2017-07-13 Grammar: past inferences

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Homework: p. 262-263 exercise 5 - complete the paragraphs with modals for inference
1 a should / may/might
  b could/may/might
  c could/may/might
2 a shouldn’t / must not / can’t
  b shouldn’t
  c can’t / couldn’t
  d must
3 a may not / might not
  b may / might / could
  c must / should
4 a must
  b may / might / could
  c may / might / could
  d shouldn’t / must not
  e must not / can’t
5 a must
  b couldn’t (this is actually about the past)
  c should / may/might/could
  d may/might/could
6 a must not
  b must
7 a should (or will)
  b may/might/could
  c must not
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exercise 6 - Are these inferences (about the present) or predictions (about the future)?
1 inference - must
2 inference - must
3 prediction - will
4 prediction - will
5 prediciton - can’t/won’t
6 prediction - will
7 prediction - will / should
8 inference - must not
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inferences about the future = predictions (“You will be tired after you go running.”)
inferences about the present (“You must be tired after all that running you just did.”)
inferences about the past (“You must have been tired after all that running you did yesterday.”)
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p. 264 shows that all of the modals for inference can take “have” and the past participle to be about the past.
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It must have arrived yesterday. = I’m sure it arrived yesterday.
It should have arrived yesterday. = I think it probably arrived yesterday.
It may/might/could have arrived yesterday. = It’s possible that it arrived yesterday.
It may/might not have arrived yesterday. = It’s possible that it didn’t arrive yesterday.
It shouldn’t have arrived yesterday. = I think it probably didn’t arrive yesterday.
It must not have arrived yesterday. = I’m sure it didn’t arrive yesterday.
It couldn’t have arrived yesterday. = I think it’s impossible that it arrived yesterday.
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Look at the pictures of archaeological artifacts. What might they have been used for?
Speculate in groups and try to agree on an explanation.
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People might have used this as a trap. (active)
This might have been used as a trap. (passive)
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This might have been used as a trap. (as + what it was)
This might have been used for hunting. (for + noun for purpose)
This might have been used to catch animals. (to + verb)