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Guilds and Manufacturing (Renaissance and Reformation)

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  1. Introduction
  2.  
  3. Guilds were one of the most important and widespread associations that organized trade and manufactures from the Middle Age to the early 19th century. In general, they established a set of rules concerning the entrance into the trade (via apprenticeship, journeymenship, and mastership), the quality and quantity of products, the number of employees per employers, and the type of technology used as well as other activities. They contracted with public authorities to secure official recognition and they were normally made by employers; workers were excluded or relegated to minor ranks. Apart from their economic activities, guilds carried out many social and religious functions, provided social welfare, and represented a political body. Since the late 18th century historiography has generally described guilds as archaic, sclerotic, or rent-seeking institutions. Since the 1980s and 1990s social and economic historians have reevaluated their activities, with debate both critical and uncritical of the institutions. For that reason, guilds have become one of the most debated topics in the fields of history and the social sciences.
  4.  
  5. General Overviews
  6.  
  7. Guilds have been studied according to various perspectives. Epstein 2004 and Medieval Guilds are encyclopedia entries that address the main topics and research interests. Revel 1995 and Thrupp 1963 focus more on the social and political aspects of guilds, while Epstein 2004 and Ogilvie 2014 highlight the economic debate. Thrupp 1963 analyzes the genesis of medieval guilds, and Lucassen, et al. 2008 addresses the most recent historiographical questions in a global perspective.
  8.  
  9. Epstein, Stephan R. “Craft Guilds.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. Vol. 1. Edited by Joel Mokyr, 35–39. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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  11. An encyclopedia entry that summarizes the main arguments concerning “rehabilitation” of guilds, especially from the perspective of economic history. Useful for new scholars in the field.
  12. Find this resource:
  13. Lucassen, Jan, Tine de Moor, and Jan Luiten van Zanden. “The Return of the Guilds: Towards a Global History of the Guilds in Pre-industrial Times.” International Review of Social History 53.Suppl. S16 (2008): 5–18.
  14. DOI: 10.1017/S0020859008003581Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  15. Offers arguments to explain the development of guilds taking a global and comparative approach focusing on topics such as urbanization, political economy, human capital, and social relations.
  16. Find this resource:
  17. Ogilvie, Sheilagh. “The Economics of Guilds.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 28.4 (November 2014): 169–192.
  18. DOI: 10.1257/jep.28.4.169Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  19. Against the focus on guild “rehabilitation” that most economic historians have advanced since the 1990s, Ogilvie offers an alternative interpretation of the economic impact of guilds with respect to human capital, information asymmetries, contract enforcement, innovation, and other topics.
  20. Find this resource:
  21. Revel, Jacques. “Corps et Communautés Dans La France d’Ancien Régime.” In Culture et formation négociantes dans l’Europe moderne. Edited by Franco Angiolini and Daniel Roche, 555–576. Paris: Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 1995.
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  23. A survey of French guilds that focuses on their social and political role during the Early Modern period. The article highlights the multifaceted characteristics of corporative bodies.
  24. Find this resource:
  25. Richardson, Gary. “Medieval Guilds.” Eh.net. Tucson, AZ: Economic History Association.
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  27. Describes the origin of the medieval guilds, their activity and taxonomy, structure and organization, chronology and impact.
  28. Find this resource:
  29. Thrupp, Silvia. “The Gilds.” In The Cambridge Economic History of Europe. Vol. 3, Economic Organization and Policies in the Middle Ages. Edited by M. M. Postan, E. E. Rich, and Edward Miller, 230–280. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1963.
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  31. In this survey of medieval guilds, the author is skeptical of traditional criticism of the previous interpretation of craft guilds and offers an overview ranging from the organization of guilds to their influence in local trade, export, and innovation.
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  33. Continental or Global
  34.  
  35. Several overviews on guilds are available. Black 1984, Epstein 1991, and Farr 2000 offer useful introductory treatments of guild organization and craft production, including consideration of a broad range of aspects (political, social, and economic). Special Issue: Corps et communautés d’ancien régime and Gadd and Wallis 2006 are collections of essays that cover several countries in Europe in the Early Modern period. Núñez, et al. 1998 is the first collection that treats the “rehabilitation” of the role of guilds in the 1990s from an economic perspective, and Lucassen, et al. 2008 includes non-European countries and modern times (India) for comparisons.
  36.  
  37. Black, Antony. Guilds and Civil Society in European Political Thought from the Twelfth Century to the Present. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984.
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  39. A study on the relation between corporate values and political thought and the state.
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  41. Crossick, Geoffrey, ed. The Artisan and the European Town, 1500–1900. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1997.
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  43. Collection of essays on various aspect of artisanal life, from cultural analysis to social and economic aspects. The essays cover most parts of Europe and address several questions that remain under debate.
  44. Find this resource:
  45. Epstein, Steven A. Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991.
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  47. A volume that offers an overview of medieval craft guilds, with a focus on the organization of labor, the wage system, and the role of women and Jews. Still useful for scholars new to the topic.
  48. Find this resource:
  49. Farr, James R. Artisans in Europe, 1300–1914. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
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  51. A textbook on craftwork that summarizes the discussion of the “rehabilitation” of guilds with respect to their social components. Discusses various aspects of guilds, especially the workplace and wage system. Useful bibliographies at the end of each chapter.
  52. Find this resource:
  53. Gadd, Ian Anders, and Patrick Wallis, eds. Guilds and Association in Europe, 900–1900. London: University of London, 2006.
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  55. A collection of essays that collocate guilds within the much wider world of associations and associational cultures.
  56. Find this resource:
  57. Lucassen, Jan, Tina de Moor, and Jan Luiten van Zanden, eds. Special Issue: The Return of the Guilds. International Review of Social History 53.Suppl. S16 (2008).
  58. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  59. Based on a conference held in Utrecht in 2006, this special issue of the International Review of Social History invites a more comparative and global approach to guilds as institutions. Contains articles on non-European countries such as China, Japan, India, and the Ottoman Empire.
  60. Find this resource:
  61. Núñez, Clara Eugenia, Stephan R. Epstein, Carlo Poni, and Hugo Soly, eds. Guilds, Economy and Society: Proceedings of the 12th International Economic History Congress. Seville, Spain: Secretariado de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Sevilla, 1998.
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  63. Proceedings of the first session of an international conference rehabilitating the role of guilds from an economic point of view. Includes several wide-ranging overviews of countries, including Italy, England, France, Germany, the Low Countries, and Spain.
  64. Find this resource:
  65. Special Issue: Corps et communautés d’ancien régime. Annales Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations 43.2 (1988).
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  67. Among the first collection of articles during the 1980s that reevaluated the role of guilds during the Early Modern period as an important social and political element in their respective societies.
  68. Find this resource:
  69. Countries
  70.  
  71. Multiple works are available providing overviews on guilds in various countries. Kaplan and Koepp 1986 includes essays on several cities in France; Borelli 1991 and Guenzi, et al. 1998 focuses on Italian cities and States; and Prak, et al. 2006 considers Dutch guilds and includes political as well as socioeconomic aspects. Gadd and Wallis 2002 deals with London guilds, while Lanaro 2006 includes several case studies of Venice and the Venetian mainland.
  72.  
  73. Borelli, Giorgio. Le corporazioni nella realtà economica e sociale dell’Italia nei secoli dell’età moderna: Atti della Quarta giornata di studio sugli Antichi Stati Italiani promossa dall’Università degli Studi di Verona, 4 dicembre 1990. Verona, Italy: Istituto per gli Studi Storici Veronesi, 1991.
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  75. A volume largely unknown outside Italy, this is among the first collections to reevaluate the economic role of guilds in the Italian Peninsula during the Early Modern period. Essays treat various regions of Italy.
  76. Find this resource:
  77. Gadd, Ian Anders, and Patrick Wallis, eds. Guilds, Society and Economy in London, 1450–1800. London: Centre for Metropolitan History, 2002.
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  79. A collection of essays, most of which are based on empirical research, that adds new elements to the topic and treats the development of the London companies in the Early Modern period.
  80. Find this resource:
  81. Guenzi, Alberto, Paola Massa, and Fausto Piola Caselli, eds. Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 16th–19th Centuries. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1998.
  82. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  83. Collection of essays that addresses several topics in the debate on guilds in the mid-1990s, including from guild typology to entrepreneurship and from economic development to urban society and social welfare. See also, in Italian, Alberto Guenzi, Paola Massa, and Angelo Moioli, eds., Corporazioni e gruppi professionali nell’Italia moderna (Milan: F. Angeli).
  84. Find this resource:
  85. Kaplan, Steven L., and Cynthia J. Koepp. Work in France: Representations, Meaning, Organization, and Practice. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986.
  86. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  87. This volume is among the first collections of essays on France by social historians that reevaluates the role of guilds in organizing production and distribution, labor migration, and journeymen associations.
  88. Find this resource:
  89. Lanaro, Paola, ed. At the Centre of the Old World?: Trade and Manufacturing in Venice and the Venetian Mainland, 1400–1800. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2006.
  90. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  91. Collection of essays most of which discuss the relationship between guilds and manufacturing, especially with respect to technology, innovation, and labor relations.
  92. Find this resource:
  93. Prak, Marteen, Catharina Lis, Jan Lucassen, and Hugo Soly, eds. Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries: Work, Power, and Representation. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2006.
  94. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  95. The volume deals with the Low Countries; addresses especially the issue of flexibility in the guild system, identifying various features and regional variances, but also exploring the link between economic organizations and political power.
  96. Find this resource:
  97. Bibliographies
  98.  
  99. Frangioni 1998 is a useful collection of essays on guilds and professional groups. Bibliographies on Guilds contains several bibliographies on various countries.
  100.  
  101. Frangioni, Luciana. Corporazioni e dintorni. saggio bibliografico sulle corporazioni e gruppi professionali dall’età moderna alla eascista (e oltre). Florence: Opus Libri, 1998.
  102. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  103. A total of 8,725 titles on guilds and other professional groups from the Early Modern period to the contemporary era.
  104. Find this resource:
  105. Institutions for Collective Action. Bibliographies on Guilds. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Utrecht University.
  106. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  107. Several extensive bibliographies on guilds in countries that include France, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and the United Kingdom, the result of a large project on guilds and other pre-industrial collective action. Titles are related to the literature that is mentioned elsewhere on the web pages of the project; see Institutions for Collective Action.
  108. Find this resource:
  109. Journals
  110.  
  111. The Economic History Review provides readers with knowledge about economic aspects with case studies; the Journal of Economic History includes essays on apprenticeship and human capital formation. The International Review of Social History contains articles on guilds association and labor movements, while Past & Present contains articles on the social history of work. Annales: Histoire Sciences Sociales publishes articles on guilds and social groups.
  112.  
  113. Annales: Histoire Sciences Sociales. 1929–.
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  115. The journal contains many articles on the social history of work, wage payments, and guilds. In particular, the collection of essays in the special issue: “Corps et communautés d’ancien régime 43.2” (1988) stimulated new research on the social and political aspects of guilds.
  116. Find this resource:
  117. The Economic History Review. 1927–.
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  119. Published by the Economic History Society. Noteworthy for the debate carried on between Epstein and Ogilvie that appeared in 2008 (see Epstein 2008 and Ogilvie 2008 [both cited under Debates]), and also for many other articles dealing with English and Dutch guilds.
  120. Find this resource:
  121. International Review of Social History. 1956–.
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  123. Published by the International Institute of Social History. Publishes many articles on guilds, labor relations, and work struggles. Special mention must be made of the special issue “Before the Union” in 1994 and “The Return of Guilds” in 2008.
  124. Find this resource:
  125. Journal of Economic History. 1941–.
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  127. Published by the Economic History Association. The journal contains many articles on human capital formation and apprenticeship; note Epstein 1998 and Wallis 2008 (both cited under Apprenticeship).
  128. Find this resource:
  129. Past & Present. 1952–.
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  131. Published articles on labor cultures, political struggles, guild associations, and law and justice.
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  133. Debates
  134.  
  135. The economic and social role of guilds has been widely debated in recent years. Epstein 2008 and Ogilvie 2008 provide frank discussions on the their role in solving problems in information asymmetries, human capital formation, technological innovation, and social capital formation. Mocarelli 2008 highlights the Italian case, focusing on technological aspects and apprenticeship, Epstein and Prak 2008 includes several essays and case studies on innovation. Kaplan and Minard 2004 treats the late period and discusses the abolition of craft and merchant guilds, while De Munck 2011 focuses on the guild monopsony in Antwerp in the 16th and 17th centuries.
  136.  
  137. De Munck, Bert. “Gilding Golden Ages: Perspectives from Early Modern Antwerp on the Guild Debate, c. 1450–c. 1650.” European Review of Economic History 15.2 (2011): 221–253.
  138. DOI: 10.1017/S1361491611000050Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  139. Using the case study of Antwerp manufactures, De Munck contributes to the debate on guilds activities in treating the social and rent-seeking concerns and master’s monopsony with respect to apprenticeship regulations and their effects on product quality.
  140. Find this resource:
  141. Epstein, Stephan R. “Craft Guilds in the Pre-modern Economy: A Discussion.” The Economic History Review 61.1 (February 2008): 155–174.
  142. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00411.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  143. Argues for the necessity to reconsider study of the guilds from the point of view of apprenticeship, quality control, and innovation; discusses Ogilvie 2004 (cited under Social Capital) that appeared in the same journal.
  144. Find this resource:
  145. Epstein, Stephan, and Maarten Prak. “Introduction: Guilds, Innovation, and the European Economy, 1400–1800.” In Guilds, Innovation, and the European Economy, 1400–1800. Edited by Stephan Epstein and Marteen Prak, 1–24. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  146. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  147. Discusses the positive role of guilds toward technological innovation in contradistinction to previous (negative) arguments and alternative positions.
  148. Find this resource:
  149. Kaplan, Steven L., and Philippe Minard, eds. La France, malade du corporatisme? XVIIIe–XXe siècles. Paris: Belin, 2004.
  150. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  151. Collection of chapters that focuses on the late period and the abolition of craft and merchant guilds and the impact that this period had on attitudes toward guilds in the 19th and 20th centuries.
  152. Find this resource:
  153. Mocarelli, Luca. “Guilds Reappraised: Italy in the Early Modern Period.” International Review of Social History 53.Suppl. S16 (2008): 159–178.
  154. DOI: 10.1017/S0020859008003659Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  155. An overview of the more recent Italian literature on craft guilds, with a focus on apprenticeship, quality control, technology, and the quantitative evolution of guilds.
  156. Find this resource:
  157. Ogilvie, Sheilagh. “Rehabilitating the Guilds: A Reply.” The Economic History Review 61.1 (February 2008): 175–182.
  158. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00417.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  159. Reply to Epstein’s articles, it offers an alternative interpretation of guilds, discussing the negative effects guilds had, especially with respect to manipulating norms in order to benefit insiders. A longer version is available here: “Can We Rehabilitate the Guilds? A Sceptical Re-appraisal,” Cambridge Working Papers on Economics 0745 (September 2007).
  160. Find this resource:
  161. Apprenticeship
  162.  
  163. Apprenticeship was one of the main features of guilds. Epstein 1998 underlines in comparative perspective the positive role in mitigating negative effects in training markets, establishing and enforcing apprenticeships, and thereby creating a positive environment for knowledge transmission, while Wallis 2008 discusses training costs and repayments in London. Minns and Wallis 2012 shows the presence of uncompleted contracts by apprentices in England. De Munck, et al. 2007 highlights separate apprenticeship from human capital matters, linking this institution with wider social and cultural contexts. Kaplan 1993 discusses the political and social role of apprenticeship in Paris, and Bellavitis 2006 does so in Venice. Lane 1996 analyzes the social implication of apprenticeship in England, and De Munck 2007 studies the flexibility of the apprenticeship system in 16th-century Antwerp.
  164.  
  165. Bellavitis, Anna. “Apprentissages masculins, apprentissages féminins à Venise au XVIe siècle.” Histoire urbaine 15.1 (March 2006): 49–73.
  166. DOI: 10.3917/rhu.015.0049Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  167. In-depth analysis on a wide range of Venetian apprenticeship contracts registered before the Venetian magistracy of the “Old Justice” that discusses patterns and typology of apprenticeship contracts with respect to trade, age, and gender.
  168. Find this resource:
  169. De Munck, Bert. Technologies of Learning: Apprenticeship in Antwerp Guilds from the 15th Century to the End of the Ancien Régime. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2007.
  170. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  171. A study that highlight the flexible and dynamic apprenticeship system, differentiating between informal and formal (or guilds) training but focusing also on the importance not only of skill formation, but also of the defense of the “honor” of craftsmen.
  172. Find this resource:
  173. De Munck, Bert, Steven Laurence Kaplan, and Hugo Soly, eds. Learning on the Shop Floor: Historical Perspectives on Apprenticeship. New York: Berghahn, 2007.
  174. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  175. Contributions developments in northwestern and central Europe (with a chapter on Japan) that focus on the role of apprenticeship as part of a more complex social and cultural process, linked to migration patterns, family economy, gender perspectives, and urban identities.
  176. Find this resource:
  177. Epstein, Stephan R. “Craft Guilds, Apprenticeship, and Technological Change in Preindustrial Europe.” Journal of Economic History 58.3 (1998): 684–713.
  178. DOI: 10.1017/S0022050700021124Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  179. A seminal article, inspired by the new institutional economics that aimed to rehabilitate the guild system, especially from the point of view of guaranteeing the safeguarding and transmission of human capital.
  180. Find this resource:
  181. Kaplan, Steven L. “L’apprentissage au XVIIIe siècle: Le cas de Paris.” Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine 40.3 (July 1993): 436–479.
  182. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  183. A discussion of the political and social role of apprenticeship, treating the case of the Parisian guild and non-guild trades.
  184. Find this resource:
  185. Lane, Joan. Apprenticeship in England, 1600–1914. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996.
  186. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  187. A comprehensive analysis of the social implication of apprenticeship in England over three centuries, from the rise to the decline of this institution. Analysis of several trades, especially the textile sector.
  188. Find this resource:
  189. Minns, Chris, and Patrick Wallis. “Rules and Reality: Quantifying the Practice of Apprenticeship in Early Modern England.” The Economic History Review 65.2 (May 2012): 556–579.
  190. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0289.2010.00591.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  191. Studying apprentices and masters registers in London and Bristol, the authors denote the presence of uncompleted contracts by apprentices, absence and early departure of these individuals, and their return shortly before the end of their indenture.
  192. Find this resource:
  193. Wallis, Patrick. “Apprenticeship and Training in Premodern England.” Journal of Economic History 68.3 (2008): 832–861.
  194. DOI: 10.1017/S002205070800065XSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  195. Focusing on 17th-century London, the author proposes an alternative model to understand apprenticeship based on a new account of how training costs and repayments were distributed over the apprenticeship contract.
  196. Find this resource:
  197. Female Labor
  198.  
  199. Many guilds excluded women from the practice of the trade or relegated them to minor activities. Ogilvie 2004 shows how German guilds and communities prevented women from obtaining apprenticeship, taking employment with masters, and securing other opportunities. Wiesner 2000 is a survey on Europe and offers a comprehensive bibliography on women and guilds, and Hafter 1995 collects essays on women and innovation. Crowston 2008 is a thematic overview that highlights the opportunities available to women as autonomous female entrepreneurs, members of independent female guilds, informally trained individuals, operating licit and illicit businesses. Dumont 1998 treats licit and illicit work for women in Bologna. Hafter 1997 deals with a female guild in Rouen, and Schmidt 2009 discusses the female labor market participation in Holland in the Early Modern period. The topic awaits more in-depth and comparative research.
  200.  
  201. Crowston, Clare. “Women, Gender, and Guilds in Early Modern Europe: An Overview of Recent Research.” International Review of Social History 53.Suppl. S16 (December 2008): 19–44.
  202. DOI: 10.1017/S0020859008003593Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  203. Overview of recent research on the role of guilds in the female presence in trade and manufacturing, starting from the decline thesis and showing the formal and informal practices of female labor, apprenticeship, and entrepreneurship.
  204. Find this resource:
  205. Dumont, Dora. “Women and Guilds in Bologna: The Ambiguities of ‘Marginality.’” Radical History Review 70 (December 1998): 4–25.
  206. DOI: 10.1215/01636545-1998-70-4Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  207. Dumont analyzes how guilds limited and defined licit and illicit, honorable and dishonorable work for women.
  208. Find this resource:
  209. Hafter, Daryl M., ed. European Women and Preindustrial Craft. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995.
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  211. Collection of essays on the role of women in craft production (especially textile) and innovation, before and during the Industrial Age.
  212. Find this resource:
  213. Hafter, Daryl M. “Female Masters in the Ribbonmaking Guild of Eighteenth-Century Rouen.” French Historical Studies 20.1 (1997): 1–14.
  214. DOI: 10.2307/286795Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  215. Hafter examines the case of a guild in which women maintained long careers as full-fledged masters, with technical training and legal status equivalent to their male guild counterparts.
  216. Find this resource:
  217. Ogilvie, Sheilagh. “How Does Social Capital Affect Women? Guilds and Communities in Early Modern Germany.” American Historical Review 109.2 (April 2004): 325–359.
  218. DOI: 10.1086/ahr/109.2.325Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  219. Ogilvie analyzes how guilds and communities used their social capital in terms of norms and social relations in order to exclude outsiders, and especially women, and to benefit insiders.
  220. Find this resource:
  221. Schmidt, Ariadne. “Women and Guilds: Corporations and Female Labour Market Participation in Early Modern Holland.” Gender & History 21.1 (April 2009): 170–189.
  222. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0424.2009.01540.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  223. The author offers an interesting taxonomy of guilds by gender in discussing and analyzing female labor market participation.
  224. Find this resource:
  225. Wiesner, Merry E. Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  226. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  227. A survey of Europe that offers a comprehensive bibliography and various aspects on the role of guilds with respect to female labour.
  228. Find this resource:
  229. Labor Mobility
  230.  
  231. Epstein 2004 focuses on the role of craft guilds in disseminating know-how and regulating the labor market across several regions, avoiding gaps due to tacit transmission of knowledge. Ehmer 1997 examines the mobility of Viennese artisans during the 18th century, and Reith 2008 analyzes the guild mandatory journeymenship in central Europe. Maitte 2009 interprets the various trajectories of glass-makers in Europe, and Sonenscher 1986 examines the role of taverns and inns in labor force mobility. Cerutti 2010 underlines the major role of guilds in regulating and monitoring labor mobility and Lanaro 2008 discusses the relationships and the struggles between guilds and foreigners in Venice in the Early Modern period.
  232.  
  233. Cerutti, Simona. “Travail, mobilité et légitimité: Suppliques au roi dans une société d’ancien régime (Turin, XVIIIe siècle).” Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales 65.3 (July 2010): 571–611.
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  235. Studying the petitions to the king of Sardinia, the author underlines the major role of guilds in regulating and monitoring labor mobility.
  236. Find this resource:
  237. Ehmer, Josef. “Worlds of Mobility: Migration Patterns of Viennese Artisans in the 18th Century.” In The Artisan and the European Town, 1500–1900. Edited by Geoffrey Crossick, 179–199. Historical Urban Studies. Aldershot, UK: Scolar Press, 1997.
  238. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  239. Ehmer describes the features of artisans’ migration in examining the mobility of Viennese artisans during the 18th century, showing the extent of their migration and the geographical origins and travel routes of apprentices, journeyman, and master artisans.
  240. Find this resource:
  241. Epstein, Stephan R. “Labour Mobility, Journeyman Organizations and Markets in Skilled Labour Europe, 14th–18th Centuries.” In Le technician dans la cité en Europe occidentale, 1250–1650. Edited by Mathieu Arnoux and Pierre Monnet, 251–269. Rome: École Française de Rome, 2004.
  242. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  243. Epstein stresses the role of craft migration, and especially journeymen associations, for the development and diffusion of technical skills across regions.
  244. Find this resource:
  245. Lanaro, Paola. “Corporations et confréries: Les étrangers et le marché du travail à Venise XVe–XVIIIe siècles.” Histoire urbaine 21.1 (March 2008): 31–48.
  246. DOI: 10.3917/rhu.021.0031Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  247. Lanaro discusses the relation between guilds and foreigners, showing the different attitudes of Venetian guilds and of the city government toward strangers based on economic trends.
  248. Find this resource:
  249. Maitte, Corine. Les chemins de verre: Les migrations des verriers d’Altare et de Venise, XVIe–XIXe siècles. Rennes, France: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2009.
  250. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  251. In-depth study of migrations linked to the glass-making industry in Europe; identifies and interprets the various trajectories, the multiple poles of attraction, and the complexity of technological circulation.
  252. Find this resource:
  253. Reith, Reinhold. “Circulation of Skilled Labour in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Central Europe.” In Guilds, Innovation and the European Economy, 1400–1800. Edited by Stephen Epstein and Maarten Prak, 114–142. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  254. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  255. Reith analyzes the mandatory journeymenship system in guilds in central Europe, with a focus on the organization of travels, migration patterns, and the impact on technological diffusion.
  256. Find this resource:
  257. Sonenscher, Michael. “Journeymen’s Migrations and Workshop Organization in Eighteenth-Century France.” In Work in France: Representations, Meaning, Organization, and Practice. Edited by Steven Laurence Kaplan and Cynthia J. Koepp, 74–96. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986.
  258. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  259. Analysis of the functioning of migration patterns across workshops, showing the importance of the guild regulatory system and the role that taverns and inns played in the relocation of the workforce within workplaces.
  260. Find this resource:
  261. Quality Control
  262.  
  263. Scholars have often viewed guilds as having played a positive role in solving quality problems. Gustafsson 1987 interprets their activities in combining ex-ante monitoring (masterpiece, scrutiny of raw materials, inspection during production) with ex-post punishment (trademarks, workshop inspection, and harsh sanctions). De Munck 2011 addresses the perspective of the “economy of conventions” using Flanders as the focus of study, and Jeggle 2011 examines the coordination among actors and objects in linen production in Germany. Minard 1998 analyzes the role played by the French state in manufacturing activities. Wallis 2002 shows the difficult task to assess the regularity and efficiency with which quality efforts were carried out, and Berlin 1997 treats the influence of groups within guilds. Howell 1994 discusses high-quality productions without the presence of guilds. Finally Ogilvie 2004 shows how guilds could negatively impact quality by imposing a rigid regime of prices and quotas on producers and merchants.
  264.  
  265. Berlin, Michael. “‘Broken All in Pieces’: Artisans and the Regulation of Workmanship in Early-Modern London.” In The Artisan and the European Town, 1500–1900. Edited by Geoffrey Crossick, 75–91. Historical Urban Studies. Aldershot, UK: Scolar Press, 1997.
  266. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  267. Berlin discusses the enforcement of rules by guild members during searches and visits in the workshops by guilds, showing the influence of groups within guilds.
  268. Find this resource:
  269. De Munck, Bert. “Guilds, Product Quality and Intrinsic Value: Towards a History of Conventions?” Historical Social Research 36.4 (2011): 103–124.
  270. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  271. Addresses the perspective of the “economy of conventions” with respect to the regulations of guilds related to product quality in the Early Modern period.
  272. Find this resource:
  273. Gustafsson, Bo. “The Rise and Economic Behaviour of Medieval Craft Guilds: An Economic-Theoretical Interpretation.” Scandinavian Economic History Review 35.1 (January 1987): 1–40.
  274. DOI: 10.1080/03585522.1987.10408080Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  275. The first article to argue that guilds arose primarily in order to guarantee product quality using ex-ante and ex-post monitoring practices.
  276. Find this resource:
  277. Howell, Martha. “Achieving the Guild Effect without Guilds: Crafts and Craftsmen in Late Medieval Douai.” In Les métiers au Moyen Âge: Actes du colloque international de Louvain-la-Neuve, 7–9 octobre 1993. Edited by Pascale Lambrechts and Jean-Pierre Sosson, 109–128. Louvaine-la-Neuve, Belgium: Université Catholique de Louvain, 1994.
  278. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  279. Howell discusses how cities were able to export high-quality products without the presence of guilds.
  280. Find this resource:
  281. Jeggle, Christof. “Pre-industrial Worlds of Production?: Conventions, Institutions and Organizations.” Historical Social Research 36.4 (2011): 125–149.
  282. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  283. Using the theoretical approach of the “world of production,” Jeggle shows the combinations among and the coordination of actors and objects using different conventions of product quality and markets.
  284. Find this resource:
  285. Minard, Philippe. La fortune du Colbertisme: État et industrie dans la France des lumières. Paris: Fayard, 1998.
  286. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  287. Analysis of the role played by the state in manufacturing activities and a discussion of the abolition and restoration of guilds.
  288. Find this resource:
  289. Ogilvie, Sheilagh. “Guilds, Efficiency and Social Capital: Evidence from German Proto-industry.” The Economic History Review 57.2 (2004): 286–333.
  290. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00279.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  291. Ogilvie discusses how the problem of quality was solved not by enforcing minimum standards but by offering reliable information on products.
  292. Find this resource:
  293. Wallis, Patrick. “Controlling Commodities: Search and Reconciliation in Early Modern Livery Companies.” In Guilds, Society and Economy in London, 1450–1800. Edited by Patrick Wallis and Ian Anders Gadd, 85–100. London: Centre for Metropolitan History, 2002.
  294. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  295. Wallis shows the difficult task involved in assessing regularity and efficiency with which search was carried out, the political influences among guild members, and the common points shared between ordinary and guild courts.
  296. Find this resource:
  297. Innovation
  298.  
  299. Recent studies have reconsidered previous studies on the alleged role played by guilds in impeding innovations in technology. Epstein and Prak 2008 contains essays that reexamine the role of guilds on this topic, and Belfanti 2004 stresses the interconnections between guilds and privileges. Molà 2000 discusses the role and attitudes of Venetian silk guilds, and Trivellato 2000 treats Venetian glass-making. Pfister 2008 uses the Silk Ribbon Engine loom in Europe as a theoretical framework for studying innovation. Epstein 2013 focuses on the generation, codification, and sharing of useful knowledge, while Davids and De Munck 2014 contains essays that discuss acceptance of and opposition to innovation.
  300.  
  301. Belfanti, Carlo. “Guilds, Patents, and the Circulation of Technical Knowledge: Northern Italy during the Early Modern Ages.” Technology and Culture 45.3 (2004): 569–589.
  302. DOI: 10.1353/tech.2004.0111Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  303. Contrary to the literature that highlights how patents and guilds worked in opposition, Belfanti stresses the importance of examining patents and guilds as two aspects of the same institutional setup in regulating and promoting the mobility of the skilled workforce.
  304. Find this resource:
  305. Davids, Karel, and Bert De Munck, eds. Innovation and Creativity in Late Medieval and Early Modern European Cities. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2014.
  306. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  307. A collection of articles (especially on glass-making and on textile, diamond, and soap production) that discusses the acceptance of guilds and their refusal to innovate.
  308. Find this resource:
  309. Epstein, Stephen. “Transferring Technical Knowledge and Innovating in Europe, c. 1200–c. 1800.” In Technology, Skills and the Pre-modern Economy in the East and the West: Essays Dedicated to the Memory of S. R. Epstein. Edited by Maarten Prak and Jan Luiten van Zanden, 25–67. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2013.
  310. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  311. A discussion on the role of guilds with regard to innovation across Europe, focusing on generation, codification, and sharing of useful knowledge.
  312. Find this resource:
  313. Epstein, Stephan, and Maarten Prak, eds. Guilds, Innovation, and the European Economy, 1400–1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  314. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  315. A collection of essays that reexamine the role of guilds in stressing the positive role they played in promoting innovation and technological change and their adaptation to systems of apprenticeship. Articles deal with various part of Europe.
  316. Find this resource:
  317. Molà, Luca. The Silk Industry of Renaissance Venice. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
  318. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  319. A study of the silk industry in Renaissance Venice that discusses the role and attitude of guilds especially toward product and process innovation.
  320. Find this resource:
  321. Pfister, Ulrich. “Craft Guilds and Technological Change: The Engine Loom in the European Silk Ribbon Industry in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries.” In Guilds, Innovation, and the European Economy, 1400–1800. Edited by Stephan Epstein and Maarten Prak, 172–198. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  322. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  323. Focusing on the conflicts over the adoption of the “Dutch” loom, the article proposes a theoretical framework for studying the introduction of an innovation in examining the direction of an innovation, the degree of internal guild stratification; the territorial context of policy formation, and the availability of alternatives.
  324. Find this resource:
  325. Trivellato, Francesca. Fondamenta dei vetrai: Lavoro, tecnologia e mercato a Venezia tra Sei e Settecento. Rome: Donzelli, 2000.
  326. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  327. A study of the urban labor market for glass-making in Venice that provides important insights into the introduction of product and process innovation, linking trade and manufacturing.
  328. Find this resource:
  329. Social Capital
  330.  
  331. Putnam, et al. 1993 takes Italian guilds as an example in studying how efforts were made to generate social capital for the benefit of the whole society. Richardson and McBride 2009 focuses on the role of religion after the Black Death. Bos 2006 analyzes the “insurance system” provided by guilds, and van Leeuwen 2012 treats the role of welfare provisions for artisanal income in the Netherlands. Ogilvie 2005 discusses “particularized” and “generalized” trust, and Ogilvie 2004 stresses how guild “social capital” benefited guild members but harmed outsiders and the wider economy.
  332.  
  333. Bos, S. “A Tradition of Giving and Receiving: Mutual Aid within the Guild System.” In Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries: Work, Power, and Representation. Edited by Maarten Prak, Hugo Soly, Jan Lucassen, and Catharina Lis, 174–193. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2006.
  334. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  335. Bos analyzes the “insurance system” provided by guilds and denotes regional and urban variations between the Northern and Southern Netherlands.
  336. Find this resource:
  337. Ogilvie, Sheilagh. “Guilds, Efficiency, and Social Capital: Evidence from German Proto-industry.” The Economic History Review 57.2 (May 2004): 286–333.
  338. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00279.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  339. Using evidence from a German proto-industry, the author demonstrates that guild “social capital” benefited guild members but harmed outsiders and the wider economy.
  340. Find this resource:
  341. Ogilvie, Sheilagh. “The Use and Abuse of Trust: Social Capital and Its Deployment by Early Modern Guilds.” Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte 1 (2005): 15–52.
  342. DOI: 10.1524/jbwg.2005.46.1.15Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  343. Ogilvie discusses how guilds fostered a “particularized” and differential trust for persons of known attributes instead of a “generalized” trust for strangers, with negative consequences in terms of inclusion and exclusion.
  344. Find this resource:
  345. Putnam, Robert D., Robert Leonardi, and Raffaella Y. Nanetti. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.
  346. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  347. The authors argue that the spread of “civicness” in Italy was rooted in the presence of guilds and communities since the medieval period.
  348. Find this resource:
  349. Richardson, Gary, and Michael McBride. “Religion, Longevity, and Cooperation: The Case of the Craft Guild.” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 71.2 (August 2009): 172–186.
  350. DOI: 10.1016/j.jebo.2009.03.012Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  351. An analysis that link guilds activity in manufacturing and trade to the role of religion in shaping economic institutions after the Black Death and during the Early Modern period.
  352. Find this resource:
  353. van Leeuwen, Marco H. D. “Guilds and Middle-Class Welfare, 1550–1800: Provisions for Burial, Sickness, Old Age, and Widowhood.” The Economic History Review 65.1 (February 2012): 61–90.
  354. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00602.xSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  355. The author analyzes welfare provision by guilds for burial, health insurance, widowhood, and (exceptionally) old age, focusing on the role that these social instruments had on artisanal income and within the corporatist political economy.
  356. Find this resource:
  357. Monopoly
  358.  
  359. Guilds established a monopoly over a particular industrial sector, perpetuating privileges plus demanding new ones. Berezin 2002 and Boldorf 2009 show how guilds constituted rent-seeking organizations, while Hickson and Thompson 1991 and Richardson 2001 introduce the positive role played by guild monopsony. Richardson 2004 discusses the monopoly of guilds on markets, and Poni 1991 uses a productive chain in 18th-century Bologna to discuss the monopolistic activities of guilds.
  360.  
  361. Berezin, Peter. “Did Medieval Craft Guilds Do More Harm than Good?” Journal of European Economic History 32.1 (2002): 171–197.
  362. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  363. Berezin discusses the role of guilds mainly in term of monopoly and entry restrictions.
  364. Find this resource:
  365. Boldorf, Marcel. “Socio-economic Institutions and Transaction Costs: Merchant Guilds and Rural Trade in Eighteenth-Century Lower Silesia.” European Review of Economic History 13.2 (August 2009): 173–198.
  366. DOI: 10.1017/S1361491609002421Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  367. The author analyzes the negative impact of merchant monopolies on trade and manufacturing for economic development of the region.
  368. Find this resource:
  369. Hickson, Charles R., and Earl A. Thompson. “A New Theory of Guilds and European Economic Development.” Explorations in Economic History 28.2 (April 1991): 127–168.
  370. DOI: 10.1016/0014-4983(91)90015-BSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  371. A discussion of the traditional view that contested the monopolistic activity of guilds, focusing on the political context of craft activities and the protection of members from excessive taxation.
  372. Find this resource:
  373. Poni, Carlo. “Local Market Rules and Practice: Three Guilds in the Same Line of Production in Early Modern Bologna.” In Domestic Strategies: Work and Family in France and Italy, 1600–1800. Edited by Stuart Joseph Woolf, 69–101. Studies in Modern Capitalism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  374. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511523564.004Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  375. Poni analyzes the relations between three guilds (butchers, tanners, and shoemakers) and discusses market transactions in light of the organizational theory of the firm and the processes of vertical and horizontal integration. Poses many questions in terms of monopoly.
  376. Find this resource:
  377. Richardson, Gary. “A Tale of Two Theories: Monopolies and Craft Guilds in Medieval England and Modern Imagination.” Journal of the History of Economic Thought 23.2 (2001): 217–242.
  378. DOI: 10.1080/10427710120049237Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  379. Richardson discusses the error incurred in translating the concept of monopoly into modern terms, and, in discussing the guild monopsony, he argues that guilds distorted the distribution of wealth without impeding and perhaps enhancing economic efficiency.
  380. Find this resource:
  381. Richardson, Gary. “Guilds, Laws, and Markets for Manufactured Merchandise in Late-Medieval England.” Explorations in Economic History 41.1 (2004): 1–25.
  382. DOI: 10.1016/S0014-4983(03)00045-7Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  383. Using the case study of medieval England, the author notes that guilds did not have legal monopolies in the modern sense of the word and describes the legal institutions underlying markets for manufactures.
  384. Find this resource:
  385. Guilds and Proto-industry
  386.  
  387. Guilds have been often seen as antithetic to proto-industry. According to Kriedte, et al. 1981, merchant manufacturers escaped from guild restrictions (especially in terms of wages and quality control) by disseminating production in the countryside. Belfanti 1993 identifies cases in Italy where no opposition occurred between guilds and proto-industry, and Ogilvie 2006 analyzes the proto-industrial production of worsted material in the Black Forest, dominated by a urban-rural guild. Pfister 2008 traces several typologies of guilds, from urban to rural and from “territorial” (urban-rural) to craft or “sectoral” (umbrella) guilds, while Ehmer 2008 discusses the spread of rural guilds in central Europe. Poni 1990 examines the “umbrella” guild in the silk industry in Bologna. Soly 2008 discusses power relationships within guilds and provides a comparative perspective.
  388.  
  389. Belfanti, Carlo Marco. “Rural Manufactures and Rural Proto-industries in the ‘Italy of the Cities’ from the Sixteenth through the Eighteenth Century.” Continuity and Change 8.2 (1993): 253–280.
  390. DOI: 10.1017/S0268416000002083Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  391. Belfanti provides an overview of rural proto-industries in Italy, citing many cases in which guilds did not oppose this development.
  392. Find this resource:
  393. Ehmer, Josef. “Rural Guilds and Urban-Rural Guild Relations in Early Modern Central Europe.” International Review of Social History 53.Suppl. S16 (2008): 143–158.
  394. DOI: 10.1017/S0020859008003647Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  395. Contrary to the “urban” vision of guilds, Ehmer discusses one particular characteristic of central European guilds, namely the spread of rural guilds and the establishment of an area-wide guild system in the Early Modern period.
  396. Find this resource:
  397. Kriedte, Peter, Hans Medick, and Jürgen Schlumbohm. Industrialization before Industrialization: Rural Industry in the Genesis of Capitalism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
  398. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  399. A seminal work on proto-industrialization, along with that of Frederick Mendels, that argues that guilds and proto-industry stood in opposition.
  400. Find this resource:
  401. Ogilvie, Sheilagh C. State Corporatism and Proto-industry: The Württemberg Black Forest, 1580–1797. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  402. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  403. Originally published in 1997. An in-depth, empirical, and comprehensive analysis of a proto-industry, namely worsted production, dominated by an urban-rural guild.
  404. Find this resource:
  405. Pfister, Ulrich. “Craft Guilds, the Theory of the Firm, and Early Modern Proto-industry.” In Guilds, Innovation and the European Economy, 1400–1800. Edited by Stephan R. Epstein and Maarten Prak, 25–51. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  406. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  407. The author discusses the role of guilds as functional substitutes for the firm, using regional proto-industries as cases studies. He also offers an interesting taxonomy of guilds.
  408. Find this resource:
  409. Poni, Carlo. “Per la storia del distretto industriale serico di Bologna, secoli 16.–19.” Quaderni storici 73 (1990): 93–167.
  410. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  411. Poni discusses silk production in a urban environment and in a form of putting out system that was governed by an “umbrella” guild and the struggle of that guild with other minor guilds.
  412. Find this resource:
  413. Soly, Hugo. “The Political Economy of European Craft Guilds: Power Relations and Economic Strategies of Merchants and Master Artisans in the Medieval and Early Modern Textile Industries.” International Review of Social History 53.Suppl. S16 (2008): 45–71.
  414. DOI: 10.1017/S002085900800360XSave Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415. Soly analyzes different types of guilds in various countries (Spain, France, Italy, Low Countries, and Germany), focusing on how power relationships and economic strategies of merchants and master artisans influenced the activities of guilds.
  416. Find this resource:
  417. Government
  418.  
  419. Guilds were recognized by the political authorities and contracted considerable privileges. Bossenga 1988 discusses the alliance among merchants, guilds, and the state in France, including the negotiation of agreements and the coordination of market externalities. Cerutti 1990 focuses on the processes of social classification made by the authorities in Turin, and Maitte 2001 studies the relation between center and periphery in 18th-century Piedmont. Rizzo 1986 treats the collusion between guild members and officials in the Milanese silk manufacturing, and Sonenscher 1987 studies the relationship between work and politics in hat manufacturing in France. Kaplan 2001 discusses the role of corporatism in French cultures, and Prak 2006 discusses the involvement of guilds in politics in the Netherlands.
  420.  
  421. Bossenga, Gail. “Protecting Merchants: Guilds and Commercial Capitalism in Eighteenth-Century France.” French Historical Studies 15.4 (October 1988): 693–703.
  422. DOI: 10.2307/286553Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  423. Bossenga discusses the alliance among merchants, guilds, and the state in the process of proletarianization during the expansion of trade at the end of the 18th century.
  424. Find this resource:
  425. Cerutti, Simona. La ville et les métiers: Naissance d’un langage corporative, Turin, 17e–18e siècle. Paris: Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 1990.
  426. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  427. A study on guilds focusing on social relations and social practices that seeks to understand the processes of social classification made by the authorities.
  428. Find this resource:
  429. Kaplan, Steven Laurence. La fin des corporations. Paris: Fayard, 2001.
  430. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  431. Considering the decline of the guilds, Kaplan shows how corporatism has been a fundamental component of French culture; he addresses how the history of guilds is inseparable from that of state-building and guilds played a central role in the organization of society as well as in economic development.
  432. Find this resource:
  433. Maitte, Corine. “Corporation et politique au village: Altare entre migrations et différenciation sociale, XVIe–XIXe siècle.” Revue historique 617.1 (March 2001): 47–81.
  434. DOI: 10.3917/rhis.011.0047Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  435. Maitte analyzes the relationship between the guild and the rural community, focusing on the financial role of the guild and the role that local political actors played, including with respect to the central state authorities.
  436. Find this resource:
  437. Prak, Maarten. “Corporate Politics in the Low Countries: Guilds as Institutions, 14th to 18th Centuries.” In Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries: Work, Power, and Representation. Edited by Maarten Prak, Hugo Soly, Jan Lucassen, and Catharina Lis, 74–106. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2006.
  438. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  439. Prak discusses the involvement of guilds in politics, considering issues such as the social status of the guilds’ political representatives, the real influence of the guilds with respect to their constitutional position and the role they played in the wider community.
  440. Find this resource:
  441. Rizzo, Mario. “Potere amministrativo e associazioni corporative a Milano nel cinquecento: Le corporazioni auroseriche milanesi nella ‘visita general’ di don Luis de Castilla, 1584.” Archivio Storico Lombardo 112 (1986): 27–52.
  442. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  443. Using trials and inquisitions, Rizzo shows the collusion that existed between guild members and officials in the Milanese silk manufacturing industry.
  444. Find this resource:
  445. Sonenscher, Michael. The Hatters of Eighteenth-Century France. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
  446. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  447. The author offers this contribution to a broader discussion of the relationship between work and politics, using the history of hat-making as a representative history of a political culture.
  448. Find this resource:
  449. Law and Justice
  450.  
  451. Guilds have long been studied mainly using literary or normative texts. The study of daily practices, and especially the relation between guilds and justice, is have been rediscovered only recently. Sonenscher 1989 uses court cases to analyze guild structures in France. Poni 1989 discusses the dichotomy between “popular” culture and the culture of the “elite,” while Cerutti and Poni 1992 reviews the role played by justice and the knowledge of legal resources by guild members. Lis, et al. 1994 deals with collective actions by journeymen associations across Europe, and Panciera 1994 discusses the use of multiple tribunals by guilds and guild-like confraternities. Franceschi 1988 and Caracausi 2008 analyze legal procedures applied by guild courts. Wallis 2012 discusses the role of urban institutions with respect to apprenticeship contracts, and Shaw 2006 examines the Venetian court, which superseded the guilds in Venice.
  452.  
  453. Caracausi, Andrea. “Procedure di giustizia in età moderna: I tribunali corporativi.” Studi Storici 2 (2008): 323–360.
  454. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  455. An analysis of legal procedures applied by guild courts in Italy in the Early Modern period, with cases from guild courts in Florence, Padua, and Vicenza.
  456. Find this resource:
  457. Cerutti, Simona, and Carlo Poni, eds. Special Issue: Conflitti nel mondo del lavoro. Quaderni storici 80 (1992).
  458. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  459. A collection of essays that discusses the role of justice and the knowledge of legal resources by guild members in their efforts to claim their rights and define their social identities.
  460. Find this resource:
  461. Franceschi, Franco. “Criminalità e mondo del lavoro: Il tribunale dell’arte della lana a Firenze nei secoli xiv e xv.” Ricerche storiche 18.3 (1988): 551–590.
  462. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  463. The author discusses the role of the court of the Florentine wool guild during the Middle Ages in solving criminal disputes that occurred in the workplace.
  464. Find this resource:
  465. Lis, Catharina, Jan Lucassen, and Hugo Soly, eds. Before the Unions: Wage Earners and Collective Action in Europe, 1300–1850. International Review of Social History 2. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
  466. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  467. A collection of articles on collective actions made by journeymen associations across Europe, some of which dealt with justice issues.
  468. Find this resource:
  469. Panciera, Walter. “Padova, 1704: ‘L’antica Unione de’ poveri lanieri’ contro ‘la ricca Università dell’arte della lana.’” Quaderi Storici 29 (1994): 629–653.
  470. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  471. Discusses the use of multiple tribunals by guilds and guild-like confraternities in order to define their respective ground of influence and their power in determining wage and labor mobility within the urban context.
  472. Find this resource:
  473. Poni, Carlo. “Norms and Disputes: The Shoemakers’ Guild in Eighteenth-Century Bologna.” Past and Present 123.1 (1989): 80–108.
  474. DOI: 10.1093/past/123.1.80Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  475. Poni discusses topics such as the dichotomy between “popular” culture and the culture of the “elite” using court cases discussed in civil tribunals.
  476. Find this resource:
  477. Shaw, James E. The Justice of Venice: Authorities and Liberties in the Urban Economy, 1550–1700. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.
  478. DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197263778.001.0001Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  479. Shaw studies the magistracy and the court that superseded the guild in Venice. Several normative and judicial trials are discussed and analyzed.
  480. Find this resource:
  481. Sonenscher, Michael. Work and Wages: Natural Law, Politics and the Eighteenth-Century French Trades. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  482. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  483. This is among the first studies to use court cases to analyze guild structure, manufacturing production, and wage relations.
  484. Find this resource:
  485. Wallis, Patrick. “Labor, Law and Training in Early Modern London: Apprenticeship and the City’s Institutions.” Journal of British Studies 51.4 (October 2012): 791–819.
  486. DOI: 10.1086/666731Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  487. Wallis discusses the role of urban institutions with respect to apprenticeship contracts, showing their role in solving disputes between masters and apprentices.
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