography, which implied certain qualifications of its authors and a specific style of writing, descriptive geography is to be found in a large variety of literary genres—in poetry and in prose; in works of philosophy, oratory, historiography; or in novels and letters—representing the different intellectual portraits of their authors. This fact testifies to the lack of a clear discipline or genre of geography in classical Antiquity. Nevertheless, recent studies have attempted to assess the extent to which a specific style of verbal geography can be identified, in particular, with regard to the relationship between historiography and geography. The history of classical geography depends on texts, and, therefore, a significant part of this article is devoted to individual authors who contributed to the tradition of geographical knowledge.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
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  7. Dueck 2012 is a good starting point for any study of ancient geography. Aujac 1975 is helpful as a very brief and chronologically partial introduction. Jacob 1991 and Cordano 2002 offer general overviews of ancient geography, each with a slightly different scope and emphasis. Molina Marín 2010 is a very thorough and wide-scale study.
  8.  
  9. Aujac, Germaine. 1975. La géographie dans le monde antique. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
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  11. A booklet (128 pp.) in the series Que sais-je? surveying the major stages in the knowledge of the world by Greeks and Romans and their scientific theories. Ends in the 1st century BCE. Useful as a very brief introduction, chronologically partial.
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  13. Cordano, Federica. 2002. La geografia degli antichi. Rome: Laterza.
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  15. Focuses on actual geographical knowledge of the Greeks and Romans on the basis of exploration voyages and colonization. Originally published in 1992.
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  17. Dueck, Daniela. 2012. Geography in classical antiquity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  18. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139027014Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  19. A general, comprehensive, brief, and up-to-date introduction to ancient geography throughout classical Antiquity from the earliest times to Late Antiquity. May serve both students of classics and of geography and scholars looking for a general overview. Includes a chapter on cartography by Kai Brodersen.
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  21. Jacob, Christian. 1991. Géographie et ethnographie en Grèce ancienne. Paris: Armand Colin.
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  23. Discusses concepts and documentation—both written and cartographic—of geography more or less in a chronological order starting with the representation of space in the Homeric epics and ending with the geography and ethnography of Strabo. Valuable for specific discussions, such as the geographical horizons of Herodotus’s Histories (pp. 49–62) or Athens and geography (pp. 85–94).
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  25. Molina Marín, A. I. 2010. Geographica: Ciencia del espacio y tradición narrative de Homero a Cosmas Indicopleustes. Murcia, Spain: Universidad de Murcia
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  27. A comprehensive overview of geography in Antiquity divided into chronological sections from the Archaic Age to the Byzantine period. Subchapters are devoted mainly to authors and works.
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  29. Specific Surveys
  30.  
  31. Nicolet 1991 is an informative study of mainly Augustan geography, important also for its methodological approach. Dion 1977 focuses on two specific chapters in early Greek exploration and their political significance. Woolf 2011 discusses the relationship between Greek ethnographers and Roman generals. Raaflaub and Talbert 2010 offers a discussion of geography and ethnography in premodern societies, including the Greek and the Roman. Lozovsky 2000 treats geographical knowledge in Late Antiquity and medieval times. Koelsch 2012 treats modern reception of classical geography.
  32.  
  33. Dion, Roger. 1977. Aspects politiques de la géographie antique. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
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  35. Treating in two parts, first, the sailing journeys of Odysseus and, second, the explorations of Pytheas of Massalia. Its main thesis is that politics was closely related to these two endeavors; the first affected local rivalries between Archaic poleis over colonial dominance in the West and the second motivated later conquerors from Alexander to Julius Caesar.
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  37. Koelsch, William A. 2012. Geography and the classical world: Unearthing historical geography’s forgotten past. London: Tauris.
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  39. Studies the emergence of classical geography and its reception from the 18th century to the present. Valuable in assessing geographical traditions.
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  41. Lozovsky, Natalia. 2000. The earth is our book: Geographical knowledge in the Latin west, ca. 400–1000. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
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  43. Studies geographical knowledge in early medieval geographical tradition and its goals and place in the system of knowledge and education. Relevant to Late Antiquity and to the assessment of classical traditions.
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  45. Nicolet, Claude. 1991. Space, geography and politics in the early Roman Empire. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
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  47. Translation of L’inventaire du monde: Géographie et politique aux origines de l’empire romain (Paris: Fayard, 1988). An illuminating analysis of the effects of Rome’s worldview on its politics. Unique in its broad attitude to sources, including land surveys, inscriptions, and visual artifacts. Focuses on exploration and geographical writing in the time of Augustus.
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  49. Raaflaub, Kurt A., and Richard J. A. Talbert, eds. 2010. Geography and ethnography: Perceptions of the world in pre-modern societies. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
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  51. Offers a cross-cultural collection of studies of world descriptions in their dual physical and human dimensions. Taking premodern societies as a basis, the editors include in this volume studies on cultures other than the Greek and the Roman. Four articles (chapters 13–16) deal with geography in Greek and Roman societies.
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  53. Woolf, Greg. 2011. Tales of the barbarians: Ethnography and empire in the Roman west. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
  54. DOI: 10.1002/9781444390810Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  55. Specifically relevant is chapter 3 (pp. 59–88) on ethnography and empire. Discusses the relationship between Greek ethnographers and Roman generals.
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  57. Encyclopedias and Handbooks
  58.  
  59. Cancik, et al. 2002–2007 and Bagnall, et al. 2012 are updated and broad encyclopedias, helpful for information on specific authors and places. Keyser and Irby-Massie 2008 focuses specifically on science and has a particular interest in geography. Buisseret 2007 includes relevant entries that are placed in the context of world exploration.
  60.  
  61. Bagnall, Roger S., Kai Brodersen, Craige B. Champion, Andrew Erskine, and Sabine R. Huebner, eds. 2012. 13 vols. The encyclopedia of ancient history. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
  62. DOI: 10.1002/9781444338386Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  63. A thirteen-volume new broad reference work, including useful entries on specific authors, places, and themes. Available both in print and online with regular revisions and new entries.
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  65. Buisseret, David, ed. 2007. The Oxford companion to world exploration. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  67. A general lexicon holding entries relevant to ancient exploration. Among others, notable are the entries for Eratosthenes and Ptolemy.
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  69. Cancik, Hubert, Christine F. Salazar, and David E. Orton, eds. 2002–2007. Brill’s new Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the ancient world. 10 vols. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
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  71. A comprehensive encyclopedia translated from German. Includes useful entries with basic bibliography on ancient authors and places.
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  73. Keyser, Paul T., and Georgia L. Irby-Massie, eds. 2008. The encyclopedia of ancient natural scientists: The Greek tradition and its many heirs. London: Routledge.
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  75. A useful reference book with a special emphasis on ancient geographical authors and texts. Specifically useful is the list of authors according to topics, specifically “Geography” listed on pp. 999–1002.
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  77. Journals
  78.  
  79. All periodicals devoted to Greek and Roman history and culture occasionally publish articles relevant to geography. Those listed here are periodicals specifically devoted to various directions in research on classical geography. Particularly focused and helpful are Geographia Antiqua and Orbis Terrarum.
  80.  
  81. DIO: International Journal of Scientific History. 1991–.
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  83. Includes some studies of classical texts focused on mathematical and scientific issues. Authors are mathematicians, astronomers, physicists, or classicists on scientific themes.
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  85. Geographia Antiqua: Rivista di geografia storica del mondo antico e di storia della geografia. 1992–.
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  87. Covers themes related to the historical geography of the ancient world and the history of ancient geography and its tradition in the medieval and modern ages. Articles are mainly in Italian and French, but occasionally in English. No index.
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  89. The Geographical Journal. 1893–.
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  91. The academic journal of the Royal Geographical Society since 1893. Articles range across the entire subject of geography. Includes occasionally studies related to classical Antiquity.
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  93. Imago Mundi: The International Journal for the History of Cartography. 1935–.
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  95. Devoted to the history of cartography and often discusses very technical themes related to maps, but incorporates also studies relevant specifically to classical cartography and geography. There is an index to Volumes 21–40 and recent volumes list on the back page the contents of several earlier volumes.
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  97. Orbis Terrarum: Journal of Historical Geography of the Ancient World. 1995–.
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  99. Since 1995 publishes articles in German, English, French, and Italian on various themes related to ancient geography. The editorial board includes leading scholars in this field.
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  101. Scientific Geography
  102.  
  103. Rihll 1999 offers a general overview specifically in the context of other developments in Greek science. Aujac 1966 is recommended for its survey in the chapters devoted to classical and Hellenistic science. Irby 2012 explains the scientific background of cartographic developments as they appear in geographical texts. Staszak 1995 discusses, in particular, the theory of climatic zones. Articles in DIO: International Journal of Scientific History are aimed at readers interested in purely scientific analyses.
  104.  
  105. Aujac, Germaine. 1966. Strabon et la science de son temps: Les sciences du monde. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
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  107. Although primarily aiming at situating Strabo’s Geography within Greek scientific tradition, useful in offering a thorough overview of major trends and achievements of Greek science—astronomy, geometry, physics—until the 1st century BCE. These details are specifically linked to geographical concepts and writings.
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  109. DIO: International Journal of Scientific History.
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  111. Includes expert scientific discussions relevant to ancient geography. Articles include, for instance, “The Ptolemy Geography’s Secrets” 14 (2008): 33–53, and “Pytheas’ Solstice Observation Locates Him” 16 (2009): 11–17. For readers interested in purely scientific analyses.
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  113. Irby, Georgia L. 2012. Mapping the world: Greek initiatives from Homer to Eratosthenes. In Ancient perspectives: Maps and their place in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Rome. Edited by Richard J. A. Talbert, 81–108. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
  114. DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226789408.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  115. A comprehensive, updated, and concise summary of cartographic endeavors, including astronomic observations from the time that predates the recognition of the sphericity of the Earth until Eratosthenes.
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  117. Rihll, Tracey E. 1999. Greek science. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  119. A useful survey of various themes related to Greek scientific ideas. Good both in presenting theories and in introducing ancient evidence. Chapter 5 (pp. 82–105) is devoted to geography.
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  121. Staszak, Jean-François. 1995. La géographie d’avant la géographie: Le climat chez Aristote et Hippocrate. Paris: L’Harmattan.
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  123. An analysis of the scientific component of ancient geography. The most useful chapters are the ones dealing with Aristotle and his mathematical concept of space and the emergence of the climate zones theory.
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  125. Eratosthenes of Cyrene
  126.  
  127. The best starting point for the text on geography of Eratosthenes is Roller 2010, an English translation. Blomquist 1992 puts the subject in the context of time and place. Aujac 2001 and Geus 2002 each offer a comprehensive intellectual biography of the scholar and add a broad background and context to Roller 2010. Geus 2004 discusses some technical terms in the geographical definitions of Eratosthenes. Nicastro 2008 supplies a popular version, yet one based on historical evidence, of the famous measurement of the Earth.
  128.  
  129. Aujac, Germaine. 2001. Eratosthène de Cyrène, le pionnier de la géographie: Sa mesure de la circonférence terrestre. Paris: Éd. du Comité des Travaux historiques et scientifiques.
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  131. A comprehensive monograph on Eratosthenes as a scientific geographer. Useful also for its broad context of geographical traditions before Eratosthenes (chapter 1, pp. 17–40). Includes texts of his calculation of the measurement of the Earth and of his geographical fragments (pp. 129–205).
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  133. Blomquist, Jerker. 1992. Alexandrian science: The case of Eratosthenes. In Ethnicity in Hellenistic Egypt. Edited by Per Bilde, Troels Engberg-Pedersen, Lise Hannestad, and Jan Zahle, 53–73. Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus Univ. Press.
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  135. Places the scientific enterprises of Eratosthenes in their Alexandrian context.
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  137. Geus, Klaus. 2002. Eratosthenes von Kyrene: Studien zur hellenistischen Kultur- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte. Munich: Beck.
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  139. Offers an intellectual monograph of Eratosthenes. Each chapter discusses a different intellectual field in the scholar’s career. Chapter 8 (pp. 260 ff) discusses geography.
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  141. Geus, Klaus. 2004. Measuring the earth and the oikoumene: Zones, meridians, sphragides and some other geographical terms used by Eratosthenes of Cyrene. In Space in the Roman world: Its perception and presentation. Edited by Richard J. A. Talbert and Kai Brodersen, 11–26. Münster, Germany: Lit Verlag.
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  143. A recommended, detailed explanation of some basic features in the scientific geography of Eratosthenes.
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  145. Nicastro, Nicholas. 2008. Circumference: Eratosthenes and the ancient quest to measure the globe. New York: St. Martin’s.
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  147. Slightly popular and not entirely academic, tells the story of, and the biography of, Eratosthenes as a scientist.
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  149. Roller, Duane W. 2010. Eratosthenes’ geography: Fragments collected and translated, with commentary and additional material. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
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  151. A reader-friendly collection of the geographical fragments of Eratosthenes. Includes English translation (no Greek text) and a commentary that puts the subject in a wider context.
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  153. Hipparchus of Nicaea
  154.  
  155. Dicks 1960 is still the only edition of the geographical fragments of Hipparchus; its introductory overview is also valuable. Shcheglov 2005 is an erudite scientific discussion of Hipparchus’s astronomical and geographical calculations.
  156.  
  157. Dicks, D. R. 1960. The geographical fragments of Hipparchus. London: Athlone.
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  159. A collection of sixty-three fragments of Hipparchus’s three-book work placed against the “geography” of Eratosthenes. Greek text, an introduction, and a helpful scholarly commentary.
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  161. Shcheglov, Dmitry A. 2005. Hipparchus on the latitude of southern India. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 45:359–380.
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  163. A thorough reading of Strabo’s interpretation of Eratosthenes and Hipparchus on latitudes.
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  165. Diacaearchus of Messana
  166.  
  167. Fortenbaugh and Schütrumpf 2001 provides the best study of Dicaearchus as a mathematical geographer.
  168.  
  169. Fortenbaugh, William, and Eckart Schütrumpf, eds. 2001. Dicaearchus of Messana: Text, translation and discussion. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
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  171. Greek fragments, English translation, notes, and discussion.
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  173. Claudius Ptolemy
  174.  
  175. Berggren and Jones 2000 offers an English translation of the theoretical chapters and a helpful introduction. Grasshoff and Stückelberger 2006 has the Greek text, a German translation, and a thorough commentary. Berggren 2002 and Jones 2012 are both useful in placing Ptolemy’s contribution within the broader context of ancient science. Taub 1993 supplements the scholarly profile of Ptolemy with an overview of the ancient scholar’s skills in the study of astronomy. Gautier Dalché 2009 and Jones 2010 are both recommended for the assessment of Ptolemy’s reception. See also the Oxford Bibliographies article Maps.
  176.  
  177. Berggren, J. Lenart. 2002. Ptolemy’s maps as an introduction to ancient science. In Science and mathematics in ancient Greek culture. Edited by Christopher J. Tuplin and Tracey E. Rihll, 36–55. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  178. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198152484.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  179. A brief presentation of the scientific significance of Ptolemy’s cartography and geography.
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  181. Berggren, J. Lenart, and Alexander Jones. 2000. Ptolemy’s Geography: An annotated translation of the theoretical chapters. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
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  183. Offers non-Greek readers access to the theoretical chapters in Ptolemy’s Geography. Includes a helpful introductory chapter on Ptolemy and his readers, the place of geography in Ptolemy’s work, his concept of the world, and some technical matters related to the transmission of his text. Holds colored plates of medieval maps after Ptolemy. Useful appendixes of trade routes and calculations.
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  185. Gautier Dalché, Patrick. 2009. La géographie de Ptolémée en occident, IVe–XVIe siècle. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols.
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  187. A thorough study of the reception of Ptolemy’s Geography throughout Late Antiquity and medieval times until the early modern era.
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  189. Grasshoff, Gerd, and Alfred Stückelberger, eds. 2006. Klaudios Ptolemaios, Handbuch der Geographie. Basel, Switzerland: Schwabe.
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  191. The only scientifically usable text of the complete geographical work. Greek text, German translation, and a supplement volume (2009) holding a useful list of Ptolemy’s important cities and their coordinates as well as a collection of studies on topics relating to the Geography under three broad headings: the history of the transmission of the Geography, the work’s technical presuppositions and sources, and more general topics relating to Ptolemy.
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  193. Jones, Alexander. 2012. Ptolemy’s Geography: Mapmaking and the scientific enterprise. In Ancient perspectives: Maps and their place in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Rome. Edited by Richard J. A. Talbert, 109–128. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
  194. DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226789408.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  195. Ties Ptolemy’s Geography and written cartography with the broader context of ancient scientific concepts and conventions.
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  197. Jones, Alexander, ed. 2010. Ptolemy in perspective: Use and criticism of his work from antiquity to the nineteenth century. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
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  199. Eight articles on Ptolemy’s heritage. The ones by Jones, Heilen, and Mittenhuber are specifically useful to the assessment of Ptolemy’s work.
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  201. Taub, Liba C. 1993. Ptolemy’s universe: The natural philosophical and ethical foundations of Ptolemy’s astronomy. Chicago: Open Court.
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  203. Although devoted to astronomy, this monograph may enrich assessment of Ptolemy as a geographer. Studies the natural philosophy of Ptolemy, its ethical implications, and its departure from the thought of Aristotle.
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  205. Descriptive Geography
  206.  
  207. Authors and texts devoted to verbal geography appear in modern research in editions of texts and in analyses of various aspects of their scope and content.
  208.  
  209. Ctesias of Cnidus
  210.  
  211. Lenfant 2004 is the most comprehensive: It includes both the Greek text and the translation of the Indica, the Persica, fragments of other works, and testimonia. Recommended English translations with accompanying introductions and notes are those of Llewellyn-Jones and Robson 2010 and Stronk 2010, both for the Persica, and Nichols 2011 for the Indica (no Greek text).
  212.  
  213. Lenfant, Dominique. 2004. Ctésias de Cnide: La Perse, l’Inde, autre fragments. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
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  215. Greek text, French translation of fragments, and testimonia. Includes an introduction of two hundred pages, commentary notes, and bibliography.
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  217. Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd, and James Robson. 2010. Ctesias’ history of Persia: Tales of the Orient. Routledge Classical Translations. London: Routledge.
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  219. English translation of the Persica and of the testimonia. Includes a comprehensive introduction on Ctesias (pp. 1–87).
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  221. Nichols, Andrew. 2011. Ctesias: On India, and fragments of his minor works. London: Bristol Classical.
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  223. English translation of the Indica and some fragments of the periodos. No Greek text.
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  225. Stronk, Jan P. 2010. Ctesias’ Persian history. Vol. 1, Introduction, text and translation. Dusseldorf, Germany: Wellem Verlag.
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  227. Greek text and English translation of the Persica. Includes a thorough introduction of two hundred pages. A commentary is forthcoming in Volume 2.
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  229. Poseidonius of Apamea
  230.  
  231. Edelstein and Kidd 1972 is the standard collection of fragments (not only geographical), including translation into English and a thorough commentary. Pédech 1974 studies specifically Poseidonius’s treatment of geography. Clarke 1999 discusses Poseidonius’s work as part of a wider study of the relationship between geography and historiography.
  232.  
  233. Clarke, Katherine. 1999. Between geography and history: Hellenistic constructions of the Roman world. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  235. In the context of the general issue of the tension between geography and historiography, devotes chapter 3 (pp. 129–192) to Poseidonius.
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  237. Edelstein, Ludwig, and Ian Gray Kidd. 1972. Posidonius. Vol. 1, The fragments, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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  239. See also Vols. 2.1 and 2.2, Commentary. Greek text and English translation arranged according to themes. An expanded commentary.
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  241. Pédech, Paul. 1974. L’analyse géographique chez Posidonius. In Littérature gréco-romaine et géographie historique. Edited by Raymond Chevallier, 31–43. Paris: Picard.
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  243. Analyzes Poseidonius’s geographical discussions in terms of both facts and concepts.
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  245. Strabo of Amasia
  246.  
  247. Radt 2002–2010 is the latest and best edition of the Greek text, including translation into German and notes. Dueck 2000 is an intellectual biography, recommended as an introduction to Strabo. Engels 1999 is a very detailed monograph on Strabo and his times, and the relevant chapters in Clarke 1999 discuss Strabo’s unique perception of time and space.
  248.  
  249. Clarke, Katherine. 1999. Between geography and history: Hellenistic constructions of the Roman world. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
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  251. In the context of the general issue of the tension between geography and historiography, devotes chapters 4–6 to Strabo. Chapter 4 on Strabo and space (pp. 193–244) is particularly illuminating.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Dueck, Daniela. 2000. Strabo of Amasia: A Greek man of letters in Augustan Rome. London: Routledge.
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  255. An intellectual biography of Strabo, emphasizing his dual identity as a scholar educated on Hellenistic traditions and living in a world dominated by Rome.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Engels, Johannes. 1999. Augusteische Oikumenegeographie und Universalhistorie im Werk Strabons von Amaseia. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
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  259. A very thorough and detailed study of Strabo’s Geography in its historical context.
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  261. Radt, Stefan, ed. 2002–2010. Strabons Geographika. 10 vols. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
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  263. The standard modern edition of Strabo’s text, including a German translation and a commentary.
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  265. Pomponius Mela
  266.  
  267. Romer 1998 offers the translated text and Batty 2000 analyzes Mela’s position within earlier geographical traditions.
  268.  
  269. Batty, Roger. 2000. Mela’s Phoenician geography. Journal of Roman Studies 90:70–94.
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  271. Useful as an insightful assessment of Mela’s unique contribution to the geographical tradition.
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  273. Romer, Frank E. 1998. Pomponius Mela’s description of the world. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
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  275. An English translation of Mela’s work, including a helpful introduction and a short bibliography.
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  277. Pliny the Elder
  278.  
  279. Shaw 1981 and Evans 2005 discuss aspects of Pliny’s geographical approach. Murphy 2004 and Doody 2010 place Pliny’s scholarship in a wider context.
  280.  
  281. Doody, Aude. 2010. Pliny’s encyclopedia: The reception of the natural history. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  282. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511676222Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  283. Discusses the theme of science and encyclopedism. Specifically useful is the survey (pp. 58–75) on Pliny and Roman geographical tradition.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Evans, Rhiannon. 2005. Geography without people: Mapping in Pliny Historia Naturalis books 3–6. Ramus 34.1: 47–74.
  286. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  287. Studies Pliny’s unique approach to geographical and ethnographic descriptions.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Murphy, Trevor M. 2004. Pliny the Elder’s Natural History: The empire in the encyclopedia. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  290. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199262885.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  291. Part 2 specifically (“The Ethnographies of the Natural History,” pp. 77–193 onward), studies the ethnographies in Pliny’s work not for their information value as truthful reports but as evidence of cultural values and preoccupations.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Shaw, Brent D. 1981. The Elder Pliny’s African geography. Historia 30.4: 424–471.
  294. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  295. Analyzes the political significance of the lists of African communities that make up the geographical survey in Pliny’s work. Available online for purchase or by subscription.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Pausanias
  298.  
  299. Habicht 1985 emphasizes the author and his sources. Pretzler 2007 offers a comprehensive discussion of various aspects of documentation of travel impressions. Hutton 2005 is the most relevant to the theme of geography and the description of countries.
  300.  
  301. Habicht, Christian. 1985. Pausanias’ guide to ancient Greece. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
  302. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. An intellectual biography of Pausanias. Emphasizes the analysis of his sources.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Hutton, William. 2005. Describing Greece: Landscape and literature in the Periegesis of Pausanias. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307. The entire monograph is very relevant to geographical writings. Attempts at characterizing the genre of Periegesis and Pausanias’s attitude to descriptions of places.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Pretzler, Maria. 2007. Pausanias: Travel writing in ancient Greece. London: Duckworth.
  310. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311. Focuses on the genre of travel writing. Chapter 5, “A Sense of Space: Landscape and Geography” (pp. 57–72), is particularly helpful.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Historiography
  314.  
  315. The best theoretical discussion of the relationship between geography and historiography is offered in Clarke 1999. Engels 2007 offers a briefer summary of the theme and Merrills 2005 complements both in discussing the relationship between geography and historiography in Late Antiquity. The subsections introduce several Greek and Roman historians and their approach to geography in historiographical contexts.
  316.  
  317. Clarke, Katherine. 1999. Between geography and history: Hellenistic constructions of the Roman world. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319. A thorough and thought-provoking discussion of geographical concepts and writing, particularly in comparison with historiography. Chapter 1 (pp. 1–77) comprehensively introduces the problem.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Engels, Johannes. 2007. Geography and history. In A companion to Greek and Roman historiography. Vol. 2. Edited by John Marincola, 541–552. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  322. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  323. Addresses the proximal, symbiotic relationship of ancient geography (space) and history (time). The second part summarizes the development of the two main directions in ancient geography and their most prominent representatives.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Merrills, Andrew H. 2005. History and geography in Late Antiquity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  326. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511496370Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  327. Deals with geographical prologues to Christian historical writing in Late Antiquity. The interaction of geographical and historical themes in the writings of Orosius, Jordanes, Isidore of Seville, and Bede is placed against the backdrop of the Greek and Roman geographical traditions that preceded them.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Herodotus
  330.  
  331. Herodotus is essential as a starting point for the longstanding tradition of inclusion of geographical and ethnographic details within a historiographical work. (See the Oxford Bibliographies article Herodotus.) Harrison 2007 and, more briefly, Romm 2007 offer overviews of Herodotus’s geography and are recommended as a starter. Wheeler 2007a and Wheeler 2007b focus on the geographical approach to specific regions and topographies taken by Herodotus. Sieberer 1995 (German) is a comprehensive discussion of Herodotus’s geography and ethnography of Europe. Rood 2006 supplies a brief analysis of the use by Herodotus of geography and ethnography as explanations for historical and political developments. Romm 1989 discusses Herodotus’s treatment of the Hyperboreans to demonstrate his symmetrical geographical worldview. Barker 2010 provides a stimulating application of digital methodology to the assessment of Herodotus’s geography.
  332.  
  333. Barker, Elton. 2010. Mapping an ancient historian in a digital age: The Herodotus encoded space-text-image archive (Hestia). Leeds International Classical Studies 9.1: 1–36.
  334. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335. An innovative application of digital technology to study spatial data in Herodotus’s Histories. A database plus mapping applications that shed light on Herodotus’s geography.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Harrison, Thomas. 2007. The place of geography in Herodotus’s The Histories. In Travel, geography and culture in ancient Greece, Egypt and the Near East. Edited by Colin Adams and Jim Roy, 44–65. Oxford: Oxbow.
  338. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  339. Discusses Herodotus’s attitude to geographical themes.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Romm, James. 1989. Herodotus and mythic geography: The case of the Hyperboreans. Transactions of the American Philological Association 119:97–113.
  342. DOI: 10.2307/284263Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  343. Studies the symmetrical geographical worldview of Herodotus through his presentation of the Hyperboreans.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Romm, James. 2007. Herodotean geography (appendix D). In The landmark Herodotus: The Histories. Edited by Robert B. Strassler, 744–748. New York: Pantheon.
  346. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  347. A very brief overview of Herodotus’s approach to geographical themes.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Rood, Tim. 2006. Herodotus and foreign lands. In The Cambridge companion to Herodotus. Edited by Carolyn Dewald and John Marincola, 290–305. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  350. DOI: 10.1017/CCOL052183001X.XMLSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  351. Analyzes Herodotus’s treatment of geography and ethnography in the historiographical context.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. Sieberer, Wido. 1995. Das Bild Europas in den Historien: Studien zu Herodots Geographie und Ethnographie Europas und seiner Schilderung der persischen Feldzüge. Innsbruck, Austria: Verlag des Instituts für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.
  354. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355. A very detailed analysis of the geographical and ethnographic details, as well as concepts, in Herodotus’s description of Europe. Table of contents available online.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Wheeler, Everett L. 2007a. Herodotus and the Black Sea region (appendix E). In The landmark Herodotus: The Histories. Edited by Robert B. Strassler, 748–755. New York: Pantheon.
  358. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  359. Treats Herodotus’s description of a specific region and his methodological and practical background for this description.
  360. Find this resource:
  361. Wheeler, Everett L. 2007b. Rivers and peoples of Scythia (appendix F). In The landmark Herodotus: The Histories. Edited by Robert B. Strassler, 756–759. New York: Pantheon.
  362. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  363. Briefly surveys Herodotus’s treatment of geographical and ethnographical conditions in Scythia.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Polybius
  366.  
  367. Polybius set a milestone by separating geography from the main line of historiography. (See the Oxford Bibliographies article Polybius.) The relevant chapter in Clarke 1999 is recommended as an introduction to the interplay of history and geography in the work of Polybius. Walbank 1948 well introduces the place of Polybius in geographical traditions and his special attitude to geographical issues. Pédech 1956 concentrates on the now-fragmentary separate section devoted by Polybius to geography. Janni 2003 addresses the specific issue of the supposed hidden cartographic view of Polybius.
  368.  
  369. Clarke, Katherine. 1999. Between geography and history: Hellenistic constructions of the Roman world. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  370. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  371. In the wider context of the discussion of the tension between geography and historiography, devotes chapter 2 (pp. 77–128) to Polybius.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Janni, Pietro. 2003. La cartografia di Polibio. In Polibio y la Península Ibérica. Edited by Juan Santos Yanguas and Elena Torregaray Pagola, 89–102. Vitoria, Spain: Universidad del País Vasco.
  374. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  375. Examines the supposed background cartographic notion of Polybius. Consistent with his thesis regarding hodological space, for which see Concepts of Space.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Pédech, Paul. 1956. La géographie de Polybe: Structure et contenu du livre XXXIV des Histoires. Les études classiques 24:3–24.
  378. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379. Focuses on the separate fragmentary geographical section in the work of Polybius.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Walbank, Frank W. 1948. The geography of Polybius. Classica et mediaevalia 9:155–182.
  382. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  383. Places Polybius within earlier Greek and Hellenistic geographical methods.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Julius Caesar
  386.  
  387. Riggsby 2006 is best as a starting point because of the wider context in which Caesar as a writer is placed. Krebs 2006 provides a detailed analysis of Caesar’s spatial ideas, and Bertrand 1997 emphasizes the link between geography and military practice.
  388.  
  389. Bertrand, A. C. 1997. Stumbling through Gaul: Maps, intelligence and Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum. Ancient History Bulletin 11:107–122.
  390. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  391. Discusses Caesar’s orientation in its military context.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Krebs, Christopher B. 2006. “Imaginary geography” in Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum. American Journal of Philology 127.1: 111–136.
  394. DOI: 10.1353/ajp.2006.0015Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  395. Compares Caesar’s spatial ideas of Galia with those of Germania. A detailed and stimulating analysis.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Riggsby, Andrew M. 2006. Caesar in Gaul and Rome: War in words. Austin: Univ. of Texas Press.
  398. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  399. Within the wider context of Caesar as an author, chapter 1 assesses his geography and his spatial concepts in the Bellum Gallicum. Chapter 2 discusses the ethnography of Caesar and its place within the ethnographical tradition.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Ammianus Marcellinus
  402.  
  403. Matthews 2008 provides a general overview of Ammianus’s attitude toward the Roman Empire. Sundwall 1996 treats specifically his verbal geography, and Woloch 1993 narrows the discussion down to Ammianus’s possible cartographic background in specific parts of his description.
  404.  
  405. Matthews, John F. 2008. The Roman Empire of Ammianus. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
  406. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  407. A thorough and voluminous analysis of the writings of Ammianus in their historical context with an emphasis on Ammianus’s ethnography. Originally published in 1989.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Sundwall, Gavin A. 1996. Ammianus geographicus. American Journal of Philology 117.4: 619–643.
  410. DOI: 10.1353/ajp.1996.0059Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  411. Studies Ammianus’s geography to conclude that he used verbal rather than cartographic representations of specific regions.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Woloch, Michael G. 1993. Ammianus: Alpine passes and maps. Arctos 27:149–154.
  414. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415. Analyzes specific references made by Ammianus to Alpine passes and attempts to explain some errors through his possible access to maps.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Poetry
  418.  
  419. Detailed studies relate to specific poetic genres: Homer and Archaic Epic, Greek Tragedy, Apollonius of Rhodes, and Roman Poetry.
  420.  
  421. Homer and Archaic Epic
  422.  
  423. Ballabriga 1986 offers a panoramic overview of the spatial and practical ideas of the world. Nakassis 2004 focuses on the concept of edges. Silk 2004 studies specifically the wanderings of Odysseus as a sort of exploratory endeavor.
  424.  
  425. Ballabriga, Alain. 1986. Le soleil et le tartare: L’image mythique du monde en Grèce archaïque. Paris: Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.
  426. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  427. Explains the representations of the inhabited world and the entire cosmic structure in Archaic poetry. Focuses on Homer, Hesiod, Stesichorus, and Mimnermos.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Nakassis, Dimitri. 2004. Gemination at the horizons: East and west in the mythical geography of archaic Greek epic. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 134.2: 215–233.
  430. DOI: 10.1353/apa.2004.0013Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  431. Examines descriptions of remote places in Archaic Greek Homeric and Hesiodic epic. Proposes to explain patterns in Homeric geography and to resolve some traditional interpretive difficulties with descriptions of the edges of the Earth.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Silk, Michael. 2004. The Odyssey and its explorations. In The Cambridge companion to Homer. Edited by Robert Fowler, 31–44. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  434. DOI: 10.1017/CCOL0521813026Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  435. Surveys the background for the wanderings of Odysseus in the Mediterranean.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Greek Tragedy
  438.  
  439. Hall 1987 and Finkelberg 1998 take the tragedy as a geographical document. Futo Kennedy 2006 links geography and politics.
  440.  
  441. Finkelberg, Margalit. 1998. The geography of the Prometheus Vinctus. Rheinisches Museum 141.2: 119–141.
  442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  443. An instructive analysis of the geographical details in the tragedy as indicators of the time in which the play was written, according to the synchronic level of geographical knowledge at the time.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Futo Kennedy, Rebecca. 2006. Justice, geography and empire in Aeschylus’ Eumenides. Classical Antiquity 25.1: 35–72.
  446. DOI: 10.1525/ca.2006.25.1.35Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  447. Places the geographical allusions in the play in the political context of 5th-century BCE Athens.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Hall, Edith M. 1987. The geography of Euripides’ Iphigeneia among the Taurians. American Journal of Philology 108:427–433.
  450. DOI: 10.2307/294664Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  451. Explains several controversial lines in the play in attempting to solve some problems related to specific geographical details.
  452. Find this resource:
  453. Apollonius of Rhodes
  454.  
  455. Pearson 1938 is still valid in its wider overview of the place of Apollonius within the geographical tradition. Meyer 2008 is more focused on the Hellenistic context of Apollonius’s scholarship. Endsjø 1997 places Apollonius’s geography within the specific time of its writing. On other discussions of the poetry of Apollonius, see the Oxford Bibliographies article Apollonius of Rhodes.
  456.  
  457. Endsjø, Dag Ø. 1997. Placing the unplaceable: The making of Apollonius’ Argonautic geography. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 38.4: 373–385.
  458. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  459. Studies the route of the Argo from Colchis as a reflection of the geography of the time of Apollonius.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. Meyer, Doris. 2008. Apollonius as a Hellenistic geographer. In Brill’s companion to Apollonius Rhodius. Edited by Theodore D. Papanghelis and Antonios Rengakos, 267–285. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  462. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  463. Studies Apollonius’s interaction with Hellenistic scholarship, and specifically with the geographical traditions.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Pearson, Lionel. 1938. Apollonius of Rhodes and the old geographers. American Journal of Philology 59:443–459.
  466. DOI: 10.2307/291181Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  467. Relatively old but places Apollonius in line with earlier traditions of Greek geography.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Roman Poetry
  470.  
  471. Thomas 1982 is useful in providing a broader inspection of geographical and ethnographical details in Roman poetry. Mayer 1986 inspects several poets specifically with regard to the toponymic aspects. Jones 2011 discusses the wider attitude toward nature and space in Virgil’s Eclogues. Myers 2011 focuses on Lucan’s geography.
  472.  
  473. Jones, Frederick. 2011. Virgil’s garden: The nature of bucolic space. London: Bristol Classical.
  474. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  475. Studies Virgil’s treatment of the physical world. Particularly relevant are chapter 1 (pp. 17–28) on landscape and space; chapter 5 (pp. 67–78) on climate, time, geology, and geography; and chapter 6 (pp. 79–88) on human geography.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Mayer, Roland. 1986. Geography and Roman poets. Greece and Rome 33.1: 47–54.
  478. DOI: 10.1017/S0017383500029958Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. Examines the unique and original use of toponyms in Latin poetry in comparison with Hellenistic poetry.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Myers, Micah Y. 2011. Lucan’s poetic geographies: Center and periphery in civil war epic. In Brill’s companion to Lucan. Edited by Paolo Asso, 399–416. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
  482. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  483. Offers an analysis of Lucan’s geographical perception of center and periphery.
  484. Find this resource:
  485. Thomas, Richard F. 1982. Lands and peoples in Roman poetry: The ethnographical tradition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Philological Society.
  486. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487. Puts Roman poets such as Horace, Virgil, and Lucan within the tradition of ethnographical writing. Claims that the Romans adopted the Greek literary prototype for describing features of other lands and the characteristics of their inhabitants.
  488. Find this resource:
  489. Travel and Exploration
  490.  
  491. Adams and Roy 2007 supplies through eleven articles a good starting point for the theme. Roller 2006 is recommended as an overview of exploratory endeavors, specifically in the western regions outside the Mediterranean. Salles 1988 includes surveys of specific explorations around the Arabian Peninsula. Adams 2007 focuses on land travel in Roman Egypt. Salway 2004 studies the written outcome of travel in the format of literary itineraria. Adams and Laurence 2001 and Ellis and Kidner 2004 are two collections focusing on relevant issues in Late Antiquity.
  492.  
  493. Adams, Colin. 2007. Land transport in Roman Egypt: A study of economics and administration in a Roman province. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  494. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203970.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  495. Studies a specific aspect of ancient traveling by land in Roman Egypt.
  496. Find this resource:
  497. Adams, Colin, and Ray Laurence, eds. 2001. Travel and geography in the Roman Empire. London: Routledge.
  498. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  499. A collection of seven articles dealing with both the practicalities of travel, such as roads and transport, and the documentation of routes as geographies or, more specifically, as itineraria. Chapters 2–4 (by Brodersen [pp. 7–21], Salway [pp. 22–66], Laurence [pp. 67–94], respectively) are especially relevant to geography.
  500. Find this resource:
  501. Adams, Colin, and James Roy, eds. 2007. Travel, geography and culture in ancient Greece, Egypt and the Near East. Oxford: Oxbow.
  502. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  503. A collection of eleven articles dealing with various aspects of geography and travel in Antiquity. Some deal with specific authors. Note “Travelling by Land in Ancient Greece,” by Yanis Pikoulas (pp. 78–87).
  504. Find this resource:
  505. Ellis, Linda, and Frank L. Kidner, eds. 2004. Travel, communication and geography in Late Antiquity: Sacred and profane. Burlington, UK: Ashgate.
  506. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  507. Twelve articles dealing with secular travel and pilgrimage in Late Antiquity.
  508. Find this resource:
  509. Roller, Duane W. 2006. Through the pillars of Herakles: Greco-Roman exploration of the Atlantic. New York: Routledge.
  510. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  511. Studies the Greek and Roman exploration journeys in the Atlantic from the Archaic period to the Roman Empire. Useful as a comprehensive and thorough survey of the evidence for actual acquaintance with northern regions outside the Mediterranean and the western coasts of Africa.
  512. Find this resource:
  513. Salles, Jean-François, ed. 1988. L’Arabie et ses mers bordières I: Itinéraires et voisinages. Lyon, France: GS-Maison de l’Orient méditerranéen.
  514. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  515. Proceedings of a research seminar. Particularly relevant are the articles by Rougé (pp. 59–74) on navigation in the Erythraean Sea and by Salles (pp. 75–102) on the circumnavigation of Arabia.
  516. Find this resource:
  517. Salway, Benet. 2004. Roman itinerary literature: Sea and river travel in the Roman itinerary literature. In Space in the Roman world: Its perception and presentation. Edited by Richard J. A. Talbert and Kai Brodersen, 43–96. Münster, Germany: Lit Verlag.
  518. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  519. Focuses on the linear genre of itineraria in Roman literature.
  520. Find this resource:
  521. Individual Explorers
  522.  
  523. Thiel 1967 deals with Eudoxus of Cyzicus, and Roseman 1994 and Cunliffe 2003 focus on Pytheas of Massalia. Panchenko 1998 and Panchenko 2003 supply a comprehensive overview of the endeavors of Scylax of Caryanda. Salles 1993 studies the anonymous Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.
  524.  
  525. Cunliffe, Barry. 2003. The extraordinary voyage of Pytheas the Greek: The man who discovered Britain. London: Penguin.
  526. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  527. A modern re-creation of the journey of Pytheas based on archaeological and literary evidence. Not annotated.
  528. Find this resource:
  529. Panchenko, Dmitri V. 1998. Scylax’ circumnavigation of India and its interpretation in early Greek geography, ethnography and cosmography, I. Hyperboreus 4.2: 211–242.
  530. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  531. First part of an analysis of the information available on Scylax of Caryanda’s voyage around India.
  532. Find this resource:
  533. Panchenko, Dmitri V. 2003. Scylax’ circumnavigation of India and its interpretation in early Greek geography, ethnography and cosmography, II. Hyperboreus 9.2: 274–294.
  534. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  535. Second part of an analysis of the information available on Scylax of Caryanda’s sail around India.
  536. Find this resource:
  537. Roseman, Christina Horst. 1994. Pytheas of Massalia, on the ocean. Chicago: Ares.
  538. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  539. Greek text, translation into English and commentary of the fragments of Pytheas of Massalia in his exploration voyage to the North Sea. Includes notes, bibliography, and maps.
  540. Find this resource:
  541. Salles, Jean-François. 1993. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and the Arab-Persian Gulf. Topoi (Lyon) 3:493–523.
  542. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  543. Discussion of some geographical details in the text of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century BCE).
  544. Find this resource:
  545. Thiel, Johannes Hendrik. 1967. Eudoxus of Cyzicus: A chapter in the history of the sea route round the cape in ancient times. Groningen, The Netherlands: Wolters.
  546. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  547. English translation of the text. Introductory note.
  548. Find this resource:
  549. Paradoxography
  550.  
  551. Westermann 1839 (despite being very dated) and Giannini 1966 offer collections of nontranslated Greek texts of paradoxa. Jacob 1983 and Schepens and Delcroix 1996 are recommended as a comprehensive overview of the genre. The chapter in Romm 1992 is also relevant as background material. Hardie 2009 discusses paradoxography in Augustan literature.
  552.  
  553. Giannini, Alexander. 1966. Paradoxographorum Graecorum Reliquiae. Milan: Istituto Editoriale Italiano.
  554. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  555. A collection of Greek texts of paradoxography with a Latin translation on opposite pages.
  556. Find this resource:
  557. Hardie, Philip R., ed. 2009. Paradox and the marvellous in Augustan literature and culture. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  558. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  559. Examines the presence of the paradox and the marvelous in Augustan literature and shows that it constituted an important strain in the poetry of Virgil, Horace, and Ovid as well as in prose works of history and rhetoric and in the Augustan visual arts.
  560. Find this resource:
  561. Jacob, Christian. 1983. De l’art de compiler à la fabrication du merveilleux: Sur la paradoxographie grecque. Lalies 2:121–140.
  562. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  563. A brief overview of the genre of marvels in Greek literature.
  564. Find this resource:
  565. Romm, James S. 1992. The edges of the Earth in ancient thought: Geography, exploration and fiction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  566. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  567. Chapter 3, “Wonders of the East” (pp. 82–120), supplies a short survey of marvels included in literature before Alexander until the later romance tradition, and it puts collections of marvels, specifically connected with the East, in their literary and historical tradition.
  568. Find this resource:
  569. Schepens, Guido, and Kris Delcroix. 1996. Ancient paradoxography: Origin, evolution, production and reception. In La letteratura di consumo nel mondo greco-latino: Atti del convegno internazionale, Cassino, 14–17 settembre 1994. Edited by Oronzo Pecere and Antonio Stramaglia, 373–460. Cassino, Italy: Levante.
  570. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  571. A very thorough small treatise on various aspects related to the nature of paradoxography as a literary genre.
  572. Find this resource:
  573. Westermann, Antonius. 1839. Paradoxographoi: Scriptores Rerum Mirabilium Graeci. London: Black and Armstrong.
  574. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  575. Although very dated, holds a collection of various Greek texts of paradoxography with a critical apparatus. No translation. Notes are in Latin. Available as an e-book.
  576. Find this resource:
  577. Concept of Space
  578.  
  579. Geus 2003 and Brodersen 2010 constitute good starting points for the theme. Each briefly discusses spatial concepts, Geus 2003 in the Hellenistic period and Brodersen 2010 in Roman culture. Brodersen 2003 provides a more detailed study and synthesis of evidence of Roman spatial notions and cartographic application. Purves 2010 offers a stimulating study of spatial concepts in the Greek world. Talbert and Brodersen 2004, a collection of articles, is recommended as a supplement to the theme. Geus and Thiering 2012 is stimulating in its discussion of spatial concepts among nonexpert circles.
  580.  
  581. Brodersen, Kai. 2003. Terra cognita: Studien zur römischen Raumerfassung. Hildesheim, Germany: Olms.
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  583. Reprint of 1995 edition. Studies the Roman concept of space, including the central issue of use of maps. A useful monograph in synthesizing the evidence and supplying an extensive bibliography. Provocative in suggesting that while large-scale maps existed in the Roman world, daily cartographic usages did not prevail and maps were not used outside the scientific community.
  584. Find this resource:
  585. Brodersen, Kai. 2010. Space and geography. In The Oxford handbook of Roman studies. Edited by Alessandro Barchiesi and Walter Scheidel, 827–837. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  586. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199211524.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  587. A condensed survey of the Roman concept of space from smaller agricultural plots to the entire world. Discusses the distinction between perception and presentation of space and between daily, practical use of geography and the intellectual concept.
  588. Find this resource:
  589. Geus, Klaus. 2003. Space and geography. In A companion to the Hellenistic world. Edited by Andrew Erskine, 232–245. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  590. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  591. Briefly surveys the actual acquaintance and conceptual perception of “the world” in the Hellenistic age. Introduces the turning point of the campaigns of Alexander the Great and divides the discussion accordingly. Recommended as a brief introduction to the theme.
  592. Find this resource:
  593. Geus, Klaus, and Martin Thiering, eds. 2012. Common sense geography and mental modelling. Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Preprint 426. Berlin: Max-Planck-Inst. für Wiss.-Geschichte.
  594. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  595. Eleven studies of spatial concepts spanning various texts and periods. Innovative in its introduction of the idea of implicit, or tacit, knowledge of geography within nonexpert circles.
  596. Find this resource:
  597. Purves, Alex C. 2010. Space and time in ancient Greek narrative. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  598. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511750731Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  599. Examines the ways by which early Greek narrative from the Homeric epics to Herodotus and Xenophon aspired to cause its audience to “see” the objects in their descriptions. Discerns a poetic protocartographic viewpoint in which larger spatial and chronological units were presented simultaneously as well as a prose linear way of presentation—a countercartographic viewpoint.
  600. Find this resource:
  601. Talbert, Richard J. A., and Kai Brodersen, eds. 2004. Space in the Roman world: Its perception and presentation. Münster, Germany: Lit Verlag.
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  603. Five papers discussing the way in which space was perceived and presented in the Roman world. The article by Stückelberger specifically focuses on the scientific space perception of Claudius Ptolemy.
  604. Find this resource:
  605. Linear Perception: Edges, Frontiers, Rivers
  606.  
  607. Janni 1984 is a basic source for clarifying the hodological perception and Romm 1992 offers a very thorough survey of the concept of edges. Whittaker 2000 is recommended for the general discussion of the idea of frontiers that it provides. Whittaker 1994 and Elton 1996 discuss specifically Roman frontiers of empire. Talbert 2005 contributes to the understanding of the perception of boundaries within the Roman Empire. Braund 1996 and Campbell 2012 (comprehensively) focus on the role of rivers in the Roman image of the world.
  608.  
  609. Braund, David. 1996. River frontiers in the environmental psychology of the Roman world. In The Roman army in the east. Edited by David L. Kennedy, David Braund, David Potter, et al., 43–47. Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series No. 8. Ann Arbor, MI: Cushing Malloi.
  610. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  611. Focuses specifically on the role of rivers in the practical and conceptual definitions of frontiers in the Roman Empire.
  612. Find this resource:
  613. Campbell, Brian. 2012. Rivers and the power of ancient Rome. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.
  614. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  615. Examines various aspects—economic, military, legal, religious—in which rivers played a significant role in Roman private and public life. Noteworthy are chapter 2—on the cartographic and geographical representations of rivers—and chapter 4—on rivers in literature.
  616. Find this resource:
  617. Elton, Hugh. 1996. Frontiers of the Roman Empire. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.
  618. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  619. Surveys the relevance of the idea of frontiers to social and political realities in the Roman Empire. Examines both the practice and the concept of border zones and lines and discusses their significance to the social character of the empire.
  620. Find this resource:
  621. Janni, Pietro. 1984. La mappa e il periplo: Cartografia antica e spazio odologico. Rome: Bretschneider.
  622. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  623. A key study that emphasizes the use of the genre of the periplous, which was essentially linear, and introduces in this context the notion of hodological space to illustrate how people in Antiquity thought about geography and travel. Suggests that maps were not common outside scientific milieus.
  624. Find this resource:
  625. Romm, James S. 1992. The edges of the earth in ancient thought: Geography, exploration and fiction. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  626. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  627. Studies the perception of edges of the inhabited world in archaic and classical Greek texts. Includes significant parts that are relevant to the broader context of geography and literature, such as the introduction, on geography as a literary tradition, and chapter 5, on geography and fiction.
  628. Find this resource:
  629. Talbert, Richard J. A. 2005. Ubique fines: Boundaries within the Roman Empire. Caesarodunum 39:91–101.
  630. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  631. Deals with the administrative and social role of boundaries within the Roman Empire as opposed to frontiers defining its outer lines. Discusses as case studies Tunisia, Dalmatia, and Slovenia.
  632. Find this resource:
  633. Whittaker, Charles Richard. 1994. Frontiers of the Roman empire: A social and economic study. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
  634. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  635. Examines Roman boundaries of the empire regarding their practical economic and military aspects as well as their conceptual basis. Discusses differences between eastern and western frontiers and surveys their importance as an organizing principle.
  636. Find this resource:
  637. Whittaker, Charles Richard. 2000. Frontiers. In The Cambridge ancient history. Vol. 11, The high empire, A.D. 70–192. Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Dominic Rathbone, 293–319. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
  638. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  639. Surveys modern versus ancient concepts of space and frontiers, and specifically the frontiers of the Roman Empire in their conceptual, socioeconomic, and military aspects.
  640. Find this resource:
  641. The Mediterranean
  642.  
  643. Horden and Purcell 2001 and Harris 2005 are essential to the important assessment of the Mediterranean in Antiquity as a geographical and spatial unit. Horden and Purcell 2001 is a key study of spatial concept and networking associated with the Mediterranean, and Harris 2005 is a collection of chapters on various aspects of the theme.
  644.  
  645. Harris, W. V., ed. 2005. Rethinking the Mediterranean. Papers presented at a conference organized by the Center for the Ancient Mediterranean, Columbia University, New York, 21–22 September 2001. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  646. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  647. Proceedings of a conference holding significant discussions of the intellectual construct of the Mediterranean and its historical importance.
  648. Find this resource:
  649. Horden, Peregrine, and Nicholas Purcell. 2001. The corrupting sea: A study of Mediterranean history. Oxford: Blackwell.
  650. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  651. An important analysis of the spatial concept of the Mediterranean and its influence on networking around the sea.
  652. Find this resource:
  653. Insularity
  654.  
  655. Constantakopoulou 2007 and Malkin 2011 complement each other in their discussion of the role of the physical conditions in the Greek Mediterranean world in forming spatial notions and cultural characteristics.
  656.  
  657. Constantakopoulou, Christy. 2007. The dance of the islands: Insularity, networks, the Athenian empire and the Aegean world. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  658. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  659. Focusing on the Aegean landscape, which was composed mainly of islands, the author investigates the tension between isolation dictated from insularity and island connectivity. Focuses on religion and imperial politics as bases for networking in a basically fragmented space.
  660. Find this resource:
  661. Malkin, Irad. 2011. A small Greek world: Networks in the ancient Mediterranean. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
  662. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199734818.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  663. Discusses the social and cultural networks that formed Greek civilization. Relevant for its close connection to insularity and other spatial aspects in the Mediterranean and for its discussion of human geography.
  664. Find this resource:
  665. Fragmentary Geography
  666.  
  667. Abundant primary texts are preserved fragmentarily and are available either in Collections or as monographs on Individual Authors and texts. The Artemidorus Papyrus is a unique case study, illuminating in its extraordinary circumstances.
  668.  
  669. Collections
  670.  
  671. Müller 1990 (GGM), originally published in 1855, and Riese 1964 (GLM), originally published in 1878, are still standard in their collections of fragmentary Greek and Roman geographies, respectively. Diller 1986 supplements these works in offering a more detailed commentary on several texts. FGrHist V online is the most updated ongoing collection.
  672.  
  673. Diller, Aubrey. 1986. The tradition of the minor Greek geographers. Philological Monographs 14. Amsterdam: A. M. Hakkert.
  674. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  675. Greek texts, no translation. English introduction, discussion, and notes. Originally published in 1952.
  676. Find this resource:
  677. FGrHist V online.
  678. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  679. A project sponsored by the German Archaeological Institute (DAI). An edition as well as a translation—into German, English, French, Italian, and Spanish—and commentary of the ancient geographers’ fragments originally planned by Felix Jacoby for the fifth volume of the Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker. Published online by Brill.
  680. Find this resource:
  681. Müller, Karl. 1990. Geographi graeci minores (GGM). 2 vols. Hildesheim, Germany: Olms.
  682. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  683. Greek text, Latin translation, short Latin introductions. Important for the collection itself. Some individual texts have more recent editions. Plus a set of maps. Originally published in 1855.
  684. Find this resource:
  685. Riese, Alexander. 1964. Geographi latini minores (GLM). Hildesheim, Germany: Olms.
  686. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  687. A collection of fragments of Roman geographies preserved in Greek and in Latin. Introduction and notes are in Latin. Important for the collection itself. Some individual texts have more recent editions. Originally published in 1878.
  688. Find this resource:
  689. Individual Authors
  690.  
  691. Recommended samples of relatively recent editions of fragmentary geographical texts. Most supply the original text, a translation, introduction, notes, and bibliography. Burstein 1989 deals with Agatharchides of Cnidus, Cappelletto 2003 with Mnaseas of Patara, Casson 1989 with the anonymous text on the Red Sea, Dueck 2012 with a selection of three fragmentary authors, Jacob 1990 with Dionysius of Alexandria, Marcotte 2002 and Korenjak 2003 with the so-called Pseudo-Scymnus, and Marcotte 1990 with Dionysius, son of Calliphon.
  692.  
  693. Burstein, Stanley M. 1989. Agatharchides of Cnidus, on the Erythraean sea. London: Hakluyt Society.
  694. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  695. English translation and introduction. No original text.
  696. Find this resource:
  697. Cappelletto, Pietro. 2003. I frammenti di Mnasea: Introduzione, testo e commento. Milan: Lettere Economia Diritto.
  698. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  699. Greek and Latin text. Introduction, commentary, and notes in Italian.
  700. Find this resource:
  701. Casson, Lionel. 1989. The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
  702. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  703. Greek text, introduction, translation, and commentary.
  704. Find this resource:
  705. Dueck, Daniela. 2012. Lost geography: The geographical fragments of Daes of Colonae, Democles of Phygela and Dionysius of Chalcis. Scripta Classica Israelica 31:35–51.
  706. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  707. Fragments of three geographers as a sample of a larger future collection. Includes Greek text of fragments, an English commentary, and a brief discussion.
  708. Find this resource:
  709. Jacob, Christian. 1990. La description de la terre habitée de Denys d’Alexandrie, ou, la leçon de géographie. Paris: Albin Michel.
  710. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  711. Greek text, French translation, introduction, and notes.
  712. Find this resource:
  713. Korenjak, Martin. 2003. Die Welt-Rundreise eines anonymen griechischen Autors (“Pseudo-Skymnos”). Hildesheim, Germany: Olms.
  714. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  715. Greek text, German translation, introduction, and notes.
  716. Find this resource:
  717. Marcotte, Didier. 1990. Le poème géographique de Dionysios fils de Calliphon. Louvain, Belgium: Peeters.
  718. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  719. Greek text, French translation, introduction, and notes.
  720. Find this resource:
  721. Marcotte, Didier. 2002. Les géographes grecs. Vol. 1, Introduction générale: Pseudo-Scymnos, circuit de la terre. 2d ed. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
  722. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  723. Greek text, French translation, introduction, and notes.
  724. Find this resource:
  725. The Artemidorus Papyrus
  726.  
  727. Gallazzi and Kramer 1998 offers the earliest modern publication of the papyrus, and it is treated more extensively in Gallazzi, et al. 2009. The best summary of the story of this papyrus and its interpretation is D’Alessio 2009. Canfora 2007 represents, in detail, the view refuting its authenticity. Brodersen and Elsner 2009 is a collection of studies on various aspects of the roll, including its drawings.
  728.  
  729. Brodersen, Kai, and Jas Elsner, eds. 2009. Images and texts on the “Artemidorus Papyrus”: Working papers on P. Artemid (St John’s College, Oxford, 2008). Historia Einzelschriften 124. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
  730. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  731. Proceedings of a conference at St John’s College, Oxford, offering discussions by an international panel of scholars on the artifact, the images, the map, and the texts on the papyrus.
  732. Find this resource:
  733. Canfora, Luciano. 2007. The true history of the so-called Artemidorus Papyrus: With an interim text. Bari, Italy: Edizioni di Pagina.
  734. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  735. Strongly claims that the papyrus is a 19th-century forgery. The author unfolds, in detail, his explanations.
  736. Find this resource:
  737. D’Alessio, Giambattista. 2009. On the “Artemidorus” papyrus. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 171:27–43.
  738. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  739. Summarizes the scholarly developments since the discovery of the papyrus, including the debates regarding its authenticity. Recommended as a comprehensive introduction to the issue.
  740. Find this resource:
  741. Gallazzi, Claudio, and Bärbel Kramer. 1998. Artemidor im Zeichensaal: Eine Papyrusrolle mit Text, Land-karte und Skizzenbüchern aus späthellenistischer Zeit. Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete 44:189–208.
  742. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  743. First modern publication of the text.
  744. Find this resource:
  745. Gallazzi, Claudio, Bärbel Kramer, Salvatore Settis, et al., eds. 2009. Intorno al papiro di Artemidoro: 1, Contesto culturale, lingua, stile e tradizione; Atti del convegno internazionale del 15 novembre 2008 presso la Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Milan: Lettere Economia Diritto.
  746. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  747. An extensive and thorough overview of various aspects of the papyrus.
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