2018-02-21 TOEFL: word roots, reading insertion

Greg Malivuk
greg.malivuk@gmail.com
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word roots - list 2 - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
cert (certain, ascertain, certificate) = sure
chrom (monochrome, achromatic) = color
chron (chronological, anachronism, synchronize) = time
circum (circumscribe, circumspect, circumnavigate) = around
claim/clam (exclaim, proclamation, clamor) = shout
clar (clarify, declare) = clear
cline (inclination, decline, recline) = lean/turn
co (coworker, coeducational, coauthor) = with/together
	(We use “co” in new words and before vowels.)
col (collaborate, colleague) - before L
com (communicate, composition, combine) - before M, P, B
con (connect, convention, contemporary) - before other consonants
cor (correlate, corroborate) - before R
cogni (cognate, incognito) = know/think
contra (contrast, contradict, controversy) = opposite/against
corp (corporation, corpse, incorporate) = body
cred (credible, credit, credulous) = believe
crypto (cryptography, cryptic, encrypt) = hidden
de/di (decelerate, dethrone, decrease, divide, diverge) = down/away/apart
dem/demo (demographics, democracy, epidemic) = people
di (dilemma, dihedral) = two
dia (diameter, dialogue, dialect) = across/between
dict (dictator, dictionary, contradict) = say/tell
domin (dominate, dominion, predominate) = master
don (donate, pardon) = give
duce/duct (introduction, deduct, conduct) = lead/take
dyna (dynamic, dynamite, dynasty) = power/energy/movement
dys (dystopia, dyslexia) = bad (The opposite prefix is ‘eu’.)
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TOEFL - Four sections, each worth 30 points
1 reading - 3 or 4 texts, 60 or 80 minutes to answer (about 14) questions about all of them
2 listening - 2 or 3 sets of 3 listenings, 60-90 minutes (a set takes about 30 minutes, but you have 10 minutes to choose answers for the whole set)
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking - 6 tasks, about 20 minutes total, 5m30s speaking time
4 writing - 2 tasks, 20 and 30 minutes to write, about 1 hour total
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Reading Question Types
- fact
- negative fact
- vocabulary
- reference
- paraphrase
- inference
- purpose
- sentence insertion / coherence
- summarize
- organize/categorize/complete a table
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DELTA p. 123 - Where should the new sentence (“All trees share…”) go in the paragraph in the first box?
- It’s a good topic sentence, because it introduces the idea that trees share certain characteristics, and the rest of the paragraph describes some of those.
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BREAK
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p. 124-126 - Clues to help you answer sentence insertion or coherence questions.
he / him / his
who / whom / whose
- Are you comfortable with all the “Other Pronouns” in the box on p. 125?
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“fore” - former - first
“lat” - latter - last
“first” and “last” are superlatives, used with more than two things.
“former” and “latter” have the same meanings, but between just two.
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all (many) / both (two)
none (many) / neither (two)
any (many) / either (two)
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One of my students is French. Another is Swiss. (I have at least three students.)
One of my students is French. The other is Swiss. (I have two students)
One of my students is French. Others are Swiss. (There may also be some Spanish students.)
One of my students is French. The others are Swiss. (No one is from another country.)
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DELTA p. 129 - Take 3 minutes to choose the correct place to put these three sentences. Then compare your answers with your partner.
1 A
2 B
3 C
p. 130-132 - Take 7 minutes to complete exercise 1.7.A. Then compare your answers with your partner.
4 D (The flute doesn’t have a reed, so the sentence about a double reed can’t be about the flute.)
5 C (“It” is carbonizing, which is described in the previous sentence.)
6 D
7 C (This gives more detail about the relation found in one study, but in a more general way than the following sentence.)
8 A (“This irritation” is the inflammation mentioned in the first sentence.)
9 D
10 B (“Both physical…” and “Both biological…” give examples of each area being interdependent of the others.)
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p. 132-133 - Take 3 minutes to answer the questions about the first passage, then check with your partner.
1 C
2 A
3 C
p. 133-134 - Take 3 minutes for 4-6.
4 B
5 D
6 B
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Homework: Oxford Handout - Read the text and answer the reference and sentence-insertion questions about Gandhi.
	(Question 10 has two correct answers.)