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Literature and Muslim Women (Islamic Studies)

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  1. Introduction
  2. This bibliography entry will cover Muslim women writers and poets including, wherever possible, their works that significantly feature female perspectives or women’s themes; also included are major critical studies of such writing. One limitation in making these selections is that female authors were selected on the basis of Muslim heritage as opposed to, for example, including other women authors from the same regions who are not Muslim. Much of 20th-century and later literature in Muslim societies does not deal directly with religion, while ethnic, linguistic, religious, and national identities are more complex and fluid than can be easily categorized under discrete rubrics. Studies of literature are often grouped according to the language that is the vehicle of expression or the national context of the author. Increasingly, migration, exile, and cosmopolitan identities complicate any project of strictly situating writers according to national or linguistic identity. Thus, the categories enumerated here may be taken as preliminary and suggestive rather than determinative. The state of critical studies in English of Arabic and Persian literature is reflected in the greater number of articles available for consultation. It was therefore deemed appropriate to create separate sections dealing with critical studies of women’s writing in these languages.
  3.  
  4. General Overviews
  5. The Internet bibliography Contemporary Arab Women Writers is useful as a starting point, while Ashur, et al. 2008 is the most complete and comprehensive source to date on women writers in the Arab world. Aftab 2008 provides annotated citations of Urdu works by women as well as critical studies on the topic. Oesterheld 2004 is a review of Urdu literature by and about women. Joseph, et al. 2003–2007 is a rich resource that covers the topic in various articles and in diverse regional- and linguistic-based entries. Badran and Cooke 2004 is the best source for an overview of Arab feminist writings. Naficy 1994 is a broad overview of how Persian women have been represented in literature, both classical and contemporary. Afzal-Khan 1997 reflects on the pedagogical issues involved in teaching about Muslim women and literature.
  6.  
  7. Aftab, Tahera. Inscribing South Asian Muslim Women: An Annotated Bibliography and Research Guide. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 2008.
  8.  
  9. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004158498.i-616Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  10.  
  11. Covers the topic “women and literature” in Section 14, providing an extensive annotated bibliography of works in translation from Urdu and critical studies of women writers in Urdu organized under subtopics, including women’s language, female poets, Urdu periodicals for women, women in folk takes, women novelists, and female same-sex love. Some Urdu sources are cited as well.
  12.  
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  14.  
  15. Afzal-Khan, Fawzia. “Introducing a New Course: Muslim Women in Twentieth-Century Literature.” NWSA Journal 9 (1997): 76–88.
  16.  
  17. DOI: 10.2979/NWS.1997.9.1.76Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  18.  
  19. Appearing in the official journal of the National Women’s Studies Association, a pedagogical essay on how the author negotiates her own identity as a “Muslim woman” in the classroom and navigates the challenges and expectations surrounding a course on this topic.
  20.  
  21. Find this resource:
  22.  
  23. Ashur, Radwa, Ferial Jabouri Ghazoul, and Hasna Reda-Mekdashi. Arab Women Writers: A Critical Reference Guide, 1873–1999. New York: American University in Cairo Press, 2008.
  24.  
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  26.  
  27. An essential reference work covering Arab women writers by country and region with chapters surveying developments in Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Palestine, and Jordan, North Africa, Arabia and the Gulf, and Yemen to 1999. It includes an extensive bibliography of works in French, English, and Arabic and nearly two hundred pages of appendices on individual writers and their works.
  28.  
  29. Find this resource:
  30.  
  31. Badran, Margot, and Mariam Cooke, eds. Opening the Gates: An Anthology of Arab Feminist Writing. 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.
  32.  
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  34.  
  35. An important anthology of Arab feminist writings from the 1860s to the present that provides historical and theoretical perspectives on this topic.
  36.  
  37. Find this resource:
  38.  
  39. Contemporary Arab Women Writers.
  40.  
  41. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  42.  
  43. A useful bibliography of works by Arab women writers in translation, organized by country, with no annotations. This site also includes videos of interviews with some of the authors.
  44.  
  45. Find this resource:
  46.  
  47. Joseph, Suad, ed. Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 2003–2007.
  48.  
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  50.  
  51. Various entries in this multivolume encyclopedia are highly recommended as resources for the study of women and literature in Islamic cultures. There are separate review articles on biography and autobiography in Arabic and Persian. Bibliographies for other articles on lesser-known topics such as Uzbek and Afghan women’s writing include bibliographies of sources in the original languages as well as existing critical works.
  52.  
  53. Find this resource:
  54.  
  55. Naficy, Azar. “Images of Women in Classical Persian Literature and the Contemporary Iranian Novel.” In In the Eye of the Storm: Women in Post-Revolutionary Iran. Edited by Mahnaz Afkhami and E. Friedl, 115–130. London: I. B. Tauris, 1994.
  56.  
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  58.  
  59. A good overview of women in Iranian literature.
  60.  
  61. Find this resource:
  62.  
  63. Oesterheld, Christina. “Urdu and Muslim Women.” In Islam in South Asia. Edited by Daniela Bredi, 217–243. Oriente Modern 1. Rome: Istituto per l’Oriente, 2004.
  64.  
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  66.  
  67. A comprehensive review article looking at the relationship between women and Urdu in historical perspective. Includes issues of education and language usage as well as works depicting female roles. Useful for contextualizing women’s writing.
  68.  
  69. Find this resource:
  70.  
  71. Biography and Autobiography
  72. Important resources for the study of Muslim women and literature are growing numbers of biographies that are especially useful in teaching contexts. Since there are more translations of female biographies available from the Arab world, these are treated in a separate section.
  73.  
  74. Arab World and Arabs Outside the Middle East
  75. Ghazali 1994 is the memoir of a well-known Islamist. Ahmed 1999 addresses the experiences of liberal Muslim women émigrées in the West. Faqir 1998 provides a useful overview of contemporary Arab women writers in which each reflects autobiographically on her craft. Mernissi 1994 is a personable memoir of a Moroccan girl’s awakening to gender dynamics in her society during the 1940s and 1950s, and is useful for teaching about women in the Middle East as well as illustrating social history in the era of decolonization. Prominent Egyptian American feminist scholar Leila Ahmed has contributed her own memoir (Ahmed 1999). In Tuqan 1990, Palestine’s most important woman poet narrates her story against the transition from British mandate to the establishment of the Israeli state.
  76.  
  77. Ahmed, Leila. A Border Passage: From Cairo to America—A Woman’s Journey. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999.
  78.  
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  80.  
  81. Autobiographical reflections of a prominent Arab American academic feminist: from her time in late colonial Egypt to her immigration to America.
  82.  
  83. Find this resource:
  84.  
  85. Faqir, Fadia, ed. In the House of Silence: Autobiographical Essays by Arab Women Writers. Translated by Shirley Eber and F. Faqir. Reading, UK: Garnet, 1998.
  86.  
  87. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  88.  
  89. Essays by thirteen well-known Arab women writers in which they reflect on their struggles and the inspiration for their writing.
  90.  
  91. Find this resource:
  92.  
  93. Ghazali, Zaynab. Return of the Pharaoh: Memoir in Nasir’s Prison. Translated by Mokrane Guezzou. Leicester, UK: Islamic Foundation, 1994.
  94.  
  95. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  96.  
  97. The most powerful woman in the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood writes from prison that the ideal Muslim woman is secluded, yet the author led a long and active public career working for Islamist causes. This work was originally published in Arabic in 1977. Ghazali was imprisoned during the 1960s with leading Islamists, including Sayyid Qutb.
  98.  
  99. Find this resource:
  100.  
  101. Mernissi, Fatima. Dreams of Trespass: Tales of a Harem Girlhood. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1994.
  102.  
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  104.  
  105. Mernissi’s autobiographical account of life growing up in Morocco in the 1940s and 1950s. Reported through the eyes of a child with feminist sensibilities.
  106.  
  107. Find this resource:
  108.  
  109. Tuqan, Fadwa. A Mountainous Journey: An Autobiography. Translated by Olive Kenny. Saint Paul, MN: Graywolf, 1990.
  110.  
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  112.  
  113. Autobiography of Palestine’s most important woman poet, who narrates the transition from British mandate to the establishment of the Israeli state.
  114.  
  115. Find this resource:
  116.  
  117. Other Languages and Societies
  118. These works are representative but certainly not exhaustive examples of autobiographical writings by Muslim women from non-Arab societies. In the case of Iranian women, Asayeh 1999 addresses the experiences of liberal women émigrées in the West, and Farman-Farmaian and Munker 1992 represents the viewpoint of a liberal elite Iranian woman who sees the Islamic revolution as a setback to progress made during the Shah’s period, while Taj al-Saltanah 1993 is the story of a Qajar prince living through the turbulent events and transitions of the 20th century in Iran. Nafisi 2003 and Keshavarz 2007 present contrasting views of contemporary Iranian society. Adivar 2003 is an important early example of an autobiography by a Turkish activist and literary figure. Hadzischovic 2003 provides the perspective of a Muslim woman from the Balkans. Azhari 1993 is the story of a Malaysian woman’s early years. Banner 1998 is an introspective memoir of a friendship between two American women who encounter Islam and Sufism as part of broader quests for spiritual and feminist liberation.
  119.  
  120. Adivar, Halide Edib. House with Wisteria: Memoirs of Halide Edib. Translated by Sibol Erol. Charlottesville, VA: Leopolis, 2003.
  121.  
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  123.  
  124. The memoirs of one of the earliest (b. 1884–d. 1964) female literary figures and women’s rights activists from Turkey.
  125.  
  126. Find this resource:
  127.  
  128. Asayesh, Gelareh. Saffron Sky: A Life between Iran and America. Boston: Beacon, 1999.
  129.  
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  131.  
  132. An upper-class Iranian immigrant struggles with her idealized memories of home.
  133.  
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  135.  
  136. Azhari, Che Husna. The Rambutan Orchard. Bangi, Malaysia: Furada, 1993.
  137.  
  138. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  139.  
  140. This autobiographical narrative in English by a Malaysian woman describes her youth in the Kelantan province.
  141.  
  142. Find this resource:
  143.  
  144. Banner, Lois W. Finding Fran: History and Memory in the Lives of Two Women. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.
  145.  
  146. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  147.  
  148. Biography of an American female convert to Sufi Islam by her childhood friend, a feminist and anthropologist.
  149.  
  150. Find this resource:
  151.  
  152. Farman-Farmaian, Sattareh, and Dona Munker. Daughter of Persia: A Woman’s Journey from Her Father’s Harem through the Islamic Revolution. New York: Anchor, 1992.
  153.  
  154. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  155.  
  156. An autobiographical account of the author’s growing up in 1920s and 1930s Iran. She was a pioneer in education at USC, and after achieving success in her efforts toward social reform during the Shah’s period, the author finds the strictures of the Islamic revolution untenable.
  157.  
  158. Find this resource:
  159.  
  160. Hadzischovic, Munevera. A Muslim Woman in Tito’s Yugoslavia. Translated by Thomas J. Butler. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2003.
  161.  
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  163.  
  164. Life story from the settled Muslim world of the 1930s to the breakup of multiethnic Yugoslavia.
  165.  
  166. Find this resource:
  167.  
  168. Keshavarz, Fatemeh. Jasmine and Stars: Reading More than Lolita in Tehran. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
  169.  
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  171.  
  172. An autobiographical response to Nafisi 2003 that presents the beauty and texture of contemporary Iranian society.
  173.  
  174. Find this resource:
  175.  
  176. Nafisi, Azar. Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books. New York: Random House, 2003.
  177.  
  178. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  179.  
  180. While tentatively holding onto her university professorship in literature in Tehran, Nafisi gathers around her an enthusiastic circle of younger women who want to study Western literature with her in private. Critiqued for an overly negative portrayal of post-revolutionary Iran.
  181.  
  182. Find this resource:
  183.  
  184. Taj al-Saltanah. Crowning Anguish: Memoirs of a Persian Princess from the Harem to Modernity. Edited by A. Amanat, translated by A. Vanzan. Washington, DC: Mage, 1993.
  185.  
  186. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  187.  
  188. Life in a royal harem by an outspoken daughter of the last Qajar king, chronicling her fascination with the West while holding fast to her beloved Persian culture as the nation transitions to modern times.
  189.  
  190. Find this resource:
  191.  
  192. Arab Women Writers
  193. Egyptian writers in translation include the work of feminist activist el-Saadawi (el-Saadawi 1997). The works of this writer are perennial favorites in women’s studies classes in American universities, although they may on occasion reinforce negative views of Muslim cultures. Rifaat 1987 and Soueif 1999 are authored by Egyptian writers who take Cairo as a base, with Soueif traveling to England to pursue higher education and confront difficulties in her marriage. Alsanea 2008 and Bagader 1998 offer insights into the lives of contemporary Saudi women. Mamdouh 2006 provides an Iraqi woman’s perspective on the challenges faced by women in her country. Halaby is an Arab American writer who sets her novel West of the Jordan (Halaby 2003) in Jordan, while Faqir 1990 is about aspects of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Cohen-Mor 2005 provides a sampling from a range of contemporary Arab women writers.
  194.  
  195. Alsanea, Rajaa. Girls of Riyadh. London: Penguin, 2008.
  196.  
  197. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  198.  
  199. A debut novel based on very contemporary stories of four elite young Saudi women balancing cultural mores, modern expectations, and professional lives.
  200.  
  201. Find this resource:
  202.  
  203. Bagader, Abubaker, Ava M. Heinrichsdorf, and Deborah S. Akers. Voices of Change: Short Stories by Saudi Arabian Women Writers. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998.
  204.  
  205. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  206.  
  207. A collection featuring stories published in Saudi newspapers and magazines, thematically organized under life passages, social issues, love, and memories.
  208.  
  209. Find this resource:
  210.  
  211. Cohen-Mor, Dalya, ed. Arab Women Writers: An Anthology of Short Stories. Albany: State University of New York, 2005.
  212.  
  213. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  214.  
  215. Sixty short stories by forty women writers arranged thematically. An excellent introduction to contemporary women writers from the Arab world.
  216.  
  217. Find this resource:
  218.  
  219. Faqir, Fadia. Nisanit. New York: Penguin, 1990.
  220.  
  221. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  222.  
  223. A novel by a Jordanian English scholar about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, named after a hardy desert flower. This work explores the relationship between an Israeli torturer and his Palestinian prisoner. Originally published in 1987. (Henley-on-Thames, UK: Ellis).
  224.  
  225. Find this resource:
  226.  
  227. Halaby, Laila. West of the Jordan. Boston: Beacon, 2003.
  228.  
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  230.  
  231. Four female cousins: four responses to shifting culture between the United States, Palestine, and Jordan and from the rejection of all religion to embracing Islam. This is the first novel by an Arab American that bridges women’s experiences in Jordan.
  232.  
  233. Find this resource:
  234.  
  235. Mamdouh, Alia. Napthalene: A Novel of Baghdad. New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 2006.
  236.  
  237. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  238.  
  239. This novel is about a young girl in 1950s Baghdad. The author has composed other works about Iraqi women at various life stages.
  240.  
  241. Find this resource:
  242.  
  243. Rifaat, Alifa. Distant View of the Minaret. Translated by Denys Johnson-Davies. Oxford: Heinemann, 1987.
  244.  
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  246.  
  247. The lives of Muslim women in Cairo who, like the author, hold to faith in the face of male oppression.
  248.  
  249. Find this resource:
  250.  
  251. el-Saadawi, Nawal. The Nawal El Saadawi Reader. London: Zed, 1997.
  252.  
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  254.  
  255. Selections from the well-known Egyptian author’s fiction and advocacy literature.
  256.  
  257. Find this resource:
  258.  
  259. Soueif, Ahdaf. In the Eye of the Sun. London: Bloomsbury, 1999.
  260.  
  261. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  262.  
  263. East-West internal conflict of an Egyptian Muslim woman whose struggle with an academic career and failing marriage lead her “into the sunlight” of a Cairo homecoming.
  264.  
  265. Find this resource:
  266.  
  267. Critical Works and Studies
  268. Booth 2001 looks at the production of biographical literature in Egypt for evidence of nationalist and feminist contexts. Cooke 2001 offers the best exploration of the emergence of diverse Islamic feminisms in literature. Arab female novelists are studied historically and critically by Zeidan 1995. Golley 2003 focuses on the genre of the female autobiography. The role of women as objects and producers of text is the subject of Malti-Douglas 1991. Women writers of specific regions of the Arab world are treated by Arebi 1994 (Saudi Arabia) and Gauch 2007 (the Maghrib).
  269.  
  270. Arebi, Saddeka. Women and Words in Saudi Arabia: The Politics of Literary Discourse. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.
  271.  
  272. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  273.  
  274. An analysis of the writing of nine Saudi women who seek transformation of society in ways that conform neither to Saudi norms for women nor to secular feminism.
  275.  
  276. Find this resource:
  277.  
  278. Booth, Marilyn. May Her Likes Be Multiplied: Biography and Gender Politics in Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
  279.  
  280. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  281.  
  282. Booth studies “famous-women” biographies produced in the early 20th century in Egypt to demonstrate how these narratives prescribed complex role models for middle-class girls, in a context where nationalist programs and emerging feminisms made defining the ideal female citizen an urgent matter.
  283.  
  284. Find this resource:
  285.  
  286. Cooke, Miriam. Creating Islamic Feminism through Literature: Women Claim Islam. New York: Routledge, 2001.
  287.  
  288. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  289.  
  290. Examination of Muslim women authors, both secular and pious, and their encounters with Islam.
  291.  
  292. Find this resource:
  293.  
  294. Gauch, Susan. Liberating Shahrazad: Feminism, Postcolonialism, and Islam. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007.
  295.  
  296. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  297.  
  298. This work on Maghrebi women artists and writers treats the issue of their speaking from within Islam in defense of women’s rights.
  299.  
  300. Find this resource:
  301.  
  302. Golley, Nawar al-Hassan. Reading Arab Women’s Autobiographies: Shahrazad Tells Her Story. Austin: University of Texas, 2003.
  303.  
  304. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  305.  
  306. A theoretical examination of the genre of the Arab woman’s autobiography in the modern period that covers a number of the most significant literary examples (Sharawi, Tuqan, al-Saʾdawi) as well as material from three anthologies.
  307.  
  308. Find this resource:
  309.  
  310. Malti-Douglas, Fedwa. Woman’s Body, Woman’s Word: Gender and Discourse in Arabo-Islamic Writing. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.
  311.  
  312. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  313.  
  314. An important theoretical study that explores the portrayal of women and the female body in a range of classical and contemporary Arabic works, across genres and themes—from Shahrazad to the female doctor’s empowerment (al-Saʾdawi) through medicine.
  315.  
  316. Find this resource:
  317.  
  318. Zeidan, Joseph. Arab Women Novelists: The Formative Years and Beyond. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995.
  319.  
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  321.  
  322. Survey of the development of female literary culture in the Arab world and 20th-century women writers from Egypt and the Fertile Crescent. Good historical context and critical apparatus.
  323.  
  324. Find this resource:
  325.  
  326. Iran
  327. Lewis and Yazdanfar 1996 provides a useful starting point for studying women writers in Persian. Etesami 1985 is by a noted poet in more traditional genres, while Farrokhzad 2010 and Hillmann 1987 broke new ground artistically and in addressing sexual themes and female experience. Other works by women poets include Behbahani 1999; Basmenji 2005, which anthologizes stories by prominent 20th-century women writers, and Khorrami and Vatanabadi 2000, which collects women’s short stories from the post-revolutionary generation of women writers. Danishwar 1991 is by an important Iranian woman writer, while Parsipur 2006 is by an author whose magical-realist writing style is achieving increasing appreciation.
  328.  
  329. Basmenji, Kaveh, ed. Afsaneh: Short Stories by Iranian Women. London: Saqi, 2005.
  330.  
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  332.  
  333. A collection of twenty short stories by prominent writers such as Daneshvar and Parsipur.
  334.  
  335. Find this resource:
  336.  
  337. Behbahani, Simin. A Cup of Sin: Selected Poems. Translated by Farzaneh Milani and Kaveh Safa. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1999.
  338.  
  339. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  340.  
  341. A collection of poetry by Behbahani.
  342.  
  343. Find this resource:
  344.  
  345. Danishwar, Sīmīn. A Persian Requiem: A Novel by Simin Daneshvar [Savushun]. Translated by M. R. Ghanoonparvar. London: Halban, 1991.
  346.  
  347. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  348.  
  349. Set in Shiraz, Savushun chronicles the life of a Persian family during the Allied occupation of Iran during World War II.
  350.  
  351. Find this resource:
  352.  
  353. Etesami, Parvin. A Nightingale’s Lament. Translated by H. Moayyad and M. A. Madelung, Lexington, KY: Mazda, 1985.
  354.  
  355. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  356.  
  357. This volume includes eighty-two poems by Parvin Etesami (b. 1906–d. 1941).
  358.  
  359. Find this resource:
  360.  
  361. Farrokhzad, Forough. Another Birth and Other Poems. Translated by Hasan Javadi and Susan Sallée. Waldorf, MD: Mage, 2010.
  362.  
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  364.  
  365. New bilingual edition of poems by Farrokhzad, who broke new ground in poetic forms and themes in the 1970s.
  366.  
  367. Find this resource:
  368.  
  369. Hillmann, Michael C. A Lonely Woman: Forugh Farrokhzad and Her Poetry. Washington, DC: Three Continents Press/Mage, 1987.
  370.  
  371. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  372.  
  373. Drawing from personal crises, Farrokhzad (b. 1935–d. 1967), the most famous modern Iranian woman poet, writes in what she termed “the feminine voice.”
  374.  
  375. Find this resource:
  376.  
  377. Khorrami, Mohammad Mehdi, and Shouleh Vatanabadi, eds. A Feast in the Mirror: Stories by Contemporary Iranian Women. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000.
  378.  
  379. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  380.  
  381. A collection of stories from the post-revolutionary period including stories that exhibit diverse social location experiences of Iranian women.
  382.  
  383. Find this resource:
  384.  
  385. Lewis, Franklin, and Farzin Yazdanfar, trans. In a Voice of Their Own: A Collection of Stories by Iranian Women Written Since the Revolution of 1979. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda, 1996.
  386.  
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  388.  
  389. The stories are both by residents and exiles, new and well-established authors, whose concerns range from rebellion to acceptance of Islamic Iran. At the center of many stories is a powerful matriarch. Lewis and Yazdanfar provide a historical introduction and a bibliography of women’s fiction available in English translations.
  390.  
  391. Find this resource:
  392.  
  393. Parsipur, Sharhrnush. Touba and the Meaning of Night. Translated by Havva Houshmand and Kamran Talattof. New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 2006.
  394.  
  395. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  396.  
  397. The struggles of a woman married into the Qajar dynasty through successive political upheavals and personal challenges. Magical-realist influences and feminist elements.
  398.  
  399. Find this resource:
  400.  
  401. Critical Works and Studies
  402. Milani 1992 critically studies the emergence of women writers in oppression; Moayyad 1994 collects papers studying the poetry of Etesami, one of the most important 20th-century poets in Iran. Najmabadi 1991 collects scholarly articles on autobiographical writings by Persian women.
  403.  
  404. Milani, F. Veils and Words: Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1992.
  405.  
  406. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  407.  
  408. A study of Iranian women writers arguing that the movement to unveil was closely linked to women’s emergence as literary figures. Milani discusses the themes of disclosure and secrecy that have delineated the Iranian woman’s universe and characterized her expression.
  409.  
  410. Find this resource:
  411.  
  412. Moayyad, Heshmat, ed. Once a Dewdrop: Essays on the Poetry of Parvin Etesami. Costa Mesa CA: Mazda, 1994.
  413.  
  414. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  415.  
  416. Critical and literary studies of the works of one of the most important 20th-century female poets writing in Persian.
  417.  
  418. Find this resource:
  419.  
  420. Najmabadi, Afsaneh, ed. Women’s Autobiography in Contemporary Iran. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Center for Middle East Studies, 1991.
  421.  
  422. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  423.  
  424. Consideration by scholars of Persian literature of the autobiographical writings of famous women writers of the distant and recent past, such as Taj al-Sultanah and the female poet Farrokhzad.
  425.  
  426. Find this resource:
  427.  
  428. Turkey
  429. Turkish literature by women was inaugurated by Halide Edip Adivar (d. 1964), an activist for women’s rights who wrote on historical and political, as well as feminist and literary, themes (see Adiver 1935). Today many Turkish women writers have achieved national and international reputations with their works. Agaoglu 2008 is about contemporary Turkish society, Atasu 2000 presents 20th-century Turkish history through the story of generations of a family. Eray 2006 presents Turkey in the 1980s. Magden 2005 is a novel about the intimate but conflicted relationship of two adolescents and was made into a film. Tekin and Shafak are among the most well-known female Turkish writers in the early 21st century and have authored multiple works exploring language, theme, and genre (Tekin 2001 and Shafak 2005). Turkish émigré writers in German have become an important voice, and a number of female Turkish writers compose original works in both German and English, in addition to the growing body of stories and novels translated from Turkish. This new international perspective is also evident in Erdogan 2007, which, for example, is set in Brazil and is written from the perspective of a Turkish teacher living there. Reddy 1994 provides the most accessible anthology of short stories by Turkish women.
  430.  
  431. Adiver, Halide Edip. The Clown and His Daughter. London: Allen & Unwin, 1935.
  432.  
  433. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  434.  
  435. A novel written in English by the pioneering writer and activist. Contrasts Eastern and Western culture and suggests the possibility of creative fusion in which a strong-minded but poor Muslim woman front Istanbul marries an Italian musician who converts.
  436.  
  437. Find this resource:
  438.  
  439. Agaoglu, Adalet. Summer’s End. Translated by Figen Bingul. Jersey City, NJ: Talisman House, 2008.
  440.  
  441. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  442.  
  443. Features a critical introduction by scholar Sibel Erol. Originally published in Turkish in 1980 (Istanbul: Remzi Kitabevi), Summer’s End is narrated by an author on vacation among the classical ruins of the ancient city of Side on the Mediterranean coast. It provides an intricate picture of a large cross section of modern Turkish society and treats cultural values, politics, and sexuality.
  444.  
  445. Find this resource:
  446.  
  447. Atasu, Erendiz. The Other Side of the Mountain. London: Milet, 2000.
  448.  
  449. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  450.  
  451. A prizewinning novel about Turkey in the 20th century told through three generations of a family and their various ways of interacting with Ataturk and his republic.
  452.  
  453. Find this resource:
  454.  
  455. Eray, Nazli. Orpheus. Translated by Robert Finn. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006.
  456.  
  457. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  458.  
  459. Set in junta-ruled Turkey of the 1980s, this novel is also a retelling of the myth from the perspective of Eurydice, wife of Orpheus.
  460.  
  461. Find this resource:
  462.  
  463. Erdogan, Asli. The City in Crimson Cloak. New York: Soft Skull, 2007.
  464.  
  465. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  466.  
  467. A novel about a Turkish woman teaching in Rio de Janeiro. Treats social issues such as the condition of the urban poor and contrasts Brazil with Turkey.
  468.  
  469. Find this resource:
  470.  
  471. Magden, Perihan. Two Girls. London: Serpent’s Tail, 2005.
  472.  
  473. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  474.  
  475. A story of a relationship with lesbian overtones between two girls of university age in Istanbul. Marked by anger against consumerism and male dominance rather than East-West tensions.
  476.  
  477. Find this resource:
  478.  
  479. Reddy, Nilüfer Mizanoğlu, trans. Short Stories by Turkish Women Writers. 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Turkish Studies, 1994.
  480.  
  481. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  482.  
  483. A collection of twenty-five stories written from 1952 to 1990. Includes a brief contextualizing introduction and biographical notes on each writer.
  484.  
  485. Find this resource:
  486.  
  487. Shafak, Elif. The Flea Palace. Translated by Marion Boyars. New York: Marion Boyars, 2005.
  488.  
  489. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  490.  
  491. English translation of Bit Palas (Istanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2002). About the inhabitants of a decaying apartment building in Istanbul. Shafak is currently one of the most well-known female writers in Turkish. Her novels cover feminist and Sufi themes, and she experiments with composition in both English and Turkish.
  492.  
  493. Find this resource:
  494.  
  495. Tekin, Latife. Dear Shameless Death. Translated by Mel Kenne and Saliha Paker. New York: Marion Boyars, 2001.
  496.  
  497. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  498.  
  499. A novel in magical-realist style with strong feminist insights about a girl’s experiences growing up in Turkey. While less well-known than Tekin’s earlier novel Tales from the Garbage Heap, this deals more explicitly with the female experience.
  500.  
  501. Find this resource:
  502.  
  503. India and Pakistan
  504. This section covers South Asian Muslim women of India and Pakistan writing in Urdu. Chughtai 2003 was a pioneering, progressive work that addressed sexual themes: as in the story “The Quilt,” which hinted at lesbian love. Hosain 1992 is an important early example of a semiautobiographical novel by an Indian Muslim woman from Lucknow. Hyder 1998 is the work of a pioneering stylist whose novel attempts to encompass the entire trajectory of Indian history. The short stories in Mastur 1999 explore female experience and are available in an anthology. Ali 2004 combines American and South Asian perspectives and is written in English. Feminist poets in Urdu are anthologized in Ahmad 1991, and Riaz 2004 collects writings in translation by a prominent Pakistani feminist poet.
  505.  
  506. Ahmad, Rukhsana, ed. We Sinful Women: Contemporary Urdu Feminist Poetry. London: Women’s Press, 1991.
  507.  
  508. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  509.  
  510. A sampling of verses by Fahmida Riaz, Kishwar Naheed, and other feminist poets.
  511.  
  512. Find this resource:
  513.  
  514. Ali, Samina. Madras on Rainy Days. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004.
  515.  
  516. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  517.  
  518. Set in India, the narrator is a Hyderabadi immigrant to the United States who returns to India for an arranged marriage. Both she and her new Indian husband navigate self-revelation and discovery against the background of communal tension and dark sexual secrets. A work that does not fit neatly into the category of South Asian language or region.
  519.  
  520. Find this resource:
  521.  
  522. Chughtai, Ismat. A Chughtai Collection. Translated by Tahira Naqvi and Syeda S. Hameed. New Delhi: Women Unlimited, 2003.
  523.  
  524. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  525.  
  526. Includes a brief introduction to the writer, her life, and themes. There are fifteen short stories, including “The Quilt,” and two novellas.
  527.  
  528. Find this resource:
  529.  
  530. Hosain, Attia. Sunlight on a Broken Column. New York: Penguin, 1992.
  531.  
  532. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  533.  
  534. About an Indian Muslim woman coming of age in the 1930s whose personal struggle for independence occurs against the background of India’s quest for autonomy.
  535.  
  536. Find this resource:
  537.  
  538. Hyder, Qurratulain. River of Fire. Delhi: Kali for Women, 1998.
  539.  
  540. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  541.  
  542. A novel written in 1959 by one of the most important Indian Muslim women writers. It is considered a classic of Urdu literature and attempts to cover the entire sweep of Indian history through the eyes of characters who reappear at different critical epochs.
  543.  
  544. Find this resource:
  545.  
  546. Mastur, Khadijah. Cool Sweet Water: Selected Stories. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  547.  
  548. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  549.  
  550. A collection of stories by a prominent short-story writer and novelist (b. 1930–d. 1982).
  551.  
  552. Find this resource:
  553.  
  554. Riaz, Fahmida. Four Walls and a Black Veil. Translated by Aamer Hussain. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  555.  
  556. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  557.  
  558. A selection of autobiographical poetry expressing Riaz’s feminism and commitment to human rights and secularism.
  559.  
  560. Find this resource:
  561.  
  562. Anthologies
  563. Women writers from India and Pakistan compose in Urdu and English, as well as various regional languages. Anthologies of their writings include Hameed and Farrukhi 1997, which features writers of the generation following Partition in 1947. Hussein 2005 concentrates on the theme of Partition and the effect on Pakistani women. Shamsie 2008 focuses on writings by Pakistani women, including those living in the West who write in English.
  564.  
  565. Hameed, Yasmin, and Asif Aslam Farrukhi. So That You Can Know Me: An Anthology of Pakistani Women Writers. Reading, UK: Garnet, 1997.
  566.  
  567. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  568.  
  569. A collection of seventeen short stories written by Pakistani women of the “post-Partition” generation.
  570.  
  571. Find this resource:
  572.  
  573. Hussein, Aamer, ed. Kahani: Short Stories by Pakistani Women. London: Saqi, 2005.
  574.  
  575. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  576.  
  577. This is the expanded second edition of Hoops of Fire: Fifty Years of Fiction by Pakistani Women (London: Saqi, 1999). Features women’s stories from Partition times through the history of Pakistan, dealing with the loss and joys of day-to-day life in the new Muslim society.
  578.  
  579. Find this resource:
  580.  
  581. Shamsie, Muneeza, ed. And the World Changed: Contemporary Stories by Pakistani Women. New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 2008.
  582.  
  583. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  584.  
  585. This anthology presents fiction written in English by Pakistani women based both in Pakistan and the West. Shamsie provides an introduction to the writers, themes, and contexts of the stories included.
  586.  
  587. Find this resource:
  588.  
  589. Bangladesh
  590. The primary scholarly work on Bangladeshi women writers is Azim and Zaman 2005. The controversial writer Taslima Nasreen has written both fiction (see Nasreen 1994) and autobiography. Akhtar and Bhowmik 2008 focuses on early feminist writings, fictional and activist, by Bengali women.
  591.  
  592. Akhtar, Shaheen, and Moushumi Bhowmik, eds. Women in Concert: An Anthology of Bengali Muslim Women’s Writings (1904–1938). Kolkata: Stree, 2008.
  593.  
  594. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  595.  
  596. Collects feminist writings, mainly on social and economic problems faced by Bengali women, by female authors of this period. Translated from a Bengali anthology, Zenana Mehfil.
  597.  
  598. Find this resource:
  599.  
  600. Azim, Firdous, and Niaz Zaman, eds. Galpa: Short Stories by Women from Bangladesh. London: Saqi, 2005.
  601.  
  602. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  603.  
  604. Includes stories about the 1971 “war of liberation,” women’s “honor,” mother-daughter relationships, the vagaries of marriage, and contemporary political corruption. Well-established women writers such as Selina Hossain and Nasreen Jehan are represented here, along with emerging voices. Brief biographical notes are included.
  605.  
  606. Find this resource:
  607.  
  608. Nasreen, Taslima. Lajja: Shame. Translated by Tutul Gupta. New York: Penguin, 1994.
  609.  
  610. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  611.  
  612. This controversial first novel depicts the persecution of Bangladesh’s Hindu minority and created a furor comparable to the Rushdie affair.
  613.  
  614. Find this resource:
  615.  
  616. Indonesia
  617. Female writers in Indonesia emerged post-1970 and were strongly influenced by global trends—on the one hand, Islamist genres, and on the other, postmodern and sexually liberated trends, in some cases characterized as sastrawagi or “chick lit.” Few of these works have been translated, and those able to read Bhasa Indonesian can find citations in the bibliographies of the critical studies cited here. Hellwig 1994 is a pioneering study now somewhat dated; it also considers depictions of women in earlier male-dominated writings. Arimbi 2009 is a more recent comprehensive study employing feminist concepts to study the works of four female writers, while Arnez and Dewojati 2010 is noteworthy for following the latest trend. Arnez 2009 explores sexual themes being treated by women writers of a new generation, while Hellwig and Bodden 2007 is useful as a broad overview of Indonesian women and cultural production in a social and historical context.
  618.  
  619. Arimbi, Diah Ariana. Reading Contemporary Indonesian Muslim Women Writers: Representation, Identity and Religion of Muslim Women in Indonesian Fiction. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2009.
  620.  
  621. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  622.  
  623. Discusses four major female Indonesian writers—Titis Basino, Ratna Ibrahim, Abideh el-Khalieqy, and Helvy Tiana Rose—through the lens of feminist concerns including themes of personal relationships, war, violence, and globalism reflected in their writings.
  624.  
  625. Find this resource:
  626.  
  627. Arnez, Monika. “Dakwah by the Pen: Reading Helvy Tiana Rosa’s Bukavu.” Indonesia and the Malay World 37.107 (2009): 45–64.
  628.  
  629. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  630.  
  631. Studies the genre of Islamic fiction aimed at Muslim teenagers in Indonesia. Covers themes such as purity and the female body as depicted in the work Bukavu by the popular female writer Helvy Tiana Rosa (b. 1970).
  632.  
  633. Find this resource:
  634.  
  635. Arnez, Monika, and Cahyaningrum Dewojati. “Sexuality, Morality and the Female Role: Observations on Recent Indonesian Women’s Literature.” Asiatische Studien/Études Asiatiques 64.1 (2010): 1–38.
  636.  
  637. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  638.  
  639. A paper that explores provocative sexual themes in the novels of three Muslim female writers: Herlinatiens (b. 1983), Dinar Rahayu (b. 1971), and Dewi Sartika (b. 1980).
  640.  
  641. Find this resource:
  642.  
  643. Hellwig, Tineke. In the Shadow of Change: Women in Indonesian Literature. Berkeley: University of California, 1994.
  644.  
  645. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  646.  
  647. Based on a 1980s dissertation that looks at images of women in Indonesian literature and in several chapters at women authors emerging after 1970, including N. H. Dini and Leila Chudori.
  648.  
  649. Find this resource:
  650.  
  651. Hellwig, Tineke, and Michael Bodden. “Post-Suharto Women’s Writing and Cultural Production.” Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs 41 (2007): 1–24.
  652.  
  653. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  654.  
  655. Includes a discussion of Indonesian “chick lit” or sastrawangi. Good social and political context of recent women’s cultural contributions, including writing. Other articles in the special issue of this journal will also be useful.
  656.  
  657. Find this resource:
  658.  
  659. Africa
  660. Ba 2008 provides insights into the struggles facing Muslim women in sub-Saharan Africa. Alkali 1984 is a novel capturing diverse experiences of Nigerian Muslim women in rural and urban settings. Kassam 1997 is a pioneering critical overview of work by Nigerian women that includes a useful bibliography of writings to that point.
  661.  
  662. Alkali, Zaynab. The Stillborn. Harlow, UK: Longman, 1984.
  663.  
  664. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  665.  
  666. A Nigerian author depicts the struggles of three young women from the northern region to acquire education and overcome oppressive social conditions.
  667.  
  668. Find this resource:
  669.  
  670. Ba, Miriama. So Long a Letter. Translated by Modupe Bode-Thomas. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2008.
  671.  
  672. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  673.  
  674. A novel about the situation of contemporary Senegalese women whose husbands take a second wife.
  675.  
  676. Find this resource:
  677.  
  678. Kassam, Hauwa. “Behind the Veil in Northern Nigeria: The Writing of Zaynab Alkali and Hauwa Ali.” In Writing African Women: Gender, Popular Culture and Literature in West Africa. Edited by Stephanie Newell, 115–125. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed, 1997.
  679.  
  680. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  681.  
  682. A useful review article that surveys the themes and context of several works and includes a bibliography of published writings by northern Nigerian Muslim women.
  683.  
  684. Find this resource:
  685.  
  686. The US and Europe
  687. Novels set in English include Aboulela 2005, which incorporates strong Islamic elements, and Abu-Jaber 2004 and Ali 2003, which is more about the immigrant struggle. Kahf 2006 is the work of a Syrian American writer whose first novel also contains many references to an emerging Muslim community, identity, and sensibility in the American context; it is also a story of transition from girlhood to maturity. Abu-Jaber 2004 is a great exposure to Arab American themes and experiences from the female perspective. Hammad 2006 is a book of poetry that offers a very contemporary Palestinian American voice. Abdul Ghaffur 2005 is an anthology that includes literary and activist reflections from a range of American Muslim women. Wilson 2010 is a memoir that is both a conversion narrative and sympathetic exploration of the encounter of American and Egyptian cultures. Karim and Rahimieh 2008 has much to offer on Iranian American women authors. Ozdamar 2000 explores the tensions and ambiguities of the Turkish migrant experience in Germany.
  688.  
  689. Abdul Ghaffur, Saleemah, ed. Living Islam Out Loud: American Muslim Women Speak. Boston: Beacon, 2005.
  690.  
  691. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  692.  
  693. An anthology of reflections by a range of American Muslim women, many of whom are writers exploring issues of religion and sexuality across immigrant and African American backgrounds.
  694.  
  695. Find this resource:
  696.  
  697. Aboulela, Leila. Minaret: A Novel. New York: Grove, 2005.
  698.  
  699. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  700.  
  701. A formerly wealthy young woman arrives in the United Kingdom after the Sudanese coup. Working as a maid, she discovers Islam and makes peace with her new life. Useful in class for raising issues of immigration, class, sexuality, and Islamic revival.
  702.  
  703. Find this resource:
  704.  
  705. Abu-Jaber, Diana. Crescent: A Novel. New York: W. W. Norton, 2004.
  706.  
  707. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  708.  
  709. Family themes and an unlikely love affair, suffused, as in most of Abu-Jaber’s fiction, with Middle Eastern scents and tastes. Ideal for introducing students to Arab American culture.
  710.  
  711. Find this resource:
  712.  
  713. Ali, Monica. Brick Lane: A Novel. New York: Scribner, 2003.
  714.  
  715. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  716.  
  717. South Asian Muslim women family members and female neighbors survive and sometimes thrive in their new home. Was made into a BBC movie.
  718.  
  719. Find this resource:
  720.  
  721. Hammad, Suheir. Zaatar Diva. New York: Cypher, 2006.
  722.  
  723. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  724.  
  725. Poems by a Palestinian American strongly influenced by hip-hop expressing feminist and antiracist sentiments.
  726.  
  727. Find this resource:
  728.  
  729. Kahf, Mohja. The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf. New York: Carroll and Graf, 2006.
  730.  
  731. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  732.  
  733. Raised by zealous parents who attempted to forge a fresh American Islam, free from cultural accretions of “the old countries,” the young woman at the center of the book goes through phases of belief and doubt, Islamic practice, and isolation from Muslims.
  734.  
  735. Find this resource:
  736.  
  737. Karim, Persis M., and Nasrin Rahimieh, eds. Special Issue: Iranian American Literature. Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States 33 (2008).
  738.  
  739. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  740.  
  741. Features articles and reviews of many works by Iranian American women writers.
  742.  
  743. Find this resource:
  744.  
  745. Ozdamar, Emine Sevgi. Life is a Caravanserai, Has Two Doors, I Came in One, I Went out the Other. Middlesex, UK: Middlesex University Press, 2000.
  746.  
  747. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  748.  
  749. A novel written in German by a Turkish immigrant that created controversy when it won a German literary prize in 1992. Reflects on the mixture of languages and cultures.
  750.  
  751. Find this resource:
  752.  
  753. Wilson, G. Willow. The Butterfly Mosque: A Young American Woman’s Journey to Love and Islam. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2010.
  754.  
  755. Save Citation »Export Citation »E-mail Citation »
  756.  
  757. An autobiographical account of the author’s conversion to Islam while studying in Egypt and subsequent marriage to an Egyptian. A sympathetic presentation of Islam and Muslim cultures in a post-9/11 world.
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