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- 0
- 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:15,000
- INDOXXI
- Support dengan like & share :)
- 1
- 00:00:33,958 --> 00:00:35,333
- It is really true
- 2
- 00:00:35,375 --> 00:00:37,708
- that you can only explore the solar system
- 3
- 00:00:37,750 --> 00:00:39,083
- for the first time once.
- 4
- 00:00:40,208 --> 00:00:41,666
- Ah, Voyager did that.
- 5
- 00:00:44,083 --> 00:00:46,333
- How could one be so lucky?
- 6
- 00:00:46,375 --> 00:00:49,875
- It's a dream and it came true.
- 7
- 00:00:51,708 --> 00:00:53,083
- Fifty years from now
- 8
- 00:00:53,125 --> 00:00:56,250
- Voyager will be the science project
- 9
- 00:00:56,291 --> 00:00:58,208
- of the 20th century.
- 10
- 00:00:58,250 --> 00:00:59,166
- The mission.
- 11
- 00:00:59,208 --> 00:01:00,500
- The big mission.
- 12
- 00:01:05,416 --> 00:01:07,875
- It opened our eyes to worlds,
- 13
- 00:01:07,916 --> 00:01:09,041
- to real worlds.
- 14
- 00:01:14,541 --> 00:01:16,291
- This may in the long run be
- 15
- 00:01:16,333 --> 00:01:19,583
- the only evidence that we ever existed.
- 16
- 00:01:21,166 --> 00:01:23,541
- Voyager to me was Homeric,
- 17
- 00:01:23,583 --> 00:01:28,125
- it was years of passing
- across the solar system
- 18
- 00:01:28,166 --> 00:01:29,333
- from one planet to the other
- 19
- 00:01:29,375 --> 00:01:31,125
- and then it was a week or two
- 20
- 00:01:31,166 --> 00:01:35,458
- of frenzied activity
- and discovery and conquest
- 21
- 00:01:35,500 --> 00:01:37,583
- and then it was, well, back in the boats,
- 22
- 00:01:37,625 --> 00:01:41,041
- oars in the water and
- then on to the next conquest.
- 23
- 00:01:58,458 --> 00:02:00,583
- It is the little engine that could.
- 24
- 00:02:00,625 --> 00:02:02,458
- Nobody really knows how it does it,
- 25
- 00:02:02,500 --> 00:02:04,125
- but everybody's rooting for it.
- 26
- 00:02:08,625 --> 00:02:11,416
- Every second, it goes to another place
- 27
- 00:02:11,458 --> 00:02:13,500
- where we have never been before.
- 28
- 00:02:16,625 --> 00:02:17,791
- Voyager takes the cake.
- 29
- 00:02:17,833 --> 00:02:19,583
- It's the most audacious mission.
- 30
- 00:02:19,625 --> 00:02:21,000
- Who'd have thought
- 31
- 00:02:21,041 --> 00:02:24,666
- that we'd actually be able
- to do that in 1977?
- 32
- 00:02:34,166 --> 00:02:37,958
- In 1977, a team
- of scientists and engineers
- 33
- 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:40,291
- launched a mission of staggering ambition.
- 34
- 00:02:40,833 --> 00:02:42,416
- Voyager.
- 35
- 00:02:42,458 --> 00:02:47,166
- The initial idea was a grand
- tour of the outermost planets,
- 36
- 00:02:47,208 --> 00:02:49,750
- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
- 37
- 00:02:51,083 --> 00:02:53,041
- What were their atmospheres like?
- 38
- 00:02:53,083 --> 00:02:54,666
- Their moons?
- 39
- 00:02:54,708 --> 00:02:58,750
- At the time, our knowledge
- of these worlds was scant.
- 40
- 00:03:01,416 --> 00:03:03,750
- We knew a little because you can observe
- 41
- 00:03:03,791 --> 00:03:05,708
- from the Earth with telescopes.
- 42
- 00:03:05,750 --> 00:03:07,333
- We knew for example at Jupiter
- 43
- 00:03:07,375 --> 00:03:08,791
- that there were moons
- 44
- 00:03:08,833 --> 00:03:12,625
- Io, Europa, Ganymede
- and Callisto going around.
- 45
- 00:03:12,666 --> 00:03:14,541
- We knew that there were winds on Jupiter;
- 46
- 00:03:14,583 --> 00:03:16,666
- we knew about the great
- red spot on Jupiter;
- 47
- 00:03:16,708 --> 00:03:18,916
- we knew that there was trapped radiation,
- 48
- 00:03:18,958 --> 00:03:20,875
- so we knew there was a magnetic field.
- 49
- 00:03:24,208 --> 00:03:25,708
- It was big.
- 50
- 00:03:25,750 --> 00:03:28,541
- No, let's see, what did we know?
- 51
- 00:03:30,416 --> 00:03:32,208
- We knew they were all gas giants,
- 52
- 00:03:32,250 --> 00:03:34,666
- mostly made up of hydrogen and helium
- 53
- 00:03:34,708 --> 00:03:37,250
- and some methane on the outer planets.
- 54
- 00:03:37,291 --> 00:03:39,458
- For Saturn, we knew about the rings
- 55
- 00:03:39,500 --> 00:03:42,125
- and we knew about the major satellites,
- 56
- 00:03:42,166 --> 00:03:44,666
- but hardly anything more than that,
- 57
- 00:03:44,708 --> 00:03:46,125
- and it was all very fuzzy.
- 58
- 00:03:48,916 --> 00:03:51,250
- I had been staring at these planets
- 59
- 00:03:51,291 --> 00:03:53,833
- through some of the best
- telescopes on Earth,
- 60
- 00:03:53,875 --> 00:03:56,583
- and yet all I could see was fuzzy blobs.
- 61
- 00:03:59,333 --> 00:04:00,875
- Astronomers had worked pretty hard
- 62
- 00:04:00,916 --> 00:04:03,000
- to know what the physical make-up was,
- 63
- 00:04:03,041 --> 00:04:05,458
- there were some basic characteristics,
- 64
- 00:04:05,500 --> 00:04:09,500
- but their real nature,
- what they were really made of
- 65
- 00:04:09,541 --> 00:04:12,000
- and what the means, moons, were like,
- 66
- 00:04:12,041 --> 00:04:14,625
- we had none of that, just little glimpses.
- 67
- 00:04:21,000 --> 00:04:23,833
- Human beings are a curious bunch.
- 68
- 00:04:23,875 --> 00:04:26,125
- We want to know what's around the corner.
- 69
- 00:04:26,166 --> 00:04:29,125
- We have to go past
- that next bend in the road,
- 70
- 00:04:29,166 --> 00:04:32,541
- so it's some sort
- of innate drive, I think,
- 71
- 00:04:32,583 --> 00:04:35,166
- that we have, as a species.
- 72
- 00:04:39,750 --> 00:04:42,375
- One of the key things
- that made this mission possible
- 73
- 00:04:42,416 --> 00:04:43,916
- was gravity assist.
- 74
- 00:04:43,958 --> 00:04:46,541
- That is when you fly by
- Jupiter, you turn the corner
- 75
- 00:04:46,583 --> 00:04:47,791
- and you take a little bit
- 76
- 00:04:47,833 --> 00:04:49,958
- of Jupiter's orbital speed with you.
- 77
- 00:04:50,000 --> 00:04:51,458
- Like a slingshot,
- 78
- 00:04:51,500 --> 00:04:55,458
- so you better make sure
- Saturn's in the right place.
- 79
- 00:04:55,500 --> 00:04:57,666
- The positions of the outer planets
- 80
- 00:04:57,708 --> 00:04:59,666
- presented an opportunity.
- 81
- 00:04:59,708 --> 00:05:01,125
- A rare alignment meant the time
- 82
- 00:05:01,166 --> 00:05:02,916
- needed to cross the solar system
- 83
- 00:05:02,958 --> 00:05:04,708
- could be slashed.
- 84
- 00:05:13,875 --> 00:05:16,833
- It would go Jupiter boom, Saturn boom,
- 85
- 00:05:16,875 --> 00:05:19,208
- Uranus boom, Neptune boom.
- 86
- 00:05:19,250 --> 00:05:22,583
- The planets had to be
- lined up in just the right way
- 87
- 00:05:22,625 --> 00:05:24,500
- to allow one spacecraft to do that.
- 88
- 00:05:24,541 --> 00:05:27,791
- And that aligning up only occurs rarely.
- 89
- 00:05:27,833 --> 00:05:30,208
- That only happens
- once like once every hundred,
- 90
- 00:05:30,250 --> 00:05:31,583
- more than a hundred years.
- 91
- 00:05:31,625 --> 00:05:33,500
- ...175 years, something like that.
- 92
- 00:05:33,541 --> 00:05:35,458
- Once every 176 years.
- 93
- 00:05:36,666 --> 00:05:38,041
- The previous time it happened,
- 94
- 00:05:38,083 --> 00:05:40,375
- exploration was wooden sailing ships.
- 95
- 00:05:41,791 --> 00:05:44,958
- It was named
- "The Outer Planets Grand Tour,"
- 96
- 00:05:45,000 --> 00:05:47,958
- and the cost of the mission
- was estimated to be
- 97
- 00:05:48,000 --> 00:05:51,125
- in excess of a billion dollars.
- 98
- 00:05:51,166 --> 00:05:55,083
- The NASA administrator
- went to the President,
- 99
- 00:05:55,125 --> 00:05:57,291
- and he said the last time the planets
- 100
- 00:05:57,333 --> 00:05:59,208
- were lined up like that,
- 101
- 00:05:59,250 --> 00:06:04,791
- President Jefferson was sitting
- at your desk, and he blew it.
- 102
- 00:06:04,833 --> 00:06:08,875
- So, Mr. Nixon laughed and
- said all right, just do two.
- 103
- 00:06:11,083 --> 00:06:12,750
- So, only two planets.
- 104
- 00:06:15,750 --> 00:06:18,208
- Jupiter and Saturn were officially a go.
- 105
- 00:06:18,250 --> 00:06:21,625
- It would be a less grand
- but still ambitious tour.
- 106
- 00:06:21,666 --> 00:06:22,958
- Yet the Voyager team
- 107
- 00:06:23,000 --> 00:06:25,333
- wasn't ready to give up on going farther.
- 108
- 00:06:25,375 --> 00:06:28,333
- As they assembled the
- spacecraft in a giant hangar,
- 109
- 00:06:28,375 --> 00:06:31,166
- some of them kept a secret goal alive.
- 110
- 00:06:32,500 --> 00:06:34,916
- We knew right from the get-go
- 111
- 00:06:34,958 --> 00:06:38,250
- that we were going to try
- as hard as we could
- 112
- 00:06:38,291 --> 00:06:41,416
- to extend the mission
- to go to Uranus and Neptune.
- 113
- 00:06:41,458 --> 00:06:43,750
- We designed that in from the beginning.
- 114
- 00:06:43,791 --> 00:06:47,708
- We knew that we were endowing
- Voyager with the option
- 115
- 00:06:47,750 --> 00:06:49,875
- if the chance was there to use it.
- 116
- 00:07:03,416 --> 00:07:06,083
- We didn't want to
- build anything into the design
- 117
- 00:07:06,125 --> 00:07:08,666
- that would have prevented us
- from going further.
- 118
- 00:07:08,708 --> 00:07:12,875
- So, it was a mission
- within a mission, yeah.
- 119
- 00:07:16,958 --> 00:07:20,250
- A group of scientists
- and visionaries realized
- 120
- 00:07:20,291 --> 00:07:23,125
- that these spacecraft
- would leave the solar system.
- 121
- 00:07:23,166 --> 00:07:24,875
- They figured don't let
- this opportunity pass,
- 122
- 00:07:24,916 --> 00:07:26,916
- you're going to throw a bottle
- into the ocean.
- 123
- 00:07:27,541 --> 00:07:28,708
- Put a message in it.
- 124
- 00:07:30,291 --> 00:07:32,000
- What would we want
- to tell intelligent aliens
- 125
- 00:07:32,041 --> 00:07:33,291
- about our planet?
- 126
- 00:07:33,333 --> 00:07:35,916
- What would we want to tell them about us?
- 127
- 00:07:37,125 --> 00:07:39,000
- The driving force behind the message
- 128
- 00:07:39,041 --> 00:07:41,916
- was the astronomer Carl Sagan.
- 129
- 00:07:41,958 --> 00:07:44,750
- Would you expect someone
- to find this record out there?
- 130
- 00:07:44,791 --> 00:07:46,500
- Is there something out there?
- 131
- 00:07:46,541 --> 00:07:47,666
- Well, nobody knows.
- 132
- 00:07:47,708 --> 00:07:49,041
- One of the great unsolved questions
- 133
- 00:07:49,083 --> 00:07:50,958
- is whether we're alone or whether...
- 134
- 00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:52,958
- Carl Sagan has become probably
- 135
- 00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:56,625
- the best-known scientist
- of the late 20th century.
- 136
- 00:07:56,666 --> 00:08:00,500
- He was a working scientist,
- he played a key role
- 137
- 00:08:00,541 --> 00:08:03,416
- in many of the NASA missions
- to the planets,
- 138
- 00:08:03,458 --> 00:08:05,041
- including the Voyager one.
- 139
- 00:08:05,083 --> 00:08:07,750
- He was one of the scientists
- on the Voyager imaging team,
- 140
- 00:08:07,791 --> 00:08:11,916
- but he also was the astronomer
- who as much as any one person
- 141
- 00:08:11,958 --> 00:08:15,500
- made the study of
- extraterrestrial life credible.
- 142
- 00:08:15,541 --> 00:08:19,708
- A comment by Thomas Carlyle,
- 143
- 00:08:19,750 --> 00:08:23,083
- a somewhat crusty old fellow
- 144
- 00:08:23,125 --> 00:08:27,083
- who upon thinking about the stars said,
- 145
- 00:08:27,125 --> 00:08:29,541
- "A sad spectacle.
- 146
- 00:08:29,583 --> 00:08:34,791
- If they be inhabited, what
- a scope for misery and folly.
- 147
- 00:08:34,833 --> 00:08:38,000
- If they be not inhabited...
- what a waste of space."
- 148
- 00:08:39,375 --> 00:08:41,166
- Carl Sagan was a good friend of mine,
- 149
- 00:08:41,208 --> 00:08:42,500
- and I called him up and said,
- 150
- 00:08:42,541 --> 00:08:44,750
- "Hey, would you be willing to undertake
- 151
- 00:08:44,791 --> 00:08:46,125
- to come up with something
- 152
- 00:08:46,166 --> 00:08:47,541
- for us to put on the Voyager spacecraft?"
- 153
- 00:08:47,583 --> 00:08:49,458
- He says, "Yes, sure."
- 154
- 00:08:49,500 --> 00:08:52,500
- And he told me he could do it
- for 25,000 bucks,
- 155
- 00:08:52,541 --> 00:08:54,458
- so I authorized him to go ahead and do it,
- 156
- 00:08:54,500 --> 00:08:57,958
- and I sort of was hands-off at that point.
- 157
- 00:08:58,000 --> 00:09:00,458
- The Golden Record
- followed in the footsteps
- 158
- 00:09:00,500 --> 00:09:04,125
- of a project called the Pioneer plaque.
- 159
- 00:09:04,166 --> 00:09:06,125
- The Pioneer spacecraft
- had some line drawings
- 160
- 00:09:06,166 --> 00:09:08,125
- of a male and female form,
- 161
- 00:09:08,166 --> 00:09:09,916
- and some people went absolutely bonkers.
- 162
- 00:09:09,958 --> 00:09:11,333
- I don't know if you've seen it,
- 163
- 00:09:11,375 --> 00:09:12,916
- but it's the most innocent
- thing you can imagine,
- 164
- 00:09:12,958 --> 00:09:15,333
- and it caused a lot of commotion.
- 165
- 00:09:15,375 --> 00:09:17,416
- But I thought that was great.
- 166
- 00:09:17,458 --> 00:09:20,291
- At first Carl thought
- they'd simply do another plaque,
- 167
- 00:09:20,333 --> 00:09:22,000
- maybe with some more information,
- 168
- 00:09:22,041 --> 00:09:23,291
- but Frank Drake,
- 169
- 00:09:23,333 --> 00:09:24,833
- a brilliant theoretical physicist
- 170
- 00:09:24,875 --> 00:09:27,625
- but also a very hands-on kind of guy,
- 171
- 00:09:27,666 --> 00:09:29,041
- he came up with the idea
- 172
- 00:09:29,083 --> 00:09:31,958
- that for the same amount
- of weight and space,
- 173
- 00:09:32,000 --> 00:09:34,000
- you could send a phonograph record.
- 174
- 00:09:37,041 --> 00:09:39,833
- The people who actually
- did the science part of Voyager
- 175
- 00:09:39,875 --> 00:09:41,291
- are always jealous and mad
- 176
- 00:09:41,333 --> 00:09:43,250
- because the Golden Record
- gets more attention
- 177
- 00:09:43,291 --> 00:09:45,166
- than all the wonderful things they did
- 178
- 00:09:45,208 --> 00:09:47,708
- exploring the outer planets
- of the solar system
- 179
- 00:09:47,750 --> 00:09:49,666
- except Pluto and all that.
- 180
- 00:09:49,708 --> 00:09:52,166
- But the main attention goes
- to the Golden Record.
- 181
- 00:09:53,666 --> 00:09:56,833
- Because of the aura
- that surrounds anything to do
- 182
- 00:09:56,875 --> 00:09:59,166
- with extraterrestrial intelligent life,
- 183
- 00:09:59,208 --> 00:10:02,791
- any kind of effort to contact
- extraterrestrial life
- 184
- 00:10:02,833 --> 00:10:05,125
- is more fascinating than
- knowing the chemical makeup
- 185
- 00:10:05,166 --> 00:10:07,708
- of a mineral on Mars or something.
- 186
- 00:10:09,416 --> 00:10:12,208
- The record is an old-style LP recording.
- 187
- 00:10:12,250 --> 00:10:14,250
- The only difference is it's on metal,
- 188
- 00:10:14,291 --> 00:10:16,875
- and that's so it will last a long time.
- 189
- 00:10:16,916 --> 00:10:19,125
- And it was recorded at half-speed
- 190
- 00:10:19,166 --> 00:10:21,416
- so that gave us two hours of total time.
- 191
- 00:10:21,458 --> 00:10:23,791
- An hour and a half of it
- was devoted to music
- 192
- 00:10:23,833 --> 00:10:26,125
- and the other half hour contains
- 193
- 00:10:26,166 --> 00:10:28,125
- all of the other data on the record:
- 194
- 00:10:28,166 --> 00:10:31,541
- the natural sounds of Earth,
- the spoken greetings
- 195
- 00:10:31,583 --> 00:10:34,458
- and the encoded photographs of Earth.
- 196
- 00:10:34,500 --> 00:10:36,375
- One of the first
- questions a lot of people ask
- 197
- 00:10:36,416 --> 00:10:38,791
- is, well, they'll never
- figure out how to play it.
- 198
- 00:10:38,833 --> 00:10:41,041
- And in fact, we included
- 199
- 00:10:41,083 --> 00:10:44,000
- a cartridge and stylus
- in the package with the record,
- 200
- 00:10:44,041 --> 00:10:47,625
- and the drawing on the cover
- of the record shows the method
- 201
- 00:10:47,666 --> 00:10:50,708
- by which the stylus is to be
- placed on the record.
- 202
- 00:10:51,875 --> 00:10:53,583
- Maybe what's written on it
- 203
- 00:10:53,625 --> 00:10:56,166
- will seem like kindergarten
- scribbles to them,
- 204
- 00:10:56,208 --> 00:10:58,416
- but they should be able to figure it out
- 205
- 00:10:58,458 --> 00:11:02,041
- if they've got some smart minds
- or whatever's in their heads,
- 206
- 00:11:02,083 --> 00:11:03,416
- if they even have heads.
- 207
- 00:11:04,708 --> 00:11:06,125
- What I find interesting
- 208
- 00:11:06,166 --> 00:11:08,208
- is to protect it from the dust
- 209
- 00:11:08,250 --> 00:11:10,250
- and tiny particles of the journey,
- 210
- 00:11:10,291 --> 00:11:12,375
- they put a cover over it,
- 211
- 00:11:12,416 --> 00:11:18,000
- and on the cover was engraved
- the location of Earth,
- 212
- 00:11:18,041 --> 00:11:19,541
- our solar system,
- 213
- 00:11:19,583 --> 00:11:23,000
- in terms of its direction
- from different pulsars.
- 214
- 00:11:23,041 --> 00:11:24,875
- A lot of people said,
- well, why would you do that?
- 215
- 00:11:24,916 --> 00:11:26,333
- I said what do you mean?
- 216
- 00:11:26,375 --> 00:11:27,958
- They say, well, why would you
- announce where you are,
- 217
- 00:11:28,000 --> 00:11:29,458
- you know, because there
- are aliens out there,
- 218
- 00:11:29,500 --> 00:11:32,083
- that probably raid planets
- and use them for food
- 219
- 00:11:32,125 --> 00:11:33,625
- or eat the people or make them slaves.
- 220
- 00:11:33,666 --> 00:11:35,125
- You know, if they find it,
- 221
- 00:11:35,166 --> 00:11:37,000
- their technology is probably
- more advanced than ours,
- 222
- 00:11:37,041 --> 00:11:38,333
- they'll come here and destroy us,
- 223
- 00:11:38,375 --> 00:11:39,958
- so why would you do something like that.
- 224
- 00:11:40,000 --> 00:11:42,041
- Why would these people expose themselves
- 225
- 00:11:42,083 --> 00:11:44,125
- to our voracious appetite?
- 226
- 00:11:44,166 --> 00:11:46,250
- They must be very altruistic, you know?
- 227
- 00:11:58,333 --> 00:12:02,583
- In 1972, preparation
- for the mission got underway.
- 228
- 00:12:02,625 --> 00:12:04,583
- Other great journeys of discovery,
- 229
- 00:12:04,625 --> 00:12:07,291
- by Magellan, Columbus, Da Gama--
- 230
- 00:12:07,333 --> 00:12:09,583
- all involved more than one ship.
- 231
- 00:12:09,625 --> 00:12:11,875
- And so would Voyager.
- 232
- 00:12:11,916 --> 00:12:15,958
- Two spacecraft would be built,
- two chances for success.
- 233
- 00:12:17,250 --> 00:12:19,041
- One of the things I just admire most
- 234
- 00:12:19,083 --> 00:12:21,208
- about the engineers who built Voyager
- 235
- 00:12:21,250 --> 00:12:22,541
- is that they're always thinking
- 236
- 00:12:22,583 --> 00:12:26,083
- about the most improbable
- things happening.
- 237
- 00:12:26,125 --> 00:12:27,708
- You know, you want to take those people
- 238
- 00:12:27,750 --> 00:12:29,625
- on a camping trip with you
- because they will think of...
- 239
- 00:12:29,666 --> 00:12:31,250
- well, you've got to bring...
- 240
- 00:12:31,291 --> 00:12:33,500
- what if these bugs come out,
- what if the tent gets flooded,
- 241
- 00:12:33,541 --> 00:12:35,041
- what if you run out of gas,
- 242
- 00:12:35,083 --> 00:12:37,000
- what if you can't
- start the fire, you know.
- 243
- 00:12:37,041 --> 00:12:38,750
- They're the what if people,
- 244
- 00:12:38,791 --> 00:12:41,958
- and when you're sending
- something out into space
- 245
- 00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:45,333
- you can't go do a service call,
- you can't bring it back,
- 246
- 00:12:45,375 --> 00:12:49,125
- so your what if list
- had better be like that long
- 247
- 00:12:49,166 --> 00:12:53,083
- or you're not going to be able to survive.
- 248
- 00:12:57,375 --> 00:12:59,666
- These projects begin
- 249
- 00:12:59,708 --> 00:13:02,791
- with a conceptualization period.
- 250
- 00:13:03,958 --> 00:13:05,791
- How do we arrange the spacecraft,
- 251
- 00:13:05,833 --> 00:13:09,500
- how do we take the communications system,
- 252
- 00:13:09,541 --> 00:13:13,375
- this large 12-foot diameter fixed antenna,
- 253
- 00:13:13,416 --> 00:13:17,958
- and arrange it relative
- to the propulsion system?
- 254
- 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:21,375
- The spacecraft took on
- the dimension of being a child,
- 255
- 00:13:21,416 --> 00:13:25,125
- and our design teams, you know,
- were like kind of parents.
- 256
- 00:13:25,166 --> 00:13:29,000
- This was actually a nurturing process.
- 257
- 00:13:29,041 --> 00:13:34,958
- Bringing that "child",
- if you will, into reality.
- 258
- 00:13:36,791 --> 00:13:39,750
- All spacecraft are made
- basically of the same things,
- 259
- 00:13:39,791 --> 00:13:41,791
- silicon and aluminum, that's about it.
- 260
- 00:13:41,833 --> 00:13:43,708
- You know, that's probably 95% of it.
- 261
- 00:13:43,750 --> 00:13:45,625
- Silicon and aluminum is cheap
- 262
- 00:13:45,666 --> 00:13:48,166
- until you start making stuff
- out if it, you know.
- 263
- 00:13:49,750 --> 00:13:51,958
- 1972 was when
- you had the technology freeze,
- 264
- 00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:53,916
- remember we launched in 1977,
- 265
- 00:13:53,958 --> 00:13:56,291
- so you freeze technology
- several years earlier,
- 266
- 00:13:56,333 --> 00:13:59,250
- and at the time the biggest
- computers in the world
- 267
- 00:13:59,291 --> 00:14:00,958
- were comparable to the kinds of things
- 268
- 00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:02,791
- we have in our pockets today,
- 269
- 00:14:02,833 --> 00:14:05,125
- and I'm not talking about a cell phone.
- 270
- 00:14:05,166 --> 00:14:07,958
- I'm actually talking about a key fob.
- 271
- 00:14:08,000 --> 00:14:09,625
- What's wrong with 70s technology?
- 272
- 00:14:09,666 --> 00:14:14,583
- I mean, you're looking at me,
- I'm a 30s technology, right?
- 273
- 00:14:14,625 --> 00:14:16,583
- I don't apologize for the limitations
- 274
- 00:14:16,625 --> 00:14:18,625
- that we were working with at the time.
- 275
- 00:14:18,666 --> 00:14:22,458
- We milked the technology
- for what we could get from it.
- 276
- 00:14:23,666 --> 00:14:26,666
- Voyager is about 800 kilograms.
- 277
- 00:14:26,708 --> 00:14:29,333
- Its main antenna is 12 feet in diameter,
- 278
- 00:14:29,375 --> 00:14:31,333
- which was the largest we could launch.
- 279
- 00:14:31,375 --> 00:14:32,708
- There's this body,
- 280
- 00:14:32,750 --> 00:14:35,875
- this ten-sided can called The Bus,
- 281
- 00:14:35,916 --> 00:14:39,041
- and that's got all the
- electronics and the computers.
- 282
- 00:14:39,083 --> 00:14:42,291
- And that's got these arms and
- these appendages that stick out.
- 283
- 00:14:42,333 --> 00:14:44,916
- It has these feet
- that connected it to the rocket
- 284
- 00:14:44,958 --> 00:14:46,791
- and then a really long arm
- 285
- 00:14:46,833 --> 00:14:49,083
- with a magnetic field sensor
- on it over here
- 286
- 00:14:49,125 --> 00:14:51,875
- and another arm over there with
- this plutonium power supply
- 287
- 00:14:51,916 --> 00:14:53,375
- to give it its electricity.
- 288
- 00:14:53,416 --> 00:14:55,125
- You can't keep that too close
- to the spacecraft
- 289
- 00:14:55,166 --> 00:14:56,958
- because it will radiate the spacecraft.
- 290
- 00:14:57,000 --> 00:14:58,875
- And another arm with this device
- 291
- 00:14:58,916 --> 00:15:00,958
- that had the cameras
- and other instruments on it
- 292
- 00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:03,125
- that could point around,
- kind of like the eyes,
- 293
- 00:15:03,166 --> 00:15:06,666
- and the big antenna was the ears.
- 294
- 00:15:06,708 --> 00:15:08,583
- We had eleven scientific instruments
- 295
- 00:15:08,625 --> 00:15:11,791
- peeking out to see what's out there.
- 296
- 00:15:11,833 --> 00:15:13,666
- When everything is fully extended
- 297
- 00:15:13,708 --> 00:15:15,333
- to its greatest dimensions,
- 298
- 00:15:15,375 --> 00:15:18,666
- it's comparable in size
- to sort of a small school bus.
- 299
- 00:15:19,916 --> 00:15:23,166
- A strange-looking being for our planet,
- 300
- 00:15:23,208 --> 00:15:25,625
- but perfectly happy in space.
- 301
- 00:15:47,875 --> 00:15:49,541
- Beethoven's Fifth Symphony
- 302
- 00:15:49,583 --> 00:15:51,916
- was one of twenty-seven pieces of music
- 303
- 00:15:51,958 --> 00:15:54,083
- chosen for the Golden Record.
- 304
- 00:15:54,125 --> 00:15:58,125
- I became the producer
- of only one record in my career,
- 305
- 00:15:58,166 --> 00:15:59,833
- and only two copies of it were made,
- 306
- 00:15:59,875 --> 00:16:01,708
- and they were both hurled off the earth,
- 307
- 00:16:01,750 --> 00:16:03,708
- so I don't know if that's
- a credential or not.
- 308
- 00:16:07,291 --> 00:16:09,750
- The launch window for Voyager was set.
- 309
- 00:16:09,791 --> 00:16:13,041
- and they sure as hell weren't
- going to wait for the record.
- 310
- 00:16:14,625 --> 00:16:16,208
- We had six weeks to do it,
- 311
- 00:16:16,250 --> 00:16:18,625
- that's what always draws the biggest gasp,
- 312
- 00:16:18,666 --> 00:16:21,625
- that you had to figure out a way
- to explain the world to aliens,
- 313
- 00:16:21,666 --> 00:16:24,000
- and by the way it has to be
- finished in six weeks.
- 314
- 00:16:26,708 --> 00:16:29,791
- We had two goals
- in making the Voyager record,
- 315
- 00:16:29,833 --> 00:16:31,916
- we wanted the music to represent
- 316
- 00:16:31,958 --> 00:16:34,000
- many different cultures around the world
- 317
- 00:16:34,041 --> 00:16:36,583
- and not just the culture of the society
- 318
- 00:16:36,625 --> 00:16:39,291
- that had built and launched
- the spacecraft.
- 319
- 00:16:41,375 --> 00:16:45,000
- The other criterion was we
- wanted it to be a good record.
- 320
- 00:16:46,625 --> 00:16:48,916
- It's a very idiosyncratic message.
- 321
- 00:16:48,958 --> 00:16:51,125
- It doesn't seem like something
- made by a committee.
- 322
- 00:16:51,166 --> 00:16:52,583
- It's too quirky.
- 323
- 00:17:03,083 --> 00:17:04,875
- If you listen to the Voyager record,
- 324
- 00:17:04,916 --> 00:17:07,458
- it would be remarkable if you
- didn't hear some pieces of music
- 325
- 00:17:07,500 --> 00:17:09,958
- that were quite unlike anything
- you had heard before.
- 326
- 00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:12,000
- The Japanese shakuhachi piece
- 327
- 00:17:12,041 --> 00:17:15,208
- or the sixteen-year-old pygmy girl singing
- 328
- 00:17:15,250 --> 00:17:16,750
- what's called an initiation song,
- 329
- 00:17:16,791 --> 00:17:18,541
- a kind of puberty song,
- 330
- 00:17:18,583 --> 00:17:23,791
- in the Ituri forest of Africa
- is just unbelievably beautiful.
- 331
- 00:17:27,125 --> 00:17:28,416
- There was a certain amount
- 332
- 00:17:28,458 --> 00:17:32,666
- of hunting up rare records here and there.
- 333
- 00:17:32,708 --> 00:17:37,083
- I remember the back of an Indian
- appliance store in New York
- 334
- 00:17:37,125 --> 00:17:39,125
- where they had some Indian records,
- 335
- 00:17:39,166 --> 00:17:41,333
- and there was one copy of a raga
- 336
- 00:17:41,375 --> 00:17:43,791
- that we ended up putting on the record.
- 337
- 00:17:55,333 --> 00:17:57,291
- I would love
- to have had a Bob Dylan piece.
- 338
- 00:17:57,333 --> 00:17:59,250
- But really there's only room
- 339
- 00:17:59,291 --> 00:18:03,375
- for at most one contemporary rock piece.
- 340
- 00:18:05,250 --> 00:18:07,291
- But you know you're up against
- Chuck Berry's Johnny B. Goode,
- 341
- 00:18:07,333 --> 00:18:10,291
- which Bob Dylan himself would
- admit is an awfully good single.
- 342
- 00:18:10,333 --> 00:18:12,916
- It may be just four simple words,
- 343
- 00:18:12,958 --> 00:18:15,041
- but it is the first positive proof
- 344
- 00:18:15,083 --> 00:18:17,791
- that other intelligent beings
- inhabit the universe.
- 345
- 00:18:17,833 --> 00:18:20,083
- What are the four words, Cocuwa?
- 346
- 00:18:20,125 --> 00:18:22,708
- Send more Chuck Berry.
- 347
- 00:18:24,416 --> 00:18:27,166
- The world is full of fantastic music,
- 348
- 00:18:27,208 --> 00:18:29,541
- and it goes without saying
- there's a lot more great music
- 349
- 00:18:29,583 --> 00:18:33,000
- that's not on the Voyager
- record than there is on it.
- 350
- 00:18:33,041 --> 00:18:34,375
- Which is a good thing, too,
- 351
- 00:18:34,416 --> 00:18:36,458
- I mean, if you imagine living on a planet
- 352
- 00:18:36,500 --> 00:18:38,250
- that was so pathetic
- 353
- 00:18:38,291 --> 00:18:40,458
- that it only had 90 minutes
- of decent music.
- 354
- 00:18:41,875 --> 00:18:44,041
- In the summer of 1977,
- 355
- 00:18:44,083 --> 00:18:48,375
- final preparations for two
- launches began in Florida.
- 356
- 00:18:51,125 --> 00:18:52,500
- When it was launched,
- 357
- 00:18:52,541 --> 00:18:54,333
- it was of course all folded up,
- it was like origami.
- 358
- 00:18:56,583 --> 00:19:03,166
- Here was this almost
- unexpected encapsulation.
- 359
- 00:19:03,208 --> 00:19:05,708
- I mean, we knew that we were
- going to be encapsulated,
- 360
- 00:19:05,750 --> 00:19:09,208
- but the emotional effect on
- that was kind of surprising,
- 361
- 00:19:09,250 --> 00:19:13,208
- I noticed that in just looking around me.
- 362
- 00:19:13,250 --> 00:19:16,291
- I realized that this was the last time
- 363
- 00:19:16,333 --> 00:19:21,541
- any of us were going to see
- the spacecraft with eyes.
- 364
- 00:19:22,750 --> 00:19:27,875
- And, um, that's a f...
- 365
- 00:19:27,916 --> 00:19:32,000
- that's a fairly moving experience.
- 366
- 00:19:33,500 --> 00:19:35,958
- Journalists converged on Cape Canaveral
- 367
- 00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:39,333
- to cover a once in a lifetime mission.
- 368
- 00:19:39,375 --> 00:19:41,125
- When the reporters came to the launch,
- 369
- 00:19:41,166 --> 00:19:44,333
- they all wanted to know more
- about the record.
- 370
- 00:19:44,375 --> 00:19:46,708
- Most of the press release drawings
- 371
- 00:19:46,750 --> 00:19:48,708
- show the other side of the spacecraft
- 372
- 00:19:48,750 --> 00:19:50,375
- so you can't see the record.
- 373
- 00:19:50,416 --> 00:19:53,375
- There was always a lot of
- ambiguity in NASA about this.
- 374
- 00:19:53,416 --> 00:19:56,000
- There's no question that
- the Voyager record is useless
- 375
- 00:19:56,041 --> 00:19:58,000
- from a scientific standpoint,
- 376
- 00:19:58,041 --> 00:20:01,583
- and the officials reluctantly
- arranged a press conference.
- 377
- 00:20:05,458 --> 00:20:07,666
- The press conference was a joke really.
- 378
- 00:20:07,708 --> 00:20:10,041
- It was held in a hotel room
- 379
- 00:20:10,083 --> 00:20:13,416
- separated by one of those
- accordion folding barriers
- 380
- 00:20:13,458 --> 00:20:16,000
- from what was literally,
- as memory serves me,
- 381
- 00:20:16,041 --> 00:20:17,916
- a Polish wedding reception.
- 382
- 00:20:17,958 --> 00:20:19,666
- We did the whole press conference
- 383
- 00:20:19,708 --> 00:20:23,375
- with the oompah sound of
- a wedding reception next door.
- 384
- 00:20:23,416 --> 00:20:25,875
- But I think the public seemed to get it.
- 385
- 00:20:29,041 --> 00:20:30,708
- Environmental control, ready.
- 386
- 00:20:30,750 --> 00:20:32,083
- Roger.
- 387
- 00:20:32,125 --> 00:20:35,208
- We actually launched Voyager 2 first,
- 388
- 00:20:35,250 --> 00:20:40,333
- and this gave the media,
- uh, drove them nuts.
- 389
- 00:20:40,375 --> 00:20:42,625
- We launched Voyager 1 later,
- 390
- 00:20:42,666 --> 00:20:45,375
- but it was launched
- on a faster trajectory,
- 391
- 00:20:45,416 --> 00:20:49,583
- so it overtook Voyager 2
- in December of 1977.
- 392
- 00:20:49,625 --> 00:20:51,083
- From that point on, Voyager 1
- 393
- 00:20:51,125 --> 00:20:54,041
- always got to the planet before Voyager 2,
- 394
- 00:20:54,083 --> 00:20:56,000
- and the press was happy,
- they understood it.
- 395
- 00:20:56,041 --> 00:20:57,458
- We have just had a report
- 396
- 00:20:57,500 --> 00:21:01,041
- from John Casani,
- the Voyager project manager,
- 397
- 00:21:01,083 --> 00:21:04,958
- that we'll be able to count down at 10:25.
- 398
- 00:21:08,750 --> 00:21:10,541
- After five years of planning,
- 399
- 00:21:10,583 --> 00:21:13,916
- the assembly of the
- spacecraft's 65,000 parts
- 400
- 00:21:13,958 --> 00:21:16,625
- and untold mathematical calculations,
- 401
- 00:21:16,666 --> 00:21:18,208
- it all came down to this.
- 402
- 00:21:19,375 --> 00:21:25,208
- Five, four, three, two, one.
- 403
- 00:21:25,250 --> 00:21:28,625
- We have ignition and we have lift-off.
- 404
- 00:21:28,666 --> 00:21:31,208
- You see those solids ignite,
- 405
- 00:21:31,250 --> 00:21:34,333
- and you are really not prepared
- for what's about to occur.
- 406
- 00:21:37,125 --> 00:21:45,208
- The sound waves then catch up
- and then this forceful shaking,
- 407
- 00:21:45,250 --> 00:21:51,208
- the body is actually moved
- in resonance with this energy,
- 408
- 00:21:52,208 --> 00:21:53,916
- shaking it, right.
- 409
- 00:21:56,833 --> 00:21:58,333
- We were sitting in bleachers,
- 410
- 00:21:58,375 --> 00:22:01,041
- and they keep you pretty far
- from the launch vehicle
- 411
- 00:22:01,083 --> 00:22:04,166
- because they can explode, and
- it's basically, it's a big bomb.
- 412
- 00:22:04,208 --> 00:22:05,708
- So there's a little bit
- 413
- 00:22:05,750 --> 00:22:08,291
- of holding your breath and
- wanting to make sure you see it
- 414
- 00:22:08,333 --> 00:22:14,166
- get that first little motion off
- the pad starting into space.
- 415
- 00:22:14,208 --> 00:22:15,750
- We were all thinking this thought:
- 416
- 00:22:15,791 --> 00:22:18,875
- There it goes, it's going to be
- out there to represent us
- 417
- 00:22:18,916 --> 00:22:20,833
- for the next five billion years.
- 418
- 00:22:28,125 --> 00:22:31,708
- There were outbursts of joy.
- 419
- 00:22:31,750 --> 00:22:34,125
- We were on our way!
- 420
- 00:22:35,458 --> 00:22:36,958
- And then we launched it,
- 421
- 00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:39,000
- and then other things went crazy.
- 422
- 00:22:41,291 --> 00:22:43,208
- The spacecraft began to do things
- 423
- 00:22:43,250 --> 00:22:46,416
- that we had no expectation
- that it would have done.
- 424
- 00:22:46,458 --> 00:22:48,375
- Voyager was not in control of itself,
- 425
- 00:22:48,416 --> 00:22:50,250
- it's just riding this big rocket,
- 426
- 00:22:50,291 --> 00:22:51,916
- and that was shaking it in such a way
- 427
- 00:22:51,958 --> 00:22:54,000
- that it thought it was failing,
- 428
- 00:22:54,041 --> 00:22:56,291
- and so it started
- switching off various boxes,
- 429
- 00:22:56,333 --> 00:22:58,625
- changing to the back-up this,
- to the back-up that.
- 430
- 00:22:58,666 --> 00:23:01,000
- Trying to figure out why
- all this stuff was happening.
- 431
- 00:23:01,041 --> 00:23:03,000
- As the launch vehicle
- leaves the launchpad,
- 432
- 00:23:03,041 --> 00:23:05,458
- it has to roll through a certain angle
- 433
- 00:23:05,500 --> 00:23:08,333
- to get to the right direction
- for departure,
- 434
- 00:23:08,375 --> 00:23:11,333
- and the rate that it rolls at
- is a much higher rate
- 435
- 00:23:11,375 --> 00:23:14,541
- than the spacecraft would ever
- normally experience flying,
- 436
- 00:23:14,583 --> 00:23:17,500
- and so the gyro hits the stops.
- 437
- 00:23:17,541 --> 00:23:19,625
- Us poor people on Earth,
- 438
- 00:23:19,666 --> 00:23:22,416
- we're like, "what is it doing?"
- 439
- 00:23:22,458 --> 00:23:24,916
- For a couple of days
- it was a real nail-biter.
- 440
- 00:23:24,958 --> 00:23:27,291
- People were asking us,
- have you lost the spacecraft
- 441
- 00:23:27,333 --> 00:23:29,500
- and we would say we don't know for sure
- 442
- 00:23:29,541 --> 00:23:30,833
- because we didn't know for sure.
- 443
- 00:23:30,875 --> 00:23:34,666
- And the headline read "Mutiny in Space."
- 444
- 00:23:34,708 --> 00:23:36,791
- The Voyager spacecraft had decided
- 445
- 00:23:36,833 --> 00:23:39,208
- it just didn't want
- to follow the instructions
- 446
- 00:23:39,250 --> 00:23:41,041
- that its human controllers were giving it
- 447
- 00:23:41,083 --> 00:23:43,625
- and it was going to do
- what it wanted to do.
- 448
- 00:23:43,666 --> 00:23:45,625
- So early in the mission
- it's like, oh, man,
- 449
- 00:23:45,666 --> 00:23:48,291
- is this mission going to be
- plagued with problems?
- 450
- 00:23:48,333 --> 00:23:51,916
- Is there some fundamental flaw
- in the design?
- 451
- 00:23:51,958 --> 00:23:54,791
- That was a cliff hanger.
- 452
- 00:23:54,833 --> 00:23:56,458
- That was the end of the mission.
- 453
- 00:23:56,500 --> 00:23:58,250
- It could have been the end of the mission.
- 454
- 00:23:59,375 --> 00:24:01,083
- Fortunately, the person
- 455
- 00:24:01,125 --> 00:24:02,916
- who had written that code
- 456
- 00:24:02,958 --> 00:24:06,583
- was able to say this is okay,
- it's doing this, it tried that,
- 457
- 00:24:06,625 --> 00:24:10,666
- it's doing this, it tried that
- and calm everyone else down.
- 458
- 00:24:15,125 --> 00:24:17,166
- The limits were set simply too tight.
- 459
- 00:24:17,208 --> 00:24:23,208
- It needed to be able to
- wiggle more and vibrate more.
- 460
- 00:24:23,250 --> 00:24:27,666
- Finally stabilized,
- Voyager 2 was bound for Jupiter.
- 461
- 00:24:27,708 --> 00:24:30,458
- The launch of Voyager 1
- was coming up fast,
- 462
- 00:24:30,500 --> 00:24:31,750
- so the team scrambled
- 463
- 00:24:31,791 --> 00:24:33,875
- to fine-tune the spacecraft's software
- 464
- 00:24:33,916 --> 00:24:36,125
- to head off another mutiny.
- 465
- 00:24:36,166 --> 00:24:38,125
- With the launch window closing soon,
- 466
- 00:24:38,166 --> 00:24:40,000
- Voyager 1 finally took off.
- 467
- 00:24:41,583 --> 00:24:45,666
- But rocket science
- is famously complicated.
- 468
- 00:24:45,708 --> 00:24:47,875
- Centaur 6, Titan Centaur 6
- 469
- 00:24:47,916 --> 00:24:49,458
- has lifted off at 8:56 from here
- 470
- 00:24:49,500 --> 00:24:51,875
- at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station...
- 471
- 00:24:51,916 --> 00:24:53,458
- We're thinking everything's okay,
- 472
- 00:24:53,500 --> 00:24:56,875
- and then we begin to hear
- that something wasn't right.
- 473
- 00:24:56,916 --> 00:24:58,416
- I looked over at him
- 474
- 00:24:58,458 --> 00:24:59,916
- and he looked like he was
- a little worried, you know.
- 475
- 00:24:59,958 --> 00:25:01,416
- And I said, "what's the matter, Charley?"
- 476
- 00:25:01,458 --> 00:25:02,916
- And he says, "I don't know,
- 477
- 00:25:02,958 --> 00:25:05,875
- I don't think we're
- going to make it, you know."
- 478
- 00:25:05,916 --> 00:25:07,916
- There was a leak in the propellant line,
- 479
- 00:25:07,958 --> 00:25:09,833
- and we were losing propellant overboard,
- 480
- 00:25:09,875 --> 00:25:11,541
- so while it was burning,
- 481
- 00:25:11,583 --> 00:25:13,458
- propellant was escaping
- from the launch vehicle
- 482
- 00:25:13,500 --> 00:25:16,583
- and second stage never got
- to deliver its full thrust
- 483
- 00:25:16,625 --> 00:25:18,458
- because it ran out of fuel.
- 484
- 00:25:18,500 --> 00:25:20,750
- And so, the upper stage
- which was a Centaur
- 485
- 00:25:20,791 --> 00:25:23,458
- liquid hydrogen and oxygen stage
- 486
- 00:25:23,500 --> 00:25:24,958
- had to make up for that.
- 487
- 00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:26,458
- And the Centaur is the stage
- 488
- 00:25:26,500 --> 00:25:27,708
- that's doing the guidance,
- 489
- 00:25:27,750 --> 00:25:29,125
- so the Centaur knows
- 490
- 00:25:29,166 --> 00:25:31,333
- that it's not reaching
- the required velocity,
- 491
- 00:25:31,375 --> 00:25:34,541
- and when it separates
- from the second stage
- 492
- 00:25:34,583 --> 00:25:39,333
- it knows it has to burn longer
- to add more velocity.
- 493
- 00:25:39,375 --> 00:25:41,750
- The Centaur had to use
- 494
- 00:25:41,791 --> 00:25:44,500
- 1,200 pounds of extra propellant.
- 495
- 00:25:46,125 --> 00:25:47,708
- Now we're all thinking
- 496
- 00:25:47,750 --> 00:25:50,708
- is it going to have enough
- left in the tanks
- 497
- 00:25:50,750 --> 00:25:52,791
- or is it going to run out of fuel?
- 498
- 00:25:55,416 --> 00:26:00,208
- Fortunately, it had three and a
- half seconds of thrusting left
- 499
- 00:26:00,250 --> 00:26:02,916
- before it had run to fuel depletion.
- 500
- 00:26:02,958 --> 00:26:04,875
- Three and a half seconds,
- 501
- 00:26:04,916 --> 00:26:08,083
- so Voyager 1 just barely made it.
- 502
- 00:26:08,125 --> 00:26:09,666
- It wouldn't have gotten enough velocity
- 503
- 00:26:09,708 --> 00:26:11,125
- to get to Jupiter, you know,
- 504
- 00:26:11,166 --> 00:26:12,833
- so instead of getting
- to Jupiter, you know,
- 505
- 00:26:12,875 --> 00:26:14,500
- we'd have gotten almost to Jupiter
- 506
- 00:26:14,541 --> 00:26:16,458
- and then we'd come back toward the sun,
- 507
- 00:26:16,500 --> 00:26:18,708
- which would not have been good.
- 508
- 00:26:37,500 --> 00:26:40,958
- And then of course,
- you know, there's the thought
- 509
- 00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:42,041
- that it's out of our hands.
- 510
- 00:26:45,458 --> 00:26:51,500
- Now the major reason for this
- mission was about to unfold,
- 511
- 00:26:51,541 --> 00:26:53,083
- that is the science.
- 512
- 00:26:54,041 --> 00:27:00,291
- But our role as keepers,
- 513
- 00:27:01,250 --> 00:27:03,625
- as progenitors, as...
- 514
- 00:27:03,666 --> 00:27:06,666
- our role had been finished.
- 515
- 00:27:52,208 --> 00:27:53,750
- Thanks to the dedicated work
- 516
- 00:27:53,791 --> 00:27:56,958
- of hundreds of the world's best
- scientists and engineers,
- 517
- 00:27:57,000 --> 00:28:00,875
- the twin Voyagers had at last
- embarked on their odyssey
- 518
- 00:28:00,916 --> 00:28:02,916
- across the solar system.
- 519
- 00:28:02,958 --> 00:28:07,541
- The first leg was almost
- 400 million miles to Jupiter.
- 520
- 00:28:07,583 --> 00:28:10,791
- You can never really imagine,
- 521
- 00:28:10,833 --> 00:28:12,791
- you can try, but you can
- never really imagine
- 522
- 00:28:12,833 --> 00:28:17,583
- what mother nature
- will actually have in store
- 523
- 00:28:17,625 --> 00:28:19,208
- when you get there.
- 524
- 00:28:35,958 --> 00:28:38,416
- It's worth realizing
- that a human life ago,
- 525
- 00:28:38,458 --> 00:28:40,708
- less than 100 years ago, 87 years ago,
- 526
- 00:28:40,750 --> 00:28:43,750
- the universe consisted of one,
- of one galaxy,
- 527
- 00:28:43,791 --> 00:28:45,333
- our Milky Way galaxy,
- 528
- 00:28:45,375 --> 00:28:49,208
- in a static eternal universe
- with eternal empty space.
- 529
- 00:28:49,250 --> 00:28:51,916
- We didn't know about the other
- hundred billion galaxies
- 530
- 00:28:51,958 --> 00:28:53,500
- a single human lifetime ago.
- 531
- 00:28:55,583 --> 00:28:57,583
- In January 1979,
- 532
- 00:28:57,625 --> 00:29:01,500
- Voyager 1 was coming up on its
- first planetary encounter,
- 533
- 00:29:04,375 --> 00:29:07,208
- and Voyager 2 was four months behind.
- 534
- 00:29:10,750 --> 00:29:14,750
- It seems like time really flew.
- 535
- 00:29:14,791 --> 00:29:18,125
- I don't think we really fully understood
- 536
- 00:29:18,166 --> 00:29:20,000
- before the first Jupiter encounter
- 537
- 00:29:20,041 --> 00:29:21,666
- just how intense it was going to be.
- 538
- 00:29:21,708 --> 00:29:22,916
- No, we didn't.
- 539
- 00:29:24,125 --> 00:29:27,333
- We found out.
- 540
- 00:29:27,375 --> 00:29:30,458
- You start working on a mission in 1972,
- 541
- 00:29:30,500 --> 00:29:35,291
- you launch in 1977,
- all of that there's no science,
- 542
- 00:29:35,333 --> 00:29:37,083
- it's all getting ready.
- 543
- 00:29:37,125 --> 00:29:40,416
- And then March '79: the flood.
- 544
- 00:29:55,875 --> 00:29:58,958
- The encounters, they creep up on you.
- 545
- 00:30:01,208 --> 00:30:03,208
- When we were approaching, every picture
- 546
- 00:30:03,250 --> 00:30:05,583
- was the greatest picture
- ever taken of Jupiter.
- 547
- 00:30:06,708 --> 00:30:08,375
- In the beginning,
- 548
- 00:30:08,416 --> 00:30:09,666
- it would be just a little dot
- 549
- 00:30:09,708 --> 00:30:12,041
- getting bigger on the screen every day,
- 550
- 00:30:12,083 --> 00:30:14,958
- and as we would get closer and closer
- 551
- 00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:18,750
- the images became more dramatic.
- 552
- 00:30:18,791 --> 00:30:21,083
- Incredibly strange and beautiful,
- 553
- 00:30:21,125 --> 00:30:27,833
- and now by Voyager revealed
- in all of its splendor.
- 554
- 00:30:27,875 --> 00:30:30,250
- That acceleration as
- you're approaching encounters
- 555
- 00:30:30,291 --> 00:30:32,833
- is really something that
- becomes very, very exciting.
- 556
- 00:30:32,875 --> 00:30:34,833
- We called it drinking
- out of a fire hose, you know,
- 557
- 00:30:34,875 --> 00:30:36,041
- you're trying to take a little sip,
- 558
- 00:30:36,083 --> 00:30:38,791
- and this torrent of data is coming out.
- 559
- 00:30:40,875 --> 00:30:42,250
- Would someone care to speculate
- 560
- 00:30:42,291 --> 00:30:44,791
- what you would say to Galileo Galilei
- 561
- 00:30:44,833 --> 00:30:47,750
- if he walked into the room today?
- 562
- 00:30:47,791 --> 00:30:50,708
- How... how, how are you
- able to live so long?
- 563
- 00:30:55,958 --> 00:30:57,666
- I think Galileo...
- 564
- 00:30:57,708 --> 00:31:00,000
- Jupiter is more than ten
- times the diameter of Earth,
- 565
- 00:31:00,041 --> 00:31:02,708
- it's huge, and it's mainly
- hydrogen and helium;
- 566
- 00:31:02,750 --> 00:31:04,375
- there are no solid surface
- on these planets.
- 567
- 00:31:04,416 --> 00:31:08,208
- These planets are liquid,
- gas and liquid deep inside.
- 568
- 00:31:08,250 --> 00:31:10,083
- The gas is compressed
- 569
- 00:31:10,125 --> 00:31:11,291
- the farther down you go,
- 570
- 00:31:11,333 --> 00:31:13,750
- and it gets very hot indeed
- 571
- 00:31:13,791 --> 00:31:17,875
- and you would melt, vaporize, in fact,
- 572
- 00:31:17,916 --> 00:31:20,416
- if you tried to fly through Jupiter.
- 573
- 00:31:20,458 --> 00:31:22,416
- Let me first modify your statement,
- 574
- 00:31:22,458 --> 00:31:24,125
- not that it was wrong...
- 575
- 00:31:24,166 --> 00:31:27,416
- The atmospheric
- scientists got long-range views
- 576
- 00:31:27,458 --> 00:31:30,500
- because we weren't looking at tiny moons,
- 577
- 00:31:30,541 --> 00:31:32,958
- we were looking at the big planet,
- 578
- 00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:35,000
- and so we could see things going on
- 579
- 00:31:35,041 --> 00:31:38,333
- before the other groups could see things,
- 580
- 00:31:38,375 --> 00:31:42,041
- and we were always the first
- to start shouting.
- 581
- 00:31:43,666 --> 00:31:48,083
- Even to this day
- we don't fly color detectors.
- 582
- 00:31:48,125 --> 00:31:52,166
- You get a much higher-resolution
- image in black and white,
- 583
- 00:31:52,208 --> 00:31:54,083
- and so when we want to make color,
- 584
- 00:31:54,125 --> 00:31:55,833
- we take them through different filters
- 585
- 00:31:55,875 --> 00:31:57,708
- and then on the ground you put it together
- 586
- 00:31:57,750 --> 00:31:59,958
- and make a color image out of it.
- 587
- 00:32:05,833 --> 00:32:07,708
- You go to Jupiter
- 588
- 00:32:07,750 --> 00:32:10,625
- and you have a storm that's been
- around for more than 300 years,
- 589
- 00:32:10,666 --> 00:32:12,208
- that's the Great Red Spot.
- 590
- 00:32:12,250 --> 00:32:16,583
- You could fit two or three
- Earths inside it.
- 591
- 00:32:16,625 --> 00:32:19,125
- When Voyager started getting
- close-up images,
- 592
- 00:32:19,166 --> 00:32:21,875
- we realized that it was very active,
- 593
- 00:32:21,916 --> 00:32:23,958
- and that deepened the mystery
- 594
- 00:32:24,000 --> 00:32:27,083
- of how these big storms could even exist
- 595
- 00:32:27,125 --> 00:32:31,083
- with all this turbulence going on.
- 596
- 00:32:31,125 --> 00:32:35,250
- It was swallowing up
- clouds and spitting out others.
- 597
- 00:32:35,291 --> 00:32:40,833
- We knew that it was a vortex,
- but to see it in action...
- 598
- 00:32:40,875 --> 00:32:43,708
- Another feature of
- Jupiter's dynamic environment
- 599
- 00:32:43,750 --> 00:32:46,291
- posed a great danger to Voyager.
- 600
- 00:32:46,333 --> 00:32:50,208
- Powerful radiation might destroy
- the spacecraft's electronics.
- 601
- 00:32:51,666 --> 00:32:52,958
- Every day you're wondering
- 602
- 00:32:53,000 --> 00:32:54,708
- did we build the spacecraft well enough?
- 603
- 00:32:54,750 --> 00:32:57,208
- Did we anticipate all the possible things
- 604
- 00:32:57,250 --> 00:32:58,833
- that could go wrong?
- 605
- 00:33:06,500 --> 00:33:09,083
- You're approaching
- this monster magnetic field,
- 606
- 00:33:09,125 --> 00:33:12,250
- this monster radiation
- environment on purpose,
- 607
- 00:33:12,291 --> 00:33:14,250
- because you need to get close
- because you want to see
- 608
- 00:33:14,291 --> 00:33:17,208
- all the little moons
- and the clouds and the storms
- 609
- 00:33:17,250 --> 00:33:19,958
- and you want to slingshot on to Saturn,
- 610
- 00:33:20,000 --> 00:33:23,000
- but you just don't know
- if you're going to survive.
- 611
- 00:33:23,041 --> 00:33:24,500
- Thing gets fried, you lose the mission.
- 612
- 00:33:24,541 --> 00:33:26,708
- Still out there physically
- intact probably,
- 613
- 00:33:26,750 --> 00:33:30,291
- but unable to communicate
- with it, the mission's over.
- 614
- 00:33:30,333 --> 00:33:34,041
- Two months before
- shipping to the Cape for launch,
- 615
- 00:33:34,083 --> 00:33:36,541
- the scientists were predicting
- 616
- 00:33:36,583 --> 00:33:39,500
- that the magnetic fields around Jupiter
- 617
- 00:33:39,541 --> 00:33:44,125
- were intense enough that they
- would accelerate particles.
- 618
- 00:33:44,166 --> 00:33:47,875
- Whoa! We were hearing
- initially 40,000 volts,
- 619
- 00:33:47,916 --> 00:33:51,083
- that would be the end of our spacecraft.
- 620
- 00:33:51,125 --> 00:33:54,541
- Cabling on these appendages
- were conductors
- 621
- 00:33:54,583 --> 00:33:56,458
- that would take these destroying pulses
- 622
- 00:33:56,500 --> 00:34:00,208
- and just feed them right
- into our systems and kill us,
- 623
- 00:34:00,250 --> 00:34:03,291
- so we needed to ground everything.
- 624
- 00:34:04,125 --> 00:34:05,333
- We didn't have time
- 625
- 00:34:05,375 --> 00:34:08,041
- to go through the normal design reviews,
- 626
- 00:34:08,083 --> 00:34:11,916
- so in order to get this
- protection done quickly enough,
- 627
- 00:34:11,958 --> 00:34:14,750
- an ad hoc team was formed
- 628
- 00:34:14,791 --> 00:34:17,250
- and we did some things
- that were out of the ordinary,
- 629
- 00:34:17,291 --> 00:34:19,958
- very out of the ordinary.
- 630
- 00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:22,583
- I can remember asking
- one of the technicians
- 631
- 00:34:22,625 --> 00:34:25,958
- to go out and buy aluminum foil.
- 632
- 00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:28,875
- It was the only material
- that was available to us.
- 633
- 00:34:28,916 --> 00:34:35,125
- Normally our procurement of
- spacecraft hardware supplies,
- 634
- 00:34:35,166 --> 00:34:40,708
- materials, are a much more
- sophisticated process.
- 635
- 00:34:40,750 --> 00:34:43,750
- We're actually cutting continuous strips
- 636
- 00:34:43,791 --> 00:34:47,333
- and then cleaning them
- with wipes and alcohol
- 637
- 00:34:47,375 --> 00:34:52,125
- and then finally wrapping these
- on all of our exterior cabling,
- 638
- 00:34:52,166 --> 00:34:55,291
- but yeah, same material that's
- in your Christmas turkey.
- 639
- 00:34:57,000 --> 00:34:59,583
- I don't think we created
- any shortage per se.
- 640
- 00:34:59,625 --> 00:35:01,958
- It may have been a local shortage
- 641
- 00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:04,375
- in the local grocery store for a few days
- 642
- 00:35:04,416 --> 00:35:06,208
- until they reordered right.
- 643
- 00:35:06,250 --> 00:35:09,166
- Your turkey wrapping
- is protecting Voyager,
- 644
- 00:35:09,208 --> 00:35:11,875
- and now fast forward, you know,
- 645
- 00:35:11,916 --> 00:35:15,083
- did we know whether we had done enough?
- 646
- 00:35:20,000 --> 00:35:22,208
- Voyager survived the onslaught
- 647
- 00:35:22,250 --> 00:35:26,916
- and went on to record signals
- that led to a discovery.
- 648
- 00:35:26,958 --> 00:35:28,791
- If you had the right kind of antennas
- 649
- 00:35:28,833 --> 00:35:31,875
- on your ears, you could go out
- and hear what we record.
- 650
- 00:35:32,958 --> 00:35:34,625
- I'm going to call them radio sounds
- 651
- 00:35:34,666 --> 00:35:37,208
- because we have to detect them
- with antennas.
- 652
- 00:35:37,250 --> 00:35:40,708
- Amazingly we heard all kinds of sounds.
- 653
- 00:35:43,958 --> 00:35:45,333
- Whistlers.
- 654
- 00:35:45,375 --> 00:35:48,291
- These things that go like that.
- 655
- 00:35:49,333 --> 00:35:51,750
- Yeah, whistlers mean lightning.
- 656
- 00:35:51,791 --> 00:35:54,125
- There are lightning flashes at Jupiter
- 657
- 00:35:54,166 --> 00:35:55,583
- that would go halfway
- 658
- 00:35:55,625 --> 00:35:57,250
- from the east coast of the United States
- 659
- 00:35:57,291 --> 00:35:58,833
- to the west coast.
- 660
- 00:35:58,875 --> 00:36:00,750
- That was the first detection of lightning
- 661
- 00:36:00,791 --> 00:36:03,291
- on a planet other than Earth.
- 662
- 00:36:03,333 --> 00:36:05,000
- The two Voyagers were poised
- 663
- 00:36:05,041 --> 00:36:07,333
- to study Jupiter's little known moons.
- 664
- 00:36:11,583 --> 00:36:13,875
- Having picked up 36,000 miles an hour
- 665
- 00:36:13,916 --> 00:36:16,125
- from Jupiter's gravity assist,
- 666
- 00:36:16,166 --> 00:36:18,375
- the spacecraft were now traveling fast.
- 667
- 00:36:20,583 --> 00:36:22,500
- When you're on a flyby mission,
- 668
- 00:36:22,541 --> 00:36:25,208
- there ain't no second chance.
- 669
- 00:36:25,250 --> 00:36:26,666
- We were getting pictures,
- 670
- 00:36:26,708 --> 00:36:28,083
- they were getting better and better,
- 671
- 00:36:28,125 --> 00:36:30,375
- and you could begin to see detail
- 672
- 00:36:30,416 --> 00:36:32,125
- as these moons got bigger.
- 673
- 00:36:32,166 --> 00:36:35,125
- You know the dread you have
- is that you don't want to see
- 674
- 00:36:35,166 --> 00:36:36,958
- a lot of worlds that look
- like Earth's moon.
- 675
- 00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:38,500
- Let's face it, it's dull.
- 676
- 00:36:38,541 --> 00:36:41,458
- I think everyone figured they would be
- 677
- 00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:46,041
- just battered ice-balls, you know,
- 678
- 00:36:46,083 --> 00:36:47,750
- kind of like the highlands of the moon,
- 679
- 00:36:47,791 --> 00:36:49,708
- nothing but impact craters.
- 680
- 00:36:49,750 --> 00:36:51,125
- And when we saw Callisto,
- 681
- 00:36:51,166 --> 00:36:53,500
- basically it's totally hammered, right,
- 682
- 00:36:53,541 --> 00:36:55,333
- it's saturated with impact craters.
- 683
- 00:36:55,375 --> 00:36:59,583
- Ganymede shows a lot of
- interesting grooves and ridges,
- 684
- 00:36:59,625 --> 00:37:03,208
- but it's pretty blasted
- with impact craters.
- 685
- 00:37:03,250 --> 00:37:05,166
- Every crater lasts for eons
- 686
- 00:37:05,208 --> 00:37:08,833
- because no forces were present
- to resculpt the surface.
- 687
- 00:37:10,333 --> 00:37:13,708
- The first two moons were dormant worlds.
- 688
- 00:37:13,750 --> 00:37:17,333
- And then as we went into the inner two...
- 689
- 00:37:17,375 --> 00:37:20,333
- You could not see
- craters on either one of them.
- 690
- 00:37:20,375 --> 00:37:21,791
- Well, this was encouraging,
- 691
- 00:37:21,833 --> 00:37:24,333
- because now we think maybe this mission
- 692
- 00:37:24,375 --> 00:37:27,375
- is going to find a lot of diversity.
- 693
- 00:37:27,416 --> 00:37:32,708
- Discovering this
- billiard ball smooth icy crust
- 694
- 00:37:32,750 --> 00:37:34,833
- of Europa with cracks in it
- 695
- 00:37:34,875 --> 00:37:37,000
- and what looked like plates of ice
- 696
- 00:37:37,041 --> 00:37:39,458
- that might be moving
- relative to each other,
- 697
- 00:37:39,500 --> 00:37:41,125
- the best explanation for that
- 698
- 00:37:41,166 --> 00:37:44,291
- is that there's a thick ocean
- of liquid water, salty water
- 699
- 00:37:44,333 --> 00:37:47,666
- underneath that icy crust.
- 700
- 00:37:47,708 --> 00:37:49,958
- More ocean water than on the entire Earth,
- 701
- 00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:51,333
- probably two or three times.
- 702
- 00:37:51,375 --> 00:37:53,541
- It's the largest ocean in the solar system
- 703
- 00:37:53,583 --> 00:37:55,708
- in a moon going around Jupiter.
- 704
- 00:37:55,750 --> 00:37:57,208
- And then of course, you know,
- 705
- 00:37:57,250 --> 00:38:00,833
- kind of the showstopper
- for Voyager, we get to Io.
- 706
- 00:38:00,875 --> 00:38:03,458
- Io, of course, Io was the star of the show
- 707
- 00:38:03,500 --> 00:38:07,166
- and we didn't learn that
- until after the encounter.
- 708
- 00:38:08,833 --> 00:38:10,708
- Everyone had gone home,
- 709
- 00:38:10,750 --> 00:38:14,208
- and Linda Morabito, an engineer whose job
- 710
- 00:38:14,250 --> 00:38:18,125
- was to find out the positioning
- and the orbit of the spacecraft,
- 711
- 00:38:18,166 --> 00:38:22,666
- noticed some bumps on images of Io.
- 712
- 00:38:22,708 --> 00:38:24,375
- I was on the mission
- 713
- 00:38:24,416 --> 00:38:26,666
- as a mission navigator,
- 714
- 00:38:26,708 --> 00:38:29,708
- and our job involved just looking back
- 715
- 00:38:29,750 --> 00:38:32,375
- over the shoulder of the spacecraft
- 716
- 00:38:32,416 --> 00:38:36,375
- to say, "Okay, one more picture
- of the realm of Jupiter,"
- 717
- 00:38:36,416 --> 00:38:39,125
- so it wasn't high-priority work.
- 718
- 00:38:39,166 --> 00:38:42,250
- It was an optical navigation image,
- 719
- 00:38:42,291 --> 00:38:47,208
- and Linda saw this strange
- thing on the limb.
- 720
- 00:38:47,250 --> 00:38:51,291
- An enormous object emerged, enormous.
- 721
- 00:38:51,333 --> 00:38:54,833
- And the first thing I said
- to myself: "What is that?"
- 722
- 00:38:54,875 --> 00:38:59,916
- And I'm like it looks
- like another satellite
- 723
- 00:38:59,958 --> 00:39:04,041
- in the picture emerging from behind Io.
- 724
- 00:39:04,083 --> 00:39:08,083
- An object that size, at that
- range, at that distance,
- 725
- 00:39:08,125 --> 00:39:11,958
- would have been seen from Earth,
- it was sufficiently large.
- 726
- 00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:14,833
- I felt with certainty,
- it's the only thing I knew,
- 727
- 00:39:14,875 --> 00:39:17,500
- that I was seeing something that
- had never been seen before.
- 728
- 00:39:18,583 --> 00:39:22,791
- This was an umbrella-shaped plume
- 729
- 00:39:22,833 --> 00:39:28,666
- rising 250 kilometers
- above the surface of Io
- 730
- 00:39:28,708 --> 00:39:31,333
- with volcanic activity.
- 731
- 00:39:34,416 --> 00:39:39,958
- I found the very first evidence
- of active volcanism
- 732
- 00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:41,791
- on a world beyond the Earth.
- 733
- 00:39:46,625 --> 00:39:48,750
- It was so hard to
- believe that a little moon
- 734
- 00:39:48,791 --> 00:39:50,958
- could have 10 times
- the volcanic activity of Earth,
- 735
- 00:39:51,000 --> 00:39:52,833
- which was the only known active volcanoes
- 736
- 00:39:52,875 --> 00:39:54,958
- in the solar system were here on Earth.
- 737
- 00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:56,208
- And then there's Io.
- 738
- 00:39:56,250 --> 00:39:58,625
- Suddenly we had realized
- 739
- 00:39:58,666 --> 00:40:01,750
- this was a different journey we were on.
- 740
- 00:40:01,791 --> 00:40:03,666
- Io's volcanoes can shoot lava
- 741
- 00:40:03,708 --> 00:40:06,125
- over 200 miles into space.
- 742
- 00:40:06,166 --> 00:40:08,791
- These eruptions are powered
- by Jupiter's gravity,
- 743
- 00:40:08,833 --> 00:40:12,708
- which endlessly compresses
- and releases the moon.
- 744
- 00:40:12,750 --> 00:40:14,291
- I wanted to say one other thing,
- 745
- 00:40:14,333 --> 00:40:16,166
- we've been saying that perhaps
- there's some funny way
- 746
- 00:40:16,208 --> 00:40:18,833
- in which Jupiter gobbles up all
- the things that are coming in
- 747
- 00:40:18,875 --> 00:40:20,875
- and doesn't let Io be hit by any.
- 748
- 00:40:20,916 --> 00:40:24,500
- Well, we aimed a spacecraft
- and went very close,
- 749
- 00:40:24,541 --> 00:40:27,833
- and had we missed we would have
- made the first impact crater.
- 750
- 00:40:29,416 --> 00:40:33,666
- The flyby is basically a week-long affair
- 751
- 00:40:33,708 --> 00:40:36,666
- that's 24 hours a day.
- 752
- 00:40:36,708 --> 00:40:38,083
- It's intense.
- 753
- 00:40:38,125 --> 00:40:40,833
- There will be a Voyager report
- 754
- 00:40:40,875 --> 00:40:42,666
- in 30 seconds.
- 755
- 00:40:51,208 --> 00:40:52,750
- Instant science,
- 756
- 00:40:52,791 --> 00:40:54,583
- because there's going to be
- a press conference that night.
- 757
- 00:40:54,625 --> 00:40:56,250
- This picture comes down,
- 758
- 00:40:56,291 --> 00:40:58,791
- and you've got three hours
- to figure out what's going on
- 759
- 00:40:58,833 --> 00:41:00,666
- and then tell the world about it.
- 760
- 00:41:00,708 --> 00:41:03,791
- Oh, no pressure there, right?
- 761
- 00:41:03,833 --> 00:41:06,250
- The confines of being a piece of biology
- 762
- 00:41:06,291 --> 00:41:07,625
- got in the way of that.
- 763
- 00:41:07,666 --> 00:41:09,500
- I mean, you got hungry,
- you got tired, you know,
- 764
- 00:41:09,541 --> 00:41:10,750
- you had to go to the bathroom,
- 765
- 00:41:10,791 --> 00:41:12,458
- I mean, you're going to miss something,
- 766
- 00:41:12,500 --> 00:41:14,083
- you don't want to miss anything
- 767
- 00:41:14,125 --> 00:41:16,708
- because every 48 seconds
- a new image would come down.
- 768
- 00:41:21,375 --> 00:41:24,291
- No one got any sleep
- during one of these flybys
- 769
- 00:41:24,333 --> 00:41:27,375
- when the spacecraft would go zooming past.
- 770
- 00:41:27,416 --> 00:41:30,833
- The photo labs were working day and night,
- 771
- 00:41:30,875 --> 00:41:34,083
- and people were sleeping in their cars.
- 772
- 00:41:39,708 --> 00:41:43,625
- It was just way too
- exciting to... to sleep.
- 773
- 00:41:54,458 --> 00:41:56,250
- During its Jupiter encounter,
- 774
- 00:41:56,291 --> 00:41:58,750
- Voyager revealed a feature
- of the giant planet
- 775
- 00:41:58,791 --> 00:42:00,791
- never seen before.
- 776
- 00:42:02,333 --> 00:42:03,875
- Jupiter had something in common
- 777
- 00:42:03,916 --> 00:42:06,708
- with its flashier neighbor, Saturn.
- 778
- 00:42:06,750 --> 00:42:10,791
- The engineer in
- charge of the camera came in,
- 779
- 00:42:10,833 --> 00:42:14,416
- and he was like, "Candy,
- what have you done?
- 780
- 00:42:14,458 --> 00:42:16,791
- What is the matter with our camera?"
- 781
- 00:42:16,833 --> 00:42:20,625
- And I looked at it and went,
- ah, it's Jupiter's ring.
- 782
- 00:42:22,916 --> 00:42:26,000
- It went from being
- you've broken the camera
- 783
- 00:42:26,041 --> 00:42:29,958
- to, "This is the first picture
- ever of Jupiter's ring."
- 784
- 00:42:37,541 --> 00:42:38,750
- Jupiter was a game-changer.
- 785
- 00:42:38,791 --> 00:42:40,875
- Jupiter reset all the registers.
- 786
- 00:42:40,916 --> 00:42:42,833
- Now we're really up for something.
- 787
- 00:42:43,958 --> 00:42:45,458
- And to know that this was just
- 788
- 00:42:45,500 --> 00:42:48,041
- the very, very beginning of this journey.
- 789
- 00:42:48,083 --> 00:42:50,166
- If we're blown away by Jupiter,
- 790
- 00:42:50,208 --> 00:42:52,041
- just wait until we get to Saturn.
- 791
- 00:42:59,541 --> 00:43:02,291
- The journey to
- Saturn would take over a year
- 792
- 00:43:02,333 --> 00:43:04,125
- and bring Voyager and its message
- 793
- 00:43:04,166 --> 00:43:07,291
- one tiny step closer to other stars
- 794
- 00:43:07,333 --> 00:43:08,916
- where, just possibly,
- 795
- 00:43:08,958 --> 00:43:11,375
- intelligent aliens might discover it.
- 796
- 00:43:16,958 --> 00:43:20,000
- The Golden Record contained
- the call of a humpback whale
- 797
- 00:43:20,041 --> 00:43:23,458
- and greetings in 55 human languages.
- 798
- 00:43:23,500 --> 00:43:26,041
- Most were recorded at Cornell University,
- 799
- 00:43:26,083 --> 00:43:28,666
- where Carl Sagan was
- professor of astronomy.
- 800
- 00:43:31,125 --> 00:43:32,833
- My father was Carl Sagan,
- 801
- 00:43:32,875 --> 00:43:35,708
- and my mother is Linda Salzman Sagan,
- 802
- 00:43:35,750 --> 00:43:37,708
- and she's a writer and an artist
- 803
- 00:43:37,750 --> 00:43:40,166
- and she designed
- the iconic Pioneer plaque,
- 804
- 00:43:40,208 --> 00:43:41,541
- she actually drew it,
- 805
- 00:43:41,583 --> 00:43:43,833
- and she's the one
- who got all the greetings
- 806
- 00:43:43,875 --> 00:43:46,208
- for the Voyager Golden Record.
- 807
- 00:43:46,250 --> 00:43:48,166
- I like to think of her,
- that she kind of put together
- 808
- 00:43:48,208 --> 00:43:51,250
- a kind of a choir of voices
- of greetings to the stars.
- 809
- 00:44:00,875 --> 00:44:02,333
- The greetings to the universe
- 810
- 00:44:02,375 --> 00:44:05,041
- are almost like proto-tweets,
- the first tweets,
- 811
- 00:44:05,083 --> 00:44:07,041
- keep it short, keep it simple,
- 812
- 00:44:07,083 --> 00:44:11,500
- and there was a limit to what
- they could put on the record.
- 813
- 00:44:11,541 --> 00:44:15,500
- It's like kind of a tasting menu.
- 814
- 00:44:15,541 --> 00:44:17,583
- It's enough to get the aliens
- 815
- 00:44:17,625 --> 00:44:21,541
- to understand that, um, we're diverse.
- 816
- 00:44:21,583 --> 00:44:23,750
- My parents wanted a child
- 817
- 00:44:23,791 --> 00:44:26,041
- to have a voice of one of the voices,
- 818
- 00:44:26,083 --> 00:44:27,625
- and they just came to me one day
- 819
- 00:44:27,666 --> 00:44:29,833
- and said, "Nick, if you'd like
- to leave a message to aliens
- 820
- 00:44:29,875 --> 00:44:31,375
- if they happen to exist,
- 821
- 00:44:31,416 --> 00:44:33,583
- what would you like to say to them?"
- 822
- 00:44:36,916 --> 00:44:40,166
- Hello from the children of planet Earth.
- 823
- 00:44:40,208 --> 00:44:41,833
- "Oh, hello from
- the children of planet Earth,"
- 824
- 00:44:41,875 --> 00:44:44,625
- that's what I would say to aliens.
- 825
- 00:44:44,666 --> 00:44:47,458
- They loved that, and so it's
- like great, let's record you.
- 826
- 00:44:49,166 --> 00:44:51,250
- It's a bit of a blur.
- 827
- 00:44:51,291 --> 00:44:53,958
- Like the only thing that I know
- that I remember from that time
- 828
- 00:44:54,000 --> 00:44:56,250
- is those knobs
- and the little recording level
- 829
- 00:44:56,291 --> 00:44:58,500
- that goes into the red
- if you speak too much,
- 830
- 00:44:58,541 --> 00:45:00,541
- this 70s, kind of, um...
- 831
- 00:45:00,583 --> 00:45:02,000
- so I remember that,
- 832
- 00:45:02,041 --> 00:45:04,458
- and I remember watching
- the needle move as I spoke
- 833
- 00:45:04,500 --> 00:45:06,791
- and seeing where it got,
- oh, that got close to the red
- 834
- 00:45:06,833 --> 00:45:07,958
- but actually didn't go into the red,
- 835
- 00:45:08,000 --> 00:45:09,583
- okay, that's probably good.
- 836
- 00:45:09,625 --> 00:45:10,791
- And that was that.
- 837
- 00:45:10,833 --> 00:45:13,291
- And then I, you know, drank my apple juice
- 838
- 00:45:13,333 --> 00:45:14,916
- and went back to my books.
- 839
- 00:45:16,291 --> 00:45:18,541
- It was really not till considerably later
- 840
- 00:45:18,583 --> 00:45:22,708
- that the kind of enormity of
- what that meant actually hit me.
- 841
- 00:45:42,000 --> 00:45:43,958
- Well, that brings up the whole question:
- 842
- 00:45:44,000 --> 00:45:45,875
- Is there anybody out there?
- 843
- 00:45:47,458 --> 00:45:51,958
- Listen, there are, give or take,
- 844
- 00:45:52,000 --> 00:45:55,333
- 200 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy.
- 845
- 00:45:55,375 --> 00:45:58,250
- There are about 200 billion
- galaxies in the universe,
- 846
- 00:45:58,291 --> 00:46:00,375
- or at least in the universe we know about.
- 847
- 00:46:01,500 --> 00:46:03,916
- It's a pretty small spacecraft,
- 848
- 00:46:03,958 --> 00:46:06,958
- and it's a pretty big universe.
- 849
- 00:46:07,000 --> 00:46:11,541
- If you take a piece of sky
- the size of a soda straw
- 850
- 00:46:12,333 --> 00:46:15,166
- up there in the Big Dipper
- 851
- 00:46:15,208 --> 00:46:18,666
- in that tiny piece of what
- we thought was blank sky,
- 852
- 00:46:18,708 --> 00:46:21,375
- there's thousands of galaxies.
- 853
- 00:46:21,416 --> 00:46:23,500
- And each one of those galaxies
- 854
- 00:46:23,541 --> 00:46:26,041
- is filled with billions of stars.
- 855
- 00:46:27,541 --> 00:46:28,916
- That's just the soda straw,
- 856
- 00:46:28,958 --> 00:46:31,625
- and now you imagine the whole sky filled
- 857
- 00:46:31,666 --> 00:46:34,708
- with thousands upon thousands
- upon thousands of galaxies,
- 858
- 00:46:34,750 --> 00:46:37,125
- each of which is billions
- and billions of stars,
- 859
- 00:46:37,166 --> 00:46:41,166
- there's a lot of possibility out there.
- 860
- 00:46:48,291 --> 00:46:50,708
- There has to be other civilizations,
- 861
- 00:46:50,750 --> 00:46:53,250
- the numbers just compel it.
- 862
- 00:46:53,291 --> 00:46:55,416
- It would be almost
- statistically impossible
- 863
- 00:46:55,458 --> 00:46:59,125
- for there not to be other life forms
- 864
- 00:46:59,166 --> 00:47:00,916
- and other life forms that have evolved
- 865
- 00:47:00,958 --> 00:47:03,208
- to a state of intelligence.
- 866
- 00:47:03,250 --> 00:47:05,375
- But the chance that an intelligent alien
- 867
- 00:47:05,416 --> 00:47:08,958
- might encounter Voyager
- also hinges on another factor,
- 868
- 00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:11,958
- the sheer vastness of space.
- 869
- 00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:13,833
- The bigger you think space is,
- 870
- 00:47:13,875 --> 00:47:16,166
- the less probable it is
- you're going to find them
- 871
- 00:47:16,208 --> 00:47:20,875
- because they're needles
- in infinite haystacks.
- 872
- 00:47:20,916 --> 00:47:23,208
- If you want to realize
- how empty our galaxy is,
- 873
- 00:47:23,250 --> 00:47:25,208
- the nearest galaxy to our own
- is Andromeda,
- 874
- 00:47:25,250 --> 00:47:27,208
- it's about two million light years away.
- 875
- 00:47:27,250 --> 00:47:29,625
- It's on a collision course
- with us right now,
- 876
- 00:47:31,291 --> 00:47:32,708
- and in five billion years
- 877
- 00:47:32,750 --> 00:47:34,583
- that galaxy's going to collide
- with our own.
- 878
- 00:47:34,625 --> 00:47:36,083
- And you might say, "Oh, no, oh, no,"
- 879
- 00:47:36,125 --> 00:47:40,416
- but it turns out space is,
- even in our galaxy,
- 880
- 00:47:40,458 --> 00:47:41,500
- it's mostly empty space.
- 881
- 00:47:41,541 --> 00:47:43,458
- When our two galaxies collide,
- 882
- 00:47:43,500 --> 00:47:45,583
- almost no stars will hit any other star.
- 883
- 00:47:45,625 --> 00:47:49,500
- There's just a lot of
- room out there, a lot of room.
- 884
- 00:47:49,541 --> 00:47:52,541
- Once you start getting
- into the astronomical scales,
- 885
- 00:47:52,583 --> 00:47:54,458
- our solar system is pretty tiny,
- 886
- 00:47:54,500 --> 00:47:56,958
- and so this adventure of Voyager
- 887
- 00:47:57,000 --> 00:48:00,083
- which seems so remote and distant
- 888
- 00:48:00,125 --> 00:48:04,125
- for this little spacecraft
- to go out to the giant planets
- 889
- 00:48:04,166 --> 00:48:09,791
- is really just exploring the
- tiniest closest neighborhood
- 890
- 00:48:09,833 --> 00:48:12,750
- when you start thinking
- about cosmic scales.
- 891
- 00:48:15,166 --> 00:48:17,916
- The distances are almost unfathomable.
- 892
- 00:48:18,958 --> 00:48:20,833
- These were the fastest spacecraft
- 893
- 00:48:20,875 --> 00:48:24,000
- that had ever been built
- and launched and flown,
- 894
- 00:48:24,041 --> 00:48:29,375
- and they're traveling
- at ten miles per second.
- 895
- 00:48:29,416 --> 00:48:31,291
- You wouldn't even see it, right?
- 896
- 00:48:31,333 --> 00:48:33,000
- And yet, even at those
- 897
- 00:48:33,041 --> 00:48:36,291
- unfathomable by Earth standard speeds,
- 898
- 00:48:36,333 --> 00:48:40,833
- it takes decades, decades to get out there
- 899
- 00:48:40,875 --> 00:48:42,416
- into the outer solar system.
- 900
- 00:48:46,750 --> 00:48:50,166
- I'd like to know the answer, are we alone?
- 901
- 00:48:50,208 --> 00:48:53,000
- I'd like to know the answer
- to that question.
- 902
- 00:49:01,291 --> 00:49:03,625
- The big division
- with extraterrestrial life
- 903
- 00:49:03,666 --> 00:49:06,000
- is not space, it's time.
- 904
- 00:49:10,458 --> 00:49:13,625
- In our galaxy,
- our sun is relatively young.
- 905
- 00:49:13,666 --> 00:49:15,208
- The galaxy's about 12 billion years old,
- 906
- 00:49:15,250 --> 00:49:16,791
- our sun's four and a half
- billion years old,
- 907
- 00:49:16,833 --> 00:49:18,375
- there are many stars that are a lot older:
- 908
- 00:49:18,416 --> 00:49:20,333
- therefore, you could have
- imagined some civilization
- 909
- 00:49:20,375 --> 00:49:23,125
- around such a star that might
- have watched our Earth form
- 910
- 00:49:23,166 --> 00:49:24,791
- over the last
- four and a half billion years.
- 911
- 00:49:24,833 --> 00:49:26,958
- Well, over that last
- four and a half billion years,
- 912
- 00:49:27,000 --> 00:49:29,208
- the only evidence of intelligent life
- 913
- 00:49:29,250 --> 00:49:30,958
- would have been in the last
- fifty or sixty years
- 914
- 00:49:31,000 --> 00:49:32,708
- by watching Star Trek or I Love Lucy
- 915
- 00:49:32,750 --> 00:49:35,833
- or whatever signals we sent
- out, so even if you knew,
- 916
- 00:49:35,875 --> 00:49:38,583
- even if someone told you
- look at that star,
- 917
- 00:49:38,625 --> 00:49:40,541
- and then look at the third rock
- from that star,
- 918
- 00:49:40,583 --> 00:49:41,916
- and that's where
- you're going to find life.
- 919
- 00:49:41,958 --> 00:49:44,416
- Even if they knew which object
- to look for,
- 920
- 00:49:44,458 --> 00:49:48,125
- there's only a 50-year period
- over five billion years almost
- 921
- 00:49:48,166 --> 00:49:51,583
- where you'd be able to find
- intelligent life.
- 922
- 00:49:55,625 --> 00:49:58,500
- If we're alone, then we're truly unique,
- 923
- 00:49:58,541 --> 00:50:00,833
- and how did that happen and why us
- 924
- 00:50:00,875 --> 00:50:02,583
- and how are we so special
- 925
- 00:50:02,625 --> 00:50:04,583
- and yet in such a kind of far-flung
- 926
- 00:50:04,625 --> 00:50:06,791
- kind of humdrum part of the universe?
- 927
- 00:50:06,833 --> 00:50:09,416
- And if we're not alone,
- how did we all get here
- 928
- 00:50:09,458 --> 00:50:12,708
- and can we learn about ourselves
- by these other groups out there
- 929
- 00:50:12,750 --> 00:50:14,291
- and what are they like
- 930
- 00:50:14,333 --> 00:50:17,708
- and are they the creatures of
- our dreams or our nightmares?
- 931
- 00:50:26,333 --> 00:50:28,166
- In the fall of 1980,
- 932
- 00:50:28,208 --> 00:50:32,250
- Voyager got its first close
- views of the planet Saturn.
- 933
- 00:50:44,750 --> 00:50:46,291
- We started off with images
- 934
- 00:50:46,333 --> 00:50:47,541
- that were probably no better
- 935
- 00:50:47,583 --> 00:50:49,250
- than what you can get from the ground,
- 936
- 00:50:49,291 --> 00:50:51,375
- and then it keeps getting
- better and better and better
- 937
- 00:50:51,416 --> 00:50:53,291
- as you get closer and closer.
- 938
- 00:50:53,333 --> 00:50:57,000
- What are we going to see
- when we get really close?
- 939
- 00:50:57,041 --> 00:50:59,750
- Having seen Saturn
- in a telescope with the rings
- 940
- 00:50:59,791 --> 00:51:02,458
- just looking like these little
- tiny ears on either side,
- 941
- 00:51:02,500 --> 00:51:05,708
- to now seeing detail and
- the beauty of Saturn's rings,
- 942
- 00:51:05,750 --> 00:51:07,041
- you know, looking like,
- 943
- 00:51:07,083 --> 00:51:09,375
- almost like the grooves
- on a phonograph record.
- 944
- 00:51:09,416 --> 00:51:12,416
- The rings of Saturn, what are they?
- 945
- 00:51:12,458 --> 00:51:16,500
- Billions of icy particles,
- some the size of a house.
- 946
- 00:51:16,541 --> 00:51:19,875
- They're enormous, much wider
- than many Earths strung together
- 947
- 00:51:19,916 --> 00:51:23,083
- but less than a kilometer thick.
- 948
- 00:51:23,125 --> 00:51:24,583
- We get there and we find
- 949
- 00:51:24,625 --> 00:51:28,208
- that it's a blizzard of
- features throughout the rings,
- 950
- 00:51:28,250 --> 00:51:31,250
- and it got very complex.
- 951
- 00:51:43,708 --> 00:51:46,333
- We become junkies who...
- 952
- 00:51:46,375 --> 00:51:50,208
- This is how you become
- a planetary flyby junkie,
- 953
- 00:51:50,250 --> 00:51:51,875
- it's because you've gone
- through one of them
- 954
- 00:51:51,916 --> 00:51:53,375
- and you just know
- it's the greatest feeling
- 955
- 00:51:53,416 --> 00:51:56,500
- and you want to keep doing it
- again and again.
- 956
- 00:51:56,541 --> 00:52:00,416
- At some point,
- perhaps a year or so from now,
- 957
- 00:52:00,458 --> 00:52:04,500
- it may be possible to put
- all of this into perspective,
- 958
- 00:52:04,541 --> 00:52:07,750
- but right at the moment I cannot recall
- 959
- 00:52:07,791 --> 00:52:11,958
- being in such a state of euphoria
- 960
- 00:52:12,000 --> 00:52:14,625
- for any previous planetary encounter,
- 961
- 00:52:14,666 --> 00:52:20,666
- including our two remarkable
- Voyager encounters at Jupiter.
- 962
- 00:52:51,708 --> 00:52:53,166
- The largest moon of Saturn,
- 963
- 00:52:53,208 --> 00:52:55,833
- Titan's the most extraordinary place.
- 964
- 00:52:55,875 --> 00:52:58,375
- There's a dense methane atmosphere
- 965
- 00:52:58,416 --> 00:53:01,375
- where a complex organic
- chemistry has been going on
- 966
- 00:53:01,416 --> 00:53:02,916
- for perhaps billions of years,
- 967
- 00:53:02,958 --> 00:53:07,833
- and we are in a moment
- of extraordinary discovery.
- 968
- 00:53:07,875 --> 00:53:10,500
- We had both spacecraft programmed
- 969
- 00:53:10,541 --> 00:53:12,958
- to do identical missions at Saturn,
- 970
- 00:53:13,000 --> 00:53:15,708
- and that was the prime mission
- and it involved Titan.
- 971
- 00:53:17,541 --> 00:53:19,833
- There's a huge amount
- of scientific interest in Titan
- 972
- 00:53:19,875 --> 00:53:22,208
- because many people think
- that early in our own history,
- 973
- 00:53:22,250 --> 00:53:24,000
- our own planet may have been like that
- 974
- 00:53:24,041 --> 00:53:27,541
- with very little oxygen,
- lots of hydrocarbons,
- 975
- 00:53:27,583 --> 00:53:30,458
- very thick, different, smoggy atmosphere
- 976
- 00:53:30,500 --> 00:53:34,250
- that was changed dramatically
- on our planet by life,
- 977
- 00:53:34,291 --> 00:53:36,333
- so if you want to understand
- the starting conditions,
- 978
- 00:53:36,375 --> 00:53:38,250
- go study Titan.
- 979
- 00:53:38,291 --> 00:53:41,125
- If Voyager 1 was successful at Titan,
- 980
- 00:53:41,166 --> 00:53:44,458
- Voyager 2, which is nine months
- behind going to Saturn,
- 981
- 00:53:44,500 --> 00:53:48,375
- would be free to continue to
- Uranus and to go on to Neptune.
- 982
- 00:53:48,416 --> 00:53:52,166
- But it depended upon Voyager 1
- succeeding at Titan.
- 983
- 00:53:52,208 --> 00:53:55,666
- Because Voyager 1
- had to be in a certain place
- 984
- 00:53:55,708 --> 00:53:57,541
- in order to pass Titan,
- 985
- 00:53:57,583 --> 00:54:00,083
- it couldn't go on to Uranus and Neptune.
- 986
- 00:54:00,125 --> 00:54:02,375
- There was just no way
- to bend its trajectory
- 987
- 00:54:02,416 --> 00:54:04,875
- to go anywhere else.
- 988
- 00:54:04,916 --> 00:54:08,958
- Voyager 2 would have
- done exactly that same thing
- 989
- 00:54:09,000 --> 00:54:11,125
- if Voyager 1 had failed,
- 990
- 00:54:11,166 --> 00:54:14,083
- we would have gone like this,
- no more planets.
- 991
- 00:54:14,125 --> 00:54:15,958
- That would have been really tough.
- 992
- 00:54:16,000 --> 00:54:19,500
- You gonna try for Titan again
- and give up two other worlds,
- 993
- 00:54:19,541 --> 00:54:20,625
- Uranus and Neptune?
- 994
- 00:54:22,416 --> 00:54:27,375
- So there was a lot
- of pressure on Voyager 1.
- 995
- 00:54:27,416 --> 00:54:28,708
- Mostly what we looked at
- 996
- 00:54:28,750 --> 00:54:31,916
- was a giant ball of brown smog
- 997
- 00:54:31,958 --> 00:54:36,833
- with some sort of electric blue
- hazes above it.
- 998
- 00:54:36,875 --> 00:54:38,250
- Was it Voyager camera,
- 999
- 00:54:38,291 --> 00:54:41,041
- you couldn't see through
- the clouds and haze.
- 1000
- 00:54:47,125 --> 00:54:50,208
- But the radio signal from the spacecraft
- 1001
- 00:54:50,250 --> 00:54:52,958
- passed through the atmosphere of the moon,
- 1002
- 00:54:53,000 --> 00:54:56,875
- and that gave them a measure
- of the pressure at the surface
- 1003
- 00:54:56,916 --> 00:54:59,208
- and also the temperature at the surface,
- 1004
- 00:54:59,250 --> 00:55:03,000
- and so we learned a lot about
- Titan from that radio signal.
- 1005
- 00:55:04,583 --> 00:55:05,958
- Voyager 1 revealed a world
- 1006
- 00:55:06,000 --> 00:55:09,333
- at nearly 300 degrees
- below zero Fahrenheit
- 1007
- 00:55:09,375 --> 00:55:11,625
- that might have lakes of liquid methane
- 1008
- 00:55:11,666 --> 00:55:13,500
- under its smoggy atmosphere.
- 1009
- 00:55:14,916 --> 00:55:19,250
- Voyager 1 had succeeded.
- 1010
- 00:55:19,291 --> 00:55:22,250
- And shortly after that,
- NASA Headquarters agreed
- 1011
- 00:55:22,291 --> 00:55:24,625
- that we should continue with Voyager 2
- 1012
- 00:55:24,666 --> 00:55:25,916
- on its Uranus trajectory.
- 1013
- 00:55:29,041 --> 00:55:32,125
- Voyager 1, its planetary mission over,
- 1014
- 00:55:32,166 --> 00:55:34,833
- sped away from the plane of the planets.
- 1015
- 00:55:34,875 --> 00:55:38,958
- Voyager 2, in part to get
- on its trajectory to Uranus,
- 1016
- 00:55:39,000 --> 00:55:42,500
- would have to fly dangerously
- close to Saturn's rings.
- 1017
- 00:55:49,333 --> 00:55:52,500
- We're getting pictures and
- other data back from Voyager 2.
- 1018
- 00:55:52,541 --> 00:55:55,875
- But at some point in time,
- it had to go behind the planet,
- 1019
- 00:55:55,916 --> 00:55:59,791
- and that blocks us from getting
- radio signals to the Earth,
- 1020
- 00:55:59,833 --> 00:56:02,000
- and that happened to be
- in the middle of the night.
- 1021
- 00:56:02,041 --> 00:56:04,250
- It was a period of time, several hours,
- 1022
- 00:56:04,291 --> 00:56:05,708
- that everybody knows we're going to be
- 1023
- 00:56:05,750 --> 00:56:07,708
- out of contact with the spacecraft.
- 1024
- 00:56:07,750 --> 00:56:09,666
- Everybody's expecting
- to pop champagne corks
- 1025
- 00:56:09,708 --> 00:56:11,000
- and say "hey, we made it,"
- 1026
- 00:56:11,041 --> 00:56:12,750
- and all the data's on the tape recorder
- 1027
- 00:56:12,791 --> 00:56:14,791
- because it couldn't be
- transmitted to the Earth,
- 1028
- 00:56:14,833 --> 00:56:17,458
- and instead it pops out of the other side,
- 1029
- 00:56:17,500 --> 00:56:19,875
- and there's all these crazy error signals
- 1030
- 00:56:19,916 --> 00:56:20,958
- coming from the spacecraft.
- 1031
- 00:56:21,000 --> 00:56:22,583
- Something bad has happened.
- 1032
- 00:56:24,875 --> 00:56:26,041
- Something happened
- 1033
- 00:56:26,083 --> 00:56:27,625
- right around ring-plane crossing,
- 1034
- 00:56:27,666 --> 00:56:29,958
- and the images that were
- coming back were blank.
- 1035
- 00:56:34,208 --> 00:56:35,666
- People thought maybe it crashed
- 1036
- 00:56:35,708 --> 00:56:37,250
- into the rings of Saturn.
- 1037
- 00:56:37,291 --> 00:56:39,333
- Is this it, is it dead?
- 1038
- 00:56:42,125 --> 00:56:44,833
- Okay.
- 1039
- 00:56:44,875 --> 00:56:47,625
- Ladies and gentlemen,
- we can start the briefing.
- 1040
- 00:56:50,000 --> 00:56:52,375
- I wanted to make a very brief statement.
- 1041
- 00:56:52,416 --> 00:56:55,333
- We do have a problem on board
- the Voyager 2 spacecraft.
- 1042
- 00:56:55,375 --> 00:56:57,083
- The spacecraft has a problem.
- 1043
- 00:56:57,125 --> 00:56:59,875
- The scan platform operating mechanism
- 1044
- 00:56:59,916 --> 00:57:01,416
- is not operating properly.
- 1045
- 00:57:01,458 --> 00:57:03,291
- Make sure we understand where we're headed
- 1046
- 00:57:03,333 --> 00:57:06,333
- for the following instruments
- are mounted on the platform:
- 1047
- 00:57:06,375 --> 00:57:08,958
- the wide-angle camera,
- the narrow-angle camera,
- 1048
- 00:57:09,000 --> 00:57:11,958
- the infrared instrument,
- the ultraviolet instrument
- 1049
- 00:57:12,000 --> 00:57:13,833
- and the photopolarimeter.
- 1050
- 00:57:13,875 --> 00:57:16,083
- A frozen scan platform
- 1051
- 00:57:16,125 --> 00:57:19,958
- could be a fatal, crippling event.
- 1052
- 00:57:20,000 --> 00:57:24,291
- Yeah, that was
- the darkest, the darkest day
- 1053
- 00:57:24,333 --> 00:57:25,708
- of the whole mission.
- 1054
- 00:57:25,750 --> 00:57:27,791
- There is circumstantial evidence...
- 1055
- 00:57:27,833 --> 00:57:30,333
- I came into the auditorium,
- 1056
- 00:57:30,375 --> 00:57:34,041
- and there was just gloom
- on everybody's face.
- 1057
- 00:57:34,083 --> 00:57:36,083
- You're beginning to speculate.
- 1058
- 00:57:36,125 --> 00:57:38,791
- I quickly learned what had happened.
- 1059
- 00:57:38,833 --> 00:57:41,833
- The scan platform had frozen.
- 1060
- 00:57:41,875 --> 00:57:43,708
- The problem is not with the camera,
- 1061
- 00:57:43,750 --> 00:57:46,041
- it's with the articulated platform
- 1062
- 00:57:46,083 --> 00:57:47,458
- that moves all of the instruments.
- 1063
- 00:57:47,500 --> 00:57:49,833
- Our cameras, as far as we
- know, are working just fine,
- 1064
- 00:57:49,875 --> 00:57:54,166
- it's just that we're taking lots
- of pictures of black space.
- 1065
- 00:57:54,208 --> 00:57:56,083
- The rest of the Saturn mission
- 1066
- 00:57:56,125 --> 00:58:00,041
- and Uranus and Neptune were dead.
- 1067
- 00:58:00,083 --> 00:58:06,041
- And seeing everything that
- we were planning just gone,
- 1068
- 00:58:06,083 --> 00:58:08,333
- just suddenly gone.
- 1069
- 00:58:10,625 --> 00:58:12,875
- All of the science
- that we had hoped to do,
- 1070
- 00:58:12,916 --> 00:58:14,375
- and Uranus and Neptune--
- 1071
- 00:58:14,416 --> 00:58:15,625
- there were no other spacecraft
- 1072
- 00:58:15,666 --> 00:58:17,208
- that were going to be going there.
- 1073
- 00:58:17,250 --> 00:58:19,416
- It was up to Voyager to do it,
- and all of a sudden it looked
- 1074
- 00:58:19,458 --> 00:58:21,708
- as though Voyager was not going to do it.
- 1075
- 00:58:21,750 --> 00:58:23,708
- It was devastating, it was...
- 1076
- 00:58:25,875 --> 00:58:29,541
- So, we've analyzed the slew data.
- 1077
- 00:58:29,583 --> 00:58:31,166
- It took a couple of days
- 1078
- 00:58:31,208 --> 00:58:35,541
- while the engineering team went
- to work diagnosing the problem.
- 1079
- 00:58:35,583 --> 00:58:38,125
- We are going to command an azimuth slew
- 1080
- 00:58:38,166 --> 00:58:41,833
- and an elevation slew
- to the Saturn position...
- 1081
- 00:58:41,875 --> 00:58:43,583
- It turns out the scan platform
- 1082
- 00:58:43,625 --> 00:58:45,666
- has small motors to rotate it,
- 1083
- 00:58:45,708 --> 00:58:47,583
- and we could run it at slow speed,
- 1084
- 00:58:47,625 --> 00:58:49,166
- tick, tick, tick, tick--
- 1085
- 00:58:49,208 --> 00:58:52,000
- fast...medium speed or very fast.
- 1086
- 00:58:52,041 --> 00:58:54,000
- We were of course wanting
- to look at lots of places,
- 1087
- 00:58:54,041 --> 00:58:56,333
- so we had the thing looking
- lots of places,
- 1088
- 00:58:56,375 --> 00:59:01,291
- and the lubrication wasn't
- adequate and it just jammed.
- 1089
- 00:59:01,333 --> 00:59:04,416
- It was frozen sort of like a car
- 1090
- 00:59:04,458 --> 00:59:06,291
- stuck in the, stuck in the snow.
- 1091
- 00:59:06,333 --> 00:59:08,375
- You try to go forward
- or backward little bit...
- 1092
- 00:59:08,416 --> 00:59:11,333
- and keep working on it
- and try to get it out,
- 1093
- 00:59:11,375 --> 00:59:13,250
- and that's what we did
- with the scan platform.
- 1094
- 00:59:13,291 --> 00:59:16,291
- We would try to push it
- a little bit in one direction
- 1095
- 00:59:16,333 --> 00:59:17,750
- and it would yield a little bit,
- 1096
- 00:59:17,791 --> 00:59:19,708
- and then we'd push it
- in the other direction,
- 1097
- 00:59:19,750 --> 00:59:21,333
- and it would yield a little bit more,
- 1098
- 00:59:21,375 --> 00:59:24,750
- and then we kept doing that
- back and forth, back and forth,
- 1099
- 00:59:24,791 --> 00:59:27,833
- and finally that was enough
- 1100
- 00:59:27,875 --> 00:59:31,208
- to get the lubrication into the gears.
- 1101
- 00:59:31,250 --> 00:59:34,541
- It was freed up
- and back came the spacecraft
- 1102
- 00:59:34,583 --> 00:59:37,041
- and back came the imaging system,
- 1103
- 00:59:37,083 --> 00:59:39,791
- and there was Saturn on exit.
- 1104
- 00:59:42,041 --> 00:59:45,291
- Yeah.
- 1105
- 00:59:53,541 --> 00:59:57,208
- We were looking at the
- shadow of Saturn on the rings,
- 1106
- 00:59:57,250 --> 01:00:02,041
- and it was clearly
- from this wild, crazy angle.
- 1107
- 01:00:02,083 --> 01:00:05,791
- Wow. Holy cow, we're on
- the other side of Saturn.
- 1108
- 01:00:31,083 --> 01:00:33,416
- We felt like we were there.
- 1109
- 01:00:33,458 --> 01:00:36,125
- Nobody even thought about it.
- 1110
- 01:00:37,458 --> 01:00:39,750
- Voyager was part of us.
- 1111
- 01:00:40,583 --> 01:00:41,416
- We...
- 1112
- 01:00:55,916 --> 01:00:57,958
- All of planetary exploration to me
- 1113
- 01:00:58,000 --> 01:01:02,833
- is a story about longing, it's
- a longing to know ourselves.
- 1114
- 01:01:02,875 --> 01:01:05,666
- It's a longing to understand
- the significance
- 1115
- 01:01:05,708 --> 01:01:07,333
- of our own existence.
- 1116
- 01:01:07,375 --> 01:01:09,125
- It's a longing to communicate,
- 1117
- 01:01:09,166 --> 01:01:12,500
- to say to the universe
- we're here, you know, know us.
- 1118
- 01:01:12,541 --> 01:01:15,458
- You know, where are you?
- 1119
- 01:01:32,250 --> 01:01:34,750
- In the grooves of the Golden Record
- 1120
- 01:01:34,791 --> 01:01:37,500
- was another gift from us to them.
- 1121
- 01:01:40,416 --> 01:01:44,000
- The Voyager record
- has a set of pictures on it.
- 1122
- 01:01:44,041 --> 01:01:46,458
- It depicts our civilization,
- 1123
- 01:01:46,500 --> 01:01:49,791
- but we only had the ability
- to do about a hundred pictures,
- 1124
- 01:01:49,833 --> 01:01:52,166
- that was as much data as we could send,
- 1125
- 01:01:52,208 --> 01:01:54,083
- so that was kind of hard.
- 1126
- 01:01:54,125 --> 01:01:56,291
- It was a process of distillation.
- 1127
- 01:01:56,333 --> 01:01:58,041
- You can't describe the Earth
- 1128
- 01:01:58,083 --> 01:01:59,791
- in a hundred pictures.
- 1129
- 01:01:59,833 --> 01:02:02,666
- You can't describe the Earth
- in a thousand pictures,
- 1130
- 01:02:02,708 --> 01:02:08,541
- but what art is about is
- taking something that's small
- 1131
- 01:02:08,583 --> 01:02:10,541
- but can represent the whole.
- 1132
- 01:02:22,000 --> 01:02:23,458
- We thought it was very important
- 1133
- 01:02:23,500 --> 01:02:26,625
- to put some pictures
- of humans nude on the record
- 1134
- 01:02:26,666 --> 01:02:30,458
- to show just what our anatomy
- and physiology was really like.
- 1135
- 01:02:31,708 --> 01:02:34,750
- NASA had been seriously criticized
- 1136
- 01:02:34,791 --> 01:02:36,541
- about the Pioneer plaque.
- 1137
- 01:02:36,583 --> 01:02:39,583
- There were actually letters
- to the editors of newspapers
- 1138
- 01:02:39,625 --> 01:02:44,375
- saying that NASA
- was sending smut to space.
- 1139
- 01:02:44,416 --> 01:02:47,625
- For Voyager, NASA decided to play it safe.
- 1140
- 01:02:47,666 --> 01:02:51,583
- Still, they gave the aliens
- some hints about our bodies.
- 1141
- 01:02:53,125 --> 01:02:57,625
- Now it's five years
- of cruising out to Uranus.
- 1142
- 01:02:57,666 --> 01:03:00,083
- Uranus would be the most remote object yet
- 1143
- 01:03:00,125 --> 01:03:01,750
- visited by a spacecraft,
- 1144
- 01:03:01,791 --> 01:03:03,750
- and it's so remote
- that it was not even known
- 1145
- 01:03:03,791 --> 01:03:05,250
- until 200 years ago,
- 1146
- 01:03:05,291 --> 01:03:06,958
- and it's a great distance out there,
- 1147
- 01:03:07,000 --> 01:03:08,333
- and if we'd launched directly from Earth
- 1148
- 01:03:08,375 --> 01:03:10,375
- it would have taken
- thirty years to get there,
- 1149
- 01:03:10,416 --> 01:03:11,958
- so we were very fortunate
- 1150
- 01:03:12,000 --> 01:03:14,125
- that we could swing by Jupiter
- and Saturn on our way.
- 1151
- 01:03:14,166 --> 01:03:15,708
- I've been trying to figure this thing out
- 1152
- 01:03:15,750 --> 01:03:17,083
- for the past 25 years,
- 1153
- 01:03:17,125 --> 01:03:19,666
- and it's very frustrating in a telescope
- 1154
- 01:03:19,708 --> 01:03:21,125
- to look at that tiny little disc,
- 1155
- 01:03:21,166 --> 01:03:24,416
- so the next few days
- are going to be very exciting.
- 1156
- 01:03:30,583 --> 01:03:33,000
- Once we got beyond Saturn,
- 1157
- 01:03:33,041 --> 01:03:36,125
- essentially the engineers
- threw out the rule book
- 1158
- 01:03:36,166 --> 01:03:39,875
- and said how are we going
- to make this work?
- 1159
- 01:03:39,916 --> 01:03:43,541
- How are we going
- to take pictures of planets
- 1160
- 01:03:43,583 --> 01:03:45,041
- this far from the sun?
- 1161
- 01:03:46,166 --> 01:03:47,833
- Voyager was the first
- 1162
- 01:03:47,875 --> 01:03:51,791
- of a class of NASA spacecraft
- that could be reprogrammed.
- 1163
- 01:03:51,833 --> 01:03:53,458
- They could take what was on the computer
- 1164
- 01:03:53,500 --> 01:03:54,833
- and just wipe it away
- 1165
- 01:03:54,875 --> 01:03:57,208
- and give it a whole new set of software.
- 1166
- 01:03:57,250 --> 01:04:01,666
- They trained the spacecraft to
- pirouette like a ballet dancer,
- 1167
- 01:04:01,708 --> 01:04:03,916
- basically you want to take
- a picture of that thing
- 1168
- 01:04:03,958 --> 01:04:05,541
- and it's going past you really fast,
- 1169
- 01:04:05,583 --> 01:04:11,041
- so you spin the whole spacecraft
- and follow it like this,
- 1170
- 01:04:11,083 --> 01:04:13,666
- and so even though it was darker at Uranus
- 1171
- 01:04:13,708 --> 01:04:15,166
- and really dark at Neptune,
- 1172
- 01:04:15,208 --> 01:04:18,125
- you could leave the shutter
- open without smearing,
- 1173
- 01:04:18,166 --> 01:04:20,208
- and that was just beautiful.
- 1174
- 01:04:21,791 --> 01:04:24,208
- We had all of the rich set of goodies
- 1175
- 01:04:24,250 --> 01:04:30,625
- from Jupiter and from Saturn,
- but Uranus was unknown.
- 1176
- 01:04:32,750 --> 01:04:35,041
- In January 1986,
- 1177
- 01:04:35,083 --> 01:04:37,875
- Voyager 2 closed in on Uranus.
- 1178
- 01:04:39,791 --> 01:04:41,375
- It would be by far
- 1179
- 01:04:41,416 --> 01:04:45,083
- the most remote planetary
- encounter ever attempted.
- 1180
- 01:04:58,250 --> 01:05:00,083
- It was like taking something
- 1181
- 01:05:00,125 --> 01:05:03,250
- that was almost fictional,
- almost mythological,
- 1182
- 01:05:03,291 --> 01:05:05,958
- and then seeing it as a real object.
- 1183
- 01:05:08,416 --> 01:05:11,000
- Spacecraft flew through
- that system like a bull's eye
- 1184
- 01:05:11,041 --> 01:05:13,333
- because Uranus is tilted on its side,
- 1185
- 01:05:13,375 --> 01:05:16,875
- with this beautiful aquamarine
- blue methane atmosphere,
- 1186
- 01:05:16,916 --> 01:05:18,083
- and all these pictures,
- 1187
- 01:05:18,125 --> 01:05:19,708
- every single one of them is like whoa!
- 1188
- 01:05:19,750 --> 01:05:21,833
- And you could hear people just, "whoa!"
- 1189
- 01:05:21,875 --> 01:05:23,416
- And everybody would be doing something
- 1190
- 01:05:23,458 --> 01:05:24,708
- and somebody would go, "whoa!"
- 1191
- 01:05:24,750 --> 01:05:25,958
- And everybody would turn and look up.
- 1192
- 01:05:26,000 --> 01:05:27,791
- "Oh, my gosh, look at that!"
- 1193
- 01:05:27,833 --> 01:05:29,166
- There was no Internet,
- 1194
- 01:05:29,208 --> 01:05:32,708
- there was no news stream
- going out to live CNN.
- 1195
- 01:05:32,750 --> 01:05:35,333
- The only way to experience that sensation
- 1196
- 01:05:35,375 --> 01:05:38,458
- of being one of only
- a small group of people
- 1197
- 01:05:38,500 --> 01:05:43,000
- who saw a point of light become a world,
- 1198
- 01:05:43,041 --> 01:05:46,208
- the only way to experience it
- was to be in that room.
- 1199
- 01:05:46,250 --> 01:05:48,250
- Well, just about two minutes ago,
- 1200
- 01:05:48,291 --> 01:05:52,083
- Voyager 2 passed through
- its closest approach to Uranus.
- 1201
- 01:05:54,000 --> 01:05:59,166
- The new ring is right here.
- 1202
- 01:05:59,208 --> 01:06:01,958
- Now, I don't...
- 1203
- 01:06:02,000 --> 01:06:03,958
- you're telling me you can't see it.
- 1204
- 01:06:04,000 --> 01:06:04,958
- I can.
- 1205
- 01:06:05,000 --> 01:06:06,291
- Dr. Soderblom,
- 1206
- 01:06:06,333 --> 01:06:07,958
- as you whizzed through your explanation,
- 1207
- 01:06:08,000 --> 01:06:10,333
- I couldn't put it all together,
- could you try that again?
- 1208
- 01:06:11,708 --> 01:06:12,666
- Slower?
- 1209
- 01:06:14,041 --> 01:06:15,583
- Slower and a few more details.
- 1210
- 01:06:15,625 --> 01:06:16,958
- I thought that was pretty slow.
- 1211
- 01:06:21,083 --> 01:06:22,833
- Every time we arrived at a new planet
- 1212
- 01:06:22,875 --> 01:06:24,166
- there were always surprises,
- 1213
- 01:06:24,208 --> 01:06:25,958
- even though we had gotten a lot smarter.
- 1214
- 01:06:26,000 --> 01:06:29,375
- For instance, before Voyager,
- all the magnetic fields
- 1215
- 01:06:29,416 --> 01:06:33,000
- have the magnetic pole near the
- rotation axis of the planet,
- 1216
- 01:06:33,041 --> 01:06:35,791
- and that was true for Jupiter,
- it was true for Saturn,
- 1217
- 01:06:35,833 --> 01:06:40,583
- and then we flew by Uranus and
- the pole was near the equator.
- 1218
- 01:06:40,625 --> 01:06:41,958
- There's been a lot of speculation
- 1219
- 01:06:42,000 --> 01:06:44,250
- about the magnetosphere of Uranus.
- 1220
- 01:06:44,291 --> 01:06:46,916
- Would there be one, what would it be like?
- 1221
- 01:06:46,958 --> 01:06:49,166
- And the magnetosphere of Uranus
- 1222
- 01:06:49,208 --> 01:06:51,375
- is far more weird and wonderful...
- 1223
- 01:06:51,416 --> 01:06:54,500
- We found the planet's tipped on its side,
- 1224
- 01:06:54,541 --> 01:06:56,875
- but the magnetic field is then tipped
- 1225
- 01:06:56,916 --> 01:06:58,791
- relative to the spin axis,
- 1226
- 01:06:58,833 --> 01:07:03,708
- so you have this huge contortion
- in the magnetic field
- 1227
- 01:07:03,750 --> 01:07:08,625
- as the planet spins around, just bizarre.
- 1228
- 01:07:13,375 --> 01:07:15,333
- At that point in its orbit,
- 1229
- 01:07:15,375 --> 01:07:17,750
- the planet didn't look exciting,
- 1230
- 01:07:19,875 --> 01:07:23,541
- and part of that is Uranus itself,
- 1231
- 01:07:23,583 --> 01:07:25,916
- holding its secrets back.
- 1232
- 01:07:25,958 --> 01:07:29,000
- That had to be, I guess, one of the...
- 1233
- 01:07:30,750 --> 01:07:34,583
- well, disappointments in that Uranus
- 1234
- 01:07:34,625 --> 01:07:36,583
- was not more photogenic than it was.
- 1235
- 01:07:36,625 --> 01:07:39,208
- It was actually pretty blah.
- 1236
- 01:07:39,250 --> 01:07:40,916
- Ah... poor Uranus.
- 1237
- 01:07:42,625 --> 01:07:43,750
- Poor Uranus.
- 1238
- 01:07:59,416 --> 01:08:02,625
- The big stars of the Uranus encounter
- 1239
- 01:08:02,666 --> 01:08:04,208
- were actually the moons.
- 1240
- 01:08:08,000 --> 01:08:09,416
- If you're going to go to Neptune,
- 1241
- 01:08:09,458 --> 01:08:12,625
- you still have to use Uranus
- for gravity assist.
- 1242
- 01:08:12,666 --> 01:08:16,958
- The gravity assist aiming point at Uranus
- 1243
- 01:08:17,000 --> 01:08:20,458
- just happened to be pretty
- close to the orbit of Miranda.
- 1244
- 01:08:21,708 --> 01:08:23,833
- If Uranus has been the last stop,
- 1245
- 01:08:23,875 --> 01:08:26,541
- the scientists might have
- wanted to go to a larger moon,
- 1246
- 01:08:26,583 --> 01:08:30,916
- which ironically, I don't see
- how anything could have been
- 1247
- 01:08:30,958 --> 01:08:32,416
- any more interesting than Miranda.
- 1248
- 01:08:36,958 --> 01:08:39,458
- It looked like a jumbled-up mess.
- 1249
- 01:08:43,083 --> 01:08:45,916
- This moon looked like
- it had been ripped to pieces
- 1250
- 01:08:45,958 --> 01:08:48,583
- and then just sort of shoved
- back together again.
- 1251
- 01:08:48,625 --> 01:08:50,125
- Whoa! Come look at this.
- 1252
- 01:08:50,166 --> 01:08:51,916
- Going up to the
- screen and pointing and saying,
- 1253
- 01:08:51,958 --> 01:08:53,666
- "did you...look at that, look at that."
- 1254
- 01:08:53,708 --> 01:08:56,333
- Nobody was ready for Miranda.
- 1255
- 01:08:56,375 --> 01:08:59,541
- There were enormous cliffs and gashes,
- 1256
- 01:08:59,583 --> 01:09:02,625
- one of them, you can see
- the edge of a cliff,
- 1257
- 01:09:02,666 --> 01:09:05,041
- it's got to be ten kilometers tall.
- 1258
- 01:09:05,083 --> 01:09:07,333
- The gravity on Miranda is so weak,
- 1259
- 01:09:07,375 --> 01:09:09,083
- if you jumped off that cliff,
- 1260
- 01:09:09,125 --> 01:09:13,750
- you could read the newspaper
- on the way down,
- 1261
- 01:09:13,791 --> 01:09:15,166
- but when you hit the bottom
- 1262
- 01:09:15,208 --> 01:09:16,875
- you'd still be going
- a hundred miles an hour,
- 1263
- 01:09:16,916 --> 01:09:19,625
- so it probably wouldn't...
- 1264
- 01:09:19,666 --> 01:09:22,916
- it would be the last newspaper you read.
- 1265
- 01:09:22,958 --> 01:09:26,916
- At Uranus, Voyager
- detected intense radiation belts
- 1266
- 01:09:26,958 --> 01:09:31,416
- and discovered two new rings
- and ten tiny moons.
- 1267
- 01:09:31,458 --> 01:09:36,625
- We were just about
- to present all our results,
- 1268
- 01:09:36,666 --> 01:09:38,083
- we were all about to have
- 1269
- 01:09:38,125 --> 01:09:43,500
- the big final finale
- press conference and...
- 1270
- 01:09:43,541 --> 01:09:45,041
- came back from breakfast,
- 1271
- 01:09:45,083 --> 01:09:50,083
- and I went to go watch
- the shuttle being launched...
- 1272
- 01:09:50,125 --> 01:09:52,333
- We have main engines start...
- 1273
- 01:09:52,375 --> 01:09:57,541
- Four, three, two, one and lift-off!
- 1274
- 01:09:57,583 --> 01:10:00,833
- Lift off of the 25th
- space shuttle mission,
- 1275
- 01:10:00,875 --> 01:10:03,125
- and it has cleared the tower.
- 1276
- 01:10:03,166 --> 01:10:04,625
- ...and we thought, "okay, great,
- 1277
- 01:10:04,666 --> 01:10:05,958
- we'll watch the shuttle launch
- 1278
- 01:10:06,000 --> 01:10:08,041
- and then we'll go
- to the press conference."
- 1279
- 01:10:08,083 --> 01:10:10,041
- But of course that was Challenger.
- 1280
- 01:10:11,208 --> 01:10:12,375
- Engines throttling up.
- 1281
- 01:10:12,416 --> 01:10:13,875
- Three engine now at 104%.
- 1282
- 01:10:13,916 --> 01:10:16,000
- Challenger, go with throttle up.
- 1283
- 01:10:16,041 --> 01:10:17,708
- Roger, go with throttle up.
- 1284
- 01:10:27,125 --> 01:10:28,916
- People were just like astonished.
- 1285
- 01:10:28,958 --> 01:10:31,666
- This gasp of like, "oh, my,
- did you see that,
- 1286
- 01:10:31,708 --> 01:10:33,375
- did it really blow up?"
- 1287
- 01:10:33,416 --> 01:10:35,416
- Because we had stopped in our meeting
- 1288
- 01:10:35,458 --> 01:10:36,833
- so everyone could watch it,
- 1289
- 01:10:36,875 --> 01:10:39,666
- and then there was just
- silence, people were crying.
- 1290
- 01:10:41,750 --> 01:10:44,500
- Well, what can you say?
- 1291
- 01:10:44,541 --> 01:10:47,458
- You knew right away that
- a bunch of people were dead.
- 1292
- 01:10:49,125 --> 01:10:50,500
- Flight Throttle. Go ahead.
- 1293
- 01:10:50,541 --> 01:10:52,541
- RSO reports vehicle exploded.
- 1294
- 01:10:56,041 --> 01:10:57,541
- Copy.
- 1295
- 01:10:57,583 --> 01:11:00,666
- And then of course
- they showed replays and replays
- 1296
- 01:11:00,708 --> 01:11:03,166
- and replays over and over and over again.
- 1297
- 01:11:04,833 --> 01:11:06,833
- We have no down link.
- 1298
- 01:11:06,875 --> 01:11:09,416
- Okay, everybody, just stay
- off the telephones.
- 1299
- 01:11:09,458 --> 01:11:11,250
- Make sure you maintain all your data,
- 1300
- 01:11:11,291 --> 01:11:13,250
- start pulling it together.
- 1301
- 01:11:13,291 --> 01:11:14,666
- The Challenger accident happened
- 1302
- 01:11:14,708 --> 01:11:16,750
- as we were receding from Uranus.
- 1303
- 01:11:16,791 --> 01:11:19,833
- I have this vivid memory
- of picture after picture
- 1304
- 01:11:19,875 --> 01:11:22,083
- of the crescent Uranus coming back
- 1305
- 01:11:22,125 --> 01:11:24,833
- and the replay
- of the Challenger explosion,
- 1306
- 01:11:24,875 --> 01:11:27,291
- and it was just devastating.
- 1307
- 01:11:27,333 --> 01:11:30,791
- Today is a day
- for mourning and remembering.
- 1308
- 01:11:30,833 --> 01:11:32,666
- Nancy and I are pained to the core
- 1309
- 01:11:32,708 --> 01:11:35,000
- over the tragedy
- of the shuttle Challenger.
- 1310
- 01:11:35,041 --> 01:11:36,416
- We know we share this pain
- 1311
- 01:11:36,458 --> 01:11:38,708
- with all of the people of our country.
- 1312
- 01:11:38,750 --> 01:11:41,458
- This is truly a national loss.
- 1313
- 01:11:41,500 --> 01:11:43,083
- I know it's hard to understand,
- 1314
- 01:11:43,125 --> 01:11:46,375
- but sometimes painful things
- like this happen.
- 1315
- 01:11:46,416 --> 01:11:50,291
- It's all part of the process
- of exploration and discovery.
- 1316
- 01:11:50,333 --> 01:11:55,250
- It's all part of taking a chance
- and expanding man's horizons.
- 1317
- 01:11:55,291 --> 01:11:58,375
- The future doesn't belong
- to the faint hearted,
- 1318
- 01:11:58,416 --> 01:11:59,875
- it belongs to the brave.
- 1319
- 01:12:16,375 --> 01:12:18,708
- During these closest
- approach time periods,
- 1320
- 01:12:18,750 --> 01:12:22,125
- we would have hundreds
- of reporters come to JPL,
- 1321
- 01:12:22,166 --> 01:12:26,791
- and when the Challenger
- exploded, everybody just left.
- 1322
- 01:12:43,708 --> 01:12:45,541
- Those cosmic questions we hope to learn
- 1323
- 01:12:45,583 --> 01:12:47,166
- by sending our machines out,
- 1324
- 01:12:47,208 --> 01:12:49,500
- the very same questions
- that you and I and every child
- 1325
- 01:12:49,541 --> 01:12:50,708
- has asked themselves.
- 1326
- 01:12:50,750 --> 01:12:52,250
- Where do we come from, are we alone,
- 1327
- 01:12:52,291 --> 01:12:54,666
- what's the universe made of,
- how will it end?
- 1328
- 01:12:54,708 --> 01:12:56,583
- All of these basic questions
- 1329
- 01:12:56,625 --> 01:12:59,000
- are the questions that drive science.
- 1330
- 01:13:09,541 --> 01:13:12,666
- Finally at Neptune, Voyager has begun
- 1331
- 01:13:12,708 --> 01:13:15,583
- the last of a decade's worth of encounters
- 1332
- 01:13:15,625 --> 01:13:17,208
- with the outer planets.
- 1333
- 01:13:17,250 --> 01:13:19,333
- It was another three and a half years
- 1334
- 01:13:19,375 --> 01:13:21,083
- to get out to Neptune.
- 1335
- 01:13:21,125 --> 01:13:23,125
- They had to reprogram
- the spacecraft again,
- 1336
- 01:13:23,166 --> 01:13:24,666
- give it, teach it some new tricks,
- 1337
- 01:13:24,708 --> 01:13:26,500
- to work in this even darker environment,
- 1338
- 01:13:26,541 --> 01:13:27,875
- even colder environment.
- 1339
- 01:13:29,333 --> 01:13:30,916
- If we take the Earth
- 1340
- 01:13:30,958 --> 01:13:35,250
- being one astronomical unit
- from the sun, or AU for short.
- 1341
- 01:13:35,291 --> 01:13:37,791
- Neptune is 30 times that distance.
- 1342
- 01:13:37,833 --> 01:13:39,458
- When we launched Voyager,
- 1343
- 01:13:39,500 --> 01:13:43,583
- there was no capability to get
- any images back from 30 AU.
- 1344
- 01:13:43,625 --> 01:13:46,791
- That capability happened all after launch.
- 1345
- 01:13:46,833 --> 01:13:49,958
- It involved taking two 34-meter antennas
- 1346
- 01:13:50,000 --> 01:13:52,208
- and adding them to a 70-meter antenna.
- 1347
- 01:13:52,250 --> 01:13:54,083
- Copy, we're ready to run that observation.
- 1348
- 01:13:54,125 --> 01:13:56,166
- It meant using the entire
- Very Large Array in New Mexico,
- 1349
- 01:13:56,208 --> 01:13:59,708
- 27 antennas to collect
- the very weak signal
- 1350
- 01:13:59,750 --> 01:14:02,166
- that we could get back from 30 AU.
- 1351
- 01:14:02,208 --> 01:14:04,500
- The flybys past Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus
- 1352
- 01:14:04,541 --> 01:14:07,916
- had sped up the spacecraft too,
- so it's going even faster,
- 1353
- 01:14:07,958 --> 01:14:12,125
- so enormous amounts
- of pressure, and one shot.
- 1354
- 01:14:14,583 --> 01:14:16,333
- In the summer of 1989,
- 1355
- 01:14:16,375 --> 01:14:20,083
- Voyager 2 finally came up
- on the ice giant Neptune.
- 1356
- 01:14:22,416 --> 01:14:25,875
- Thanks to slingshots
- at Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus,
- 1357
- 01:14:25,916 --> 01:14:29,458
- the trip was almost 20 years
- shorter than a direct approach,
- 1358
- 01:14:29,500 --> 01:14:31,333
- one without gravity assist.
- 1359
- 01:14:37,458 --> 01:14:38,666
- There it was just sitting
- 1360
- 01:14:38,708 --> 01:14:40,541
- out on the edge of our solar system,
- 1361
- 01:14:40,583 --> 01:14:44,083
- waiting for somebody to come
- out and appreciate its beauty.
- 1362
- 01:14:44,125 --> 01:14:45,375
- Just waiting for the day
- 1363
- 01:14:45,416 --> 01:14:50,375
- that humans would get
- out there, and go wow!
- 1364
- 01:14:50,416 --> 01:14:52,166
- I had been taking pictures of Neptune
- 1365
- 01:14:52,208 --> 01:14:55,041
- from the ground where
- we couldn't see very much.
- 1366
- 01:14:55,083 --> 01:14:58,125
- You know, in my head imagining
- what it might look like
- 1367
- 01:14:58,166 --> 01:15:03,041
- and seeing that turned
- into reality, it's a rush.
- 1368
- 01:15:03,083 --> 01:15:08,666
- Looking at this blue, bright blue orb,
- 1369
- 01:15:08,708 --> 01:15:10,541
- it was evocative of the Earth,
- 1370
- 01:15:10,583 --> 01:15:14,875
- which was bizarre for the last
- planet that we were flying by.
- 1371
- 01:15:14,916 --> 01:15:17,791
- I was a meticulous log taker
- 1372
- 01:15:17,833 --> 01:15:20,708
- and I would make little
- notations in these logs
- 1373
- 01:15:20,750 --> 01:15:22,333
- and I would draw little pictures,
- 1374
- 01:15:22,375 --> 01:15:24,875
- and you could see
- what's this little dark spot,
- 1375
- 01:15:24,916 --> 01:15:27,458
- bright clouds, I'm like wow!
- 1376
- 01:15:27,500 --> 01:15:29,291
- Wow! Exclamation point!
- 1377
- 01:15:29,333 --> 01:15:31,916
- And I'd draw pictures and arrows.
- 1378
- 01:15:31,958 --> 01:15:37,333
- The most surprising thing
- was a giant dark spot.
- 1379
- 01:15:37,375 --> 01:15:39,791
- Nobody had any idea that would be there.
- 1380
- 01:15:39,833 --> 01:15:42,875
- It's huge. It's like a hole in the planet.
- 1381
- 01:15:42,916 --> 01:15:45,250
- So we called it The Great Dark Spot
- 1382
- 01:15:45,291 --> 01:15:48,208
- because we're not very original
- when it comes to names.
- 1383
- 01:15:55,083 --> 01:15:57,625
- We had to basically make a forecast
- 1384
- 01:15:57,666 --> 01:15:59,958
- of the storms on Neptune
- 1385
- 01:16:00,000 --> 01:16:03,166
- in order to point the cameras
- during the last day,
- 1386
- 01:16:03,208 --> 01:16:06,375
- and at the same time there was a hurricane
- 1387
- 01:16:06,416 --> 01:16:08,958
- off the east coast of the US,
- 1388
- 01:16:09,000 --> 01:16:11,666
- and the weather forecasters
- 1389
- 01:16:11,708 --> 01:16:14,791
- were trying to forecast that hurricane,
- 1390
- 01:16:14,833 --> 01:16:18,541
- but they were trying to forecast
- it twelve hours in advance
- 1391
- 01:16:18,583 --> 01:16:20,041
- and they were having a lot of trouble
- 1392
- 01:16:20,083 --> 01:16:22,375
- because the storm kept changing position.
- 1393
- 01:16:22,416 --> 01:16:26,291
- And we were just calmly
- plotting points on graph paper
- 1394
- 01:16:26,333 --> 01:16:28,416
- and then said, "okay, two weeks from now,
- 1395
- 01:16:28,458 --> 01:16:32,625
- this storm is going to be
- right here and it usually was."
- 1396
- 01:16:37,333 --> 01:16:40,208
- At Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus,
- 1397
- 01:16:40,250 --> 01:16:42,916
- the goal was to do a flyby
- 1398
- 01:16:42,958 --> 01:16:45,416
- that would take the spacecraft
- on to the next planet.
- 1399
- 01:16:46,875 --> 01:16:48,666
- When it came to Neptune
- 1400
- 01:16:48,708 --> 01:16:50,708
- we knew that that was the last planet
- 1401
- 01:16:50,750 --> 01:16:52,125
- that we were going to fly by,
- 1402
- 01:16:52,166 --> 01:16:55,875
- and so we could take
- a different trajectory.
- 1403
- 01:16:55,916 --> 01:17:00,416
- This allowed us to get a really
- spectacular view of the rings
- 1404
- 01:17:00,458 --> 01:17:02,625
- and then look back on the system
- 1405
- 01:17:02,666 --> 01:17:06,166
- in a way that was quite beautiful.
- 1406
- 01:17:06,208 --> 01:17:09,041
- Think about imaging the rings of Neptune.
- 1407
- 01:17:09,083 --> 01:17:12,750
- They have reflectivity which
- is twice as dark as soot,
- 1408
- 01:17:12,791 --> 01:17:14,333
- and the light that's falling on them
- 1409
- 01:17:14,375 --> 01:17:17,833
- is a thousand times fainter than on Earth.
- 1410
- 01:17:17,875 --> 01:17:20,000
- So you have one one-thousandth the light
- 1411
- 01:17:20,041 --> 01:17:21,833
- and you're trying to image something
- 1412
- 01:17:21,875 --> 01:17:25,333
- which is twice as dark as soot
- against a jet-black background.
- 1413
- 01:17:25,375 --> 01:17:28,791
- More than one ring can
- be seen even in the raw images,
- 1414
- 01:17:28,833 --> 01:17:30,416
- the so-called ring arcs,
- 1415
- 01:17:30,458 --> 01:17:34,416
- and it seemed reasonable that
- this was indeed the lost arc
- 1416
- 01:17:34,458 --> 01:17:37,958
- that our imaging team raiders
- were looking for.
- 1417
- 01:17:38,000 --> 01:17:40,833
- Oh, dear!
- 1418
- 01:17:42,208 --> 01:17:44,250
- Now you're going to turn on me, right?
- 1419
- 01:17:46,000 --> 01:17:50,208
- We knew at Neptune we
- wanted a close flyby of Triton,
- 1420
- 01:17:50,250 --> 01:17:53,125
- which was a huge world around Neptune.
- 1421
- 01:17:53,166 --> 01:17:54,833
- If you looked at them on the way in,
- 1422
- 01:17:54,875 --> 01:17:56,541
- they weren't lined up.
- 1423
- 01:17:56,583 --> 01:17:58,541
- One's up here; one's down here.
- 1424
- 01:17:58,583 --> 01:17:59,750
- And so, what are you going to do?
- 1425
- 01:17:59,791 --> 01:18:01,250
- Well, there was a way--
- 1426
- 01:18:01,291 --> 01:18:04,916
- fly over the north pole,
- very close to Neptune
- 1427
- 01:18:04,958 --> 01:18:07,916
- to bend the spacecraft
- so it would go down.
- 1428
- 01:18:07,958 --> 01:18:10,708
- But the meant getting to
- within just a few thousand miles
- 1429
- 01:18:10,750 --> 01:18:13,875
- of the cloud tops, skimming the surface.
- 1430
- 01:18:13,916 --> 01:18:17,958
- And they had to hit that,
- you know, exactly right.
- 1431
- 01:18:18,000 --> 01:18:19,583
- There was a lot of concern
- 1432
- 01:18:19,625 --> 01:18:23,125
- that we didn't know enough
- about Neptune's atmosphere
- 1433
- 01:18:23,166 --> 01:18:28,166
- to really be sure that the
- spacecraft would not tumble.
- 1434
- 01:18:28,208 --> 01:18:31,000
- Just a slight error in the calculations
- 1435
- 01:18:31,041 --> 01:18:33,208
- and instead of skimming
- across the cloud tops,
- 1436
- 01:18:33,250 --> 01:18:36,750
- you're skimming into the clouds
- and the spacecraft burns up.
- 1437
- 01:18:36,791 --> 01:18:39,125
- Slight error the other way,
- you go a little too far,
- 1438
- 01:18:39,166 --> 01:18:41,708
- you don't bend enough,
- maybe you run right into Triton
- 1439
- 01:18:41,750 --> 01:18:43,666
- and crash, and that's the end
- of the mission.
- 1440
- 01:18:43,708 --> 01:18:44,916
- You don't have enough time,
- 1441
- 01:18:44,958 --> 01:18:46,416
- you have to make your last best guess,
- 1442
- 01:18:47,500 --> 01:18:49,583
- hit the send button.
- 1443
- 01:18:50,916 --> 01:18:52,541
- It would have been just fascinating
- 1444
- 01:18:52,583 --> 01:18:54,625
- to be hanging on
- to that spacecraft, right?
- 1445
- 01:18:54,666 --> 01:18:58,833
- Skimming over these beautiful
- blue cloud tops of Neptune
- 1446
- 01:18:58,875 --> 01:19:01,083
- and then as you come
- over the pole of Neptune
- 1447
- 01:19:01,125 --> 01:19:04,208
- seeing that big moon Triton rise up...
- 1448
- 01:19:12,083 --> 01:19:14,458
- After several billion miles of journey
- 1449
- 01:19:14,500 --> 01:19:16,208
- to get us to within a few kilometers
- 1450
- 01:19:16,250 --> 01:19:17,291
- of where we needed to be,
- 1451
- 01:19:17,333 --> 01:19:19,625
- it's just absolutely remarkable.
- 1452
- 01:19:19,666 --> 01:19:21,791
- You know, threading an incredible needle.
- 1453
- 01:19:23,250 --> 01:19:25,208
- Southern hemisphere of Triton
- 1454
- 01:19:25,250 --> 01:19:28,625
- is entirely covered with nitrogen ice,
- 1455
- 01:19:28,666 --> 01:19:33,208
- and as we flew past,
- we were able to look down
- 1456
- 01:19:33,250 --> 01:19:37,708
- at markings on the surface
- of the polar cap.
- 1457
- 01:19:37,750 --> 01:19:42,416
- We were putting together
- a mosaic of Triton's globe,
- 1458
- 01:19:42,458 --> 01:19:46,458
- but we couldn't get things
- to line up quite right.
- 1459
- 01:19:46,500 --> 01:19:50,166
- Some of the dark streaks, two in
- particular would not line up.
- 1460
- 01:19:50,208 --> 01:19:51,791
- He's like just scratching his head,
- 1461
- 01:19:51,833 --> 01:19:54,166
- like I have no idea what's going on here.
- 1462
- 01:19:54,208 --> 01:19:56,500
- This guy's one of the world's experts
- 1463
- 01:19:56,541 --> 01:19:59,083
- on anything having to do
- with planets and moons,
- 1464
- 01:19:59,125 --> 01:20:00,541
- and he can't figure this out.
- 1465
- 01:20:02,291 --> 01:20:04,666
- I said, "well, let's
- put it in a stereo viewer,
- 1466
- 01:20:04,708 --> 01:20:06,166
- red and blue glasses."
- 1467
- 01:20:06,208 --> 01:20:09,208
- And the images fused
- into a three-dimensional model
- 1468
- 01:20:09,250 --> 01:20:11,583
- and up popped these geysers.
- 1469
- 01:20:15,583 --> 01:20:20,458
- And I said holy moly,
- and so we knew what we had.
- 1470
- 01:20:32,541 --> 01:20:34,250
- These plumes.
- 1471
- 01:20:34,291 --> 01:20:39,458
- Black geysers spewing out this stuff.
- 1472
- 01:20:39,500 --> 01:20:45,083
- The plumes extending out of the surface
- 1473
- 01:20:45,125 --> 01:20:47,500
- for like kilometers.
- 1474
- 01:20:47,541 --> 01:20:50,875
- We were seeing eruptions on a world
- 1475
- 01:20:50,916 --> 01:20:53,541
- which should have been
- just a frozen cinder.
- 1476
- 01:20:54,166 --> 01:20:55,333
- This is too much.
- 1477
- 01:20:55,375 --> 01:20:56,791
- The last place we would have expected
- 1478
- 01:20:56,833 --> 01:21:00,250
- to see further dynamics, further eruptions
- 1479
- 01:21:00,291 --> 01:21:02,875
- was at a moon this remote
- in the solar system.
- 1480
- 01:21:02,916 --> 01:21:04,458
- Just because an idea's crazy,
- 1481
- 01:21:04,500 --> 01:21:06,083
- it's not necessarily wrong.
- 1482
- 01:21:08,875 --> 01:21:11,875
- Geysers. Volcanoes on Io.
- 1483
- 01:21:11,916 --> 01:21:14,458
- Hints of a giant ocean of liquid water
- 1484
- 01:21:14,500 --> 01:21:17,291
- under Europa's icy crust.
- 1485
- 01:21:17,333 --> 01:21:20,958
- Each of these features is
- evidence of a source of energy.
- 1486
- 01:21:21,000 --> 01:21:24,125
- And that's a prerequisite
- for life as we know it.
- 1487
- 01:21:26,041 --> 01:21:28,458
- We knew this was the last planet
- 1488
- 01:21:28,500 --> 01:21:30,541
- Voyager would explore
- 1489
- 01:21:30,583 --> 01:21:33,416
- before it headed on
- for the rest of its journey,
- 1490
- 01:21:33,458 --> 01:21:36,958
- and so I think
- the times together as a team,
- 1491
- 01:21:37,000 --> 01:21:39,791
- the times to look at the pictures, talk,
- 1492
- 01:21:39,833 --> 01:21:42,333
- meet together, became more precious.
- 1493
- 01:21:42,375 --> 01:21:46,666
- I was passing by the secretary's desk
- 1494
- 01:21:46,708 --> 01:21:48,083
- and she said, "Oh, Candy,
- 1495
- 01:21:48,125 --> 01:21:50,291
- there's a reporter
- that wants to talk to you."
- 1496
- 01:21:51,375 --> 01:21:54,708
- And he said, "The countdown clock
- 1497
- 01:21:54,750 --> 01:21:57,666
- just went from minus,
- 1498
- 01:21:57,708 --> 01:22:01,333
- counting down, to counting up."
- 1499
- 01:22:02,333 --> 01:22:06,333
- Voyager's now leaving Neptune.
- 1500
- 01:22:06,375 --> 01:22:10,500
- And he said,
- "How does that make you feel?"
- 1501
- 01:22:10,541 --> 01:22:14,000
- And in that moment,
- I dissolved into tears.
- 1502
- 01:22:15,541 --> 01:22:17,166
- After the spacecraft went past,
- 1503
- 01:22:17,208 --> 01:22:18,708
- it turned around and looked back,
- 1504
- 01:22:18,750 --> 01:22:21,583
- and there's this beautiful
- crescent Neptune and Triton,
- 1505
- 01:22:21,625 --> 01:22:24,500
- and people realized that's the end
- 1506
- 01:22:24,541 --> 01:22:26,500
- of the planetary part of Voyager.
- 1507
- 01:22:26,541 --> 01:22:28,375
- That's the last protocol,
- 1508
- 01:22:28,416 --> 01:22:31,958
- the last thing we'll see in our
- solar system is now behind us.
- 1509
- 01:22:37,166 --> 01:22:41,166
- We could have enhanced the color a bit
- 1510
- 01:22:41,208 --> 01:22:42,833
- to make a somewhat prettier picture,
- 1511
- 01:22:42,875 --> 01:22:45,791
- but out of respect
- to the Voyager spacecraft
- 1512
- 01:22:45,833 --> 01:22:48,625
- we decided to show it to you
- just as it is.
- 1513
- 01:22:59,541 --> 01:23:00,833
- The way I looked at it was,
- 1514
- 01:23:00,875 --> 01:23:03,416
- "Gee, we did something really great."
- 1515
- 01:23:05,333 --> 01:23:08,125
- Very, very successful mission.
- 1516
- 01:23:08,166 --> 01:23:09,833
- A little weepy.
- 1517
- 01:23:09,875 --> 01:23:15,250
- I mean it's... there was a lot
- of energy put into this mission.
- 1518
- 01:23:15,291 --> 01:23:19,125
- We have ignition and we have lift-off.
- 1519
- 01:23:27,458 --> 01:23:31,291
- Years of intense effort.
- 1520
- 01:23:33,541 --> 01:23:36,041
- It was the end of a sentimental journey.
- 1521
- 01:23:40,041 --> 01:23:41,291
- We did it.
- 1522
- 01:23:41,333 --> 01:23:45,166
- We pulled it off, and that's important.
- 1523
- 01:23:45,208 --> 01:23:46,125
- It is.
- 1524
- 01:23:58,166 --> 01:24:00,291
- We had a big party at JPL,
- 1525
- 01:24:00,333 --> 01:24:01,833
- Chuck Berry was there,
- 1526
- 01:24:01,875 --> 01:24:03,833
- so that was a good send-off for Voyager.
- 1527
- 01:24:21,833 --> 01:24:26,416
- Rock star moment and sail on Voyager.
- 1528
- 01:24:26,458 --> 01:24:28,041
- And I'm going to go get some sleep
- 1529
- 01:24:28,083 --> 01:24:30,083
- or maybe I'll do a little more dancing...
- 1530
- 01:24:30,125 --> 01:24:31,291
- Thank you very much, Lou?
- 1531
- 01:24:36,791 --> 01:24:37,958
- Meanwhile, Voyager 1
- 1532
- 01:24:38,000 --> 01:24:39,750
- is still kind of cruising out there,
- 1533
- 01:24:39,791 --> 01:24:41,416
- getting farther and farther out,
- 1534
- 01:24:41,458 --> 01:24:42,875
- and a number of folks on the team,
- 1535
- 01:24:42,916 --> 01:24:44,416
- including Carl Sagan,
- 1536
- 01:24:44,458 --> 01:24:48,250
- had this idea that before we
- have to shut the cameras down,
- 1537
- 01:24:48,291 --> 01:24:51,166
- let's turn around,
- look back towards the sun
- 1538
- 01:24:51,208 --> 01:24:53,708
- and let's take a picture
- of our solar system
- 1539
- 01:24:53,750 --> 01:24:55,958
- unlike any that had ever
- been taken before.
- 1540
- 01:24:56,000 --> 01:24:58,125
- And there was actually opposition to it.
- 1541
- 01:24:58,166 --> 01:24:59,583
- They just didn't want to do it.
- 1542
- 01:24:59,625 --> 01:25:01,000
- They couldn't get their heads around
- 1543
- 01:25:01,041 --> 01:25:03,125
- what would be the point
- of taking a picture
- 1544
- 01:25:03,166 --> 01:25:05,333
- of the Earth and Jupiter and so on
- 1545
- 01:25:05,375 --> 01:25:07,958
- because they're just going to
- be little points of light.
- 1546
- 01:25:08,000 --> 01:25:10,500
- So, Carl being Carl
- 1547
- 01:25:10,541 --> 01:25:14,208
- actually went all the way
- to the NASA administrator
- 1548
- 01:25:14,250 --> 01:25:17,375
- and got him to direct
- the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- 1549
- 01:25:17,416 --> 01:25:19,958
- to take this series of pictures.
- 1550
- 01:25:20,000 --> 01:25:22,333
- Absolutely zero science in it.
- 1551
- 01:25:22,375 --> 01:25:24,000
- Absolutely none.
- 1552
- 01:25:25,416 --> 01:25:27,291
- From a unique vantage point,
- 1553
- 01:25:27,333 --> 01:25:29,541
- nearly four billion miles away,
- 1554
- 01:25:29,583 --> 01:25:32,291
- Voyager 1's cameras turned homeward
- 1555
- 01:25:32,333 --> 01:25:34,708
- to take family snapshots.
- 1556
- 01:25:34,750 --> 01:25:37,666
- It was Valentine's Day, 1990.
- 1557
- 01:25:49,000 --> 01:25:50,375
- When we did our portrait
- 1558
- 01:25:50,416 --> 01:25:52,333
- of each of the planets,
- 1559
- 01:25:52,375 --> 01:25:54,750
- I was the first person
- to look at the pictures
- 1560
- 01:25:54,791 --> 01:25:56,458
- and I knew every blemish,
- 1561
- 01:25:56,500 --> 01:25:59,666
- and so I could pretty quickly
- go blemish, blemish, blemish,
- 1562
- 01:25:59,708 --> 01:26:02,625
- and I thought, well, where's the Earth?
- 1563
- 01:26:02,666 --> 01:26:05,333
- Where? How could we... you know?
- 1564
- 01:26:05,375 --> 01:26:08,250
- And then I realized there was a lot of...
- 1565
- 01:26:08,291 --> 01:26:11,625
- there were a lot of streaks
- of light in that image,
- 1566
- 01:26:13,000 --> 01:26:15,166
- and I realized, finally,
- 1567
- 01:26:15,208 --> 01:26:19,000
- that the Earth was sitting
- in one of those rays of light.
- 1568
- 01:26:20,916 --> 01:26:22,541
- You know, I just sat there for a while
- 1569
- 01:26:22,583 --> 01:26:27,625
- just kind of realizing, "wow,
- that's the Earth, you know,
- 1570
- 01:26:27,666 --> 01:26:30,125
- that's Voyager looking back at the Earth."
- 1571
- 01:26:30,166 --> 01:26:31,750
- And then once I had sort of recovered,
- 1572
- 01:26:31,791 --> 01:26:33,125
- I started calling people.
- 1573
- 01:26:33,166 --> 01:26:34,541
- I called Brad.
- 1574
- 01:26:34,583 --> 01:26:37,083
- "Brad, we got it." Called
- Carl, "Carl, we got it."
- 1575
- 01:26:37,125 --> 01:26:38,083
- Called my dad.
- 1576
- 01:26:39,750 --> 01:26:41,833
- And so this is
- a different kind of milestone
- 1577
- 01:26:41,875 --> 01:26:43,916
- than the scientific milestones we've had.
- 1578
- 01:26:43,958 --> 01:26:45,750
- One that is really symbolic...
- 1579
- 01:26:45,791 --> 01:26:47,791
- I'm an imaging
- scientist, so I first realized,
- 1580
- 01:26:47,833 --> 01:26:49,166
- "Oh, this didn't turn out
- 1581
- 01:26:49,208 --> 01:26:50,875
- the way we thought
- it was going to turn out,"
- 1582
- 01:26:50,916 --> 01:26:53,875
- and my first impulse is to take my hand
- 1583
- 01:26:53,916 --> 01:26:56,916
- and wipe away the dust, because
- there was some dust on it.
- 1584
- 01:26:56,958 --> 01:27:00,333
- Well, one of the pieces of dust
- that I wanted to wipe away
- 1585
- 01:27:00,375 --> 01:27:03,000
- was the Earth.
- 1586
- 01:27:03,041 --> 01:27:05,791
- But it didn't matter
- because in the hands of Carl,
- 1587
- 01:27:05,833 --> 01:27:10,625
- he turned it into an allegory
- on the human condition.
- 1588
- 01:27:10,666 --> 01:27:12,500
- And the next slide.
- 1589
- 01:27:19,875 --> 01:27:21,166
- The Earth in a sunbeam.
- 1590
- 01:27:24,000 --> 01:27:25,416
- And in this color picture
- 1591
- 01:27:25,458 --> 01:27:29,041
- you can see that it is in fact
- less than a pixel,
- 1592
- 01:27:29,083 --> 01:27:32,208
- and this is where we live, on a blue dot.
- 1593
- 01:27:33,125 --> 01:27:36,083
- On that blue dot,
- 1594
- 01:27:36,125 --> 01:27:40,291
- that's where everyone you know
- and everyone you ever heard of
- 1595
- 01:27:40,333 --> 01:27:42,541
- and every human being who ever lived
- 1596
- 01:27:43,458 --> 01:27:47,083
- lived out their lives.
- 1597
- 01:27:47,125 --> 01:27:52,166
- I think this perspective
- underscores our responsibility
- 1598
- 01:27:52,208 --> 01:27:56,166
- to preserve and cherish that blue dot,
- 1599
- 01:27:56,208 --> 01:27:58,375
- the only home we have.
- 1600
- 01:28:00,666 --> 01:28:03,125
- The two Voyagers
- still communicate with Earth
- 1601
- 01:28:03,166 --> 01:28:05,500
- nearly every day.
- 1602
- 01:28:05,541 --> 01:28:09,416
- It takes huge antennas
- to detect their faint signals,
- 1603
- 01:28:09,458 --> 01:28:13,250
- now less than one trillionth of a watt.
- 1604
- 01:28:13,291 --> 01:28:15,166
- The spacecraft continue to be tracked
- 1605
- 01:28:15,208 --> 01:28:18,416
- as they begin the final part
- of their mission,
- 1606
- 01:28:18,458 --> 01:28:21,625
- to travel beyond the edge
- of our solar system,
- 1607
- 01:28:21,666 --> 01:28:24,041
- into interstellar space.
- 1608
- 01:28:24,083 --> 01:28:27,000
- It's in this never traveled
- region between the stars
- 1609
- 01:28:27,041 --> 01:28:29,708
- that Voyager and its Golden Record
- 1610
- 01:28:29,750 --> 01:28:33,041
- will have a chance of being discovered.
- 1611
- 01:28:33,083 --> 01:28:36,125
- At the time we were designing Voyager,
- 1612
- 01:28:36,166 --> 01:28:40,333
- interstellar space,
- where the boundary was,
- 1613
- 01:28:40,375 --> 01:28:42,875
- was totally unknown.
- 1614
- 01:28:42,916 --> 01:28:46,958
- We had our eyes
- on the interstellar mission.
- 1615
- 01:28:47,000 --> 01:28:49,375
- Are we going to boost the spacecraft
- 1616
- 01:28:49,416 --> 01:28:53,958
- to get out of our solar system
- and into the galaxy?
- 1617
- 01:28:54,000 --> 01:28:57,333
- It was a shot in the dark
- because nobody knew how far.
- 1618
- 01:29:00,291 --> 01:29:02,458
- Uncharted waters.
- 1619
- 01:29:17,166 --> 01:29:20,083
- The magnetic field of
- the sun can only extend so far,
- 1620
- 01:29:20,125 --> 01:29:22,958
- it's a bubble around our star,
- all the stars have bubbles,
- 1621
- 01:29:23,000 --> 01:29:25,708
- we can see the bubbles
- around other stars out there,
- 1622
- 01:29:25,750 --> 01:29:27,250
- so we know that they have bubbles.
- 1623
- 01:29:27,291 --> 01:29:29,333
- Where does our bubble end?
- 1624
- 01:29:29,375 --> 01:29:30,833
- Somewhere beyond Neptune
- 1625
- 01:29:30,875 --> 01:29:33,750
- is the edge of the bubble around our sun.
- 1626
- 01:29:33,791 --> 01:29:36,833
- At the heliopause two forces balance--
- 1627
- 01:29:36,875 --> 01:29:38,875
- the outward pressure of the solar wind
- 1628
- 01:29:38,916 --> 01:29:42,208
- and the pressure of interstellar space.
- 1629
- 01:29:42,250 --> 01:29:45,250
- But how far out it was, no one was sure.
- 1630
- 01:29:46,458 --> 01:29:47,666
- We kept going
- 1631
- 01:29:47,708 --> 01:29:49,250
- and years went by and years went by
- 1632
- 01:29:49,291 --> 01:29:52,833
- and we don't detect
- the interstellar medium.
- 1633
- 01:29:58,000 --> 01:30:00,458
- Throughout the 1990s,
- 1634
- 01:30:00,500 --> 01:30:03,125
- still didn't find the edge of the bubble.
- 1635
- 01:30:03,166 --> 01:30:04,666
- Throughout the 2000s,
- 1636
- 01:30:04,708 --> 01:30:07,541
- still didn't find the edge of the bubble,
- 1637
- 01:30:07,583 --> 01:30:11,583
- and then finally in 2012 Voyager 1,
- 1638
- 01:30:11,625 --> 01:30:14,458
- which is going the fastest,
- which is the farthest,
- 1639
- 01:30:14,500 --> 01:30:16,583
- started to see these funny things happen
- 1640
- 01:30:16,625 --> 01:30:18,208
- to the squiggly lines.
- 1641
- 01:30:18,250 --> 01:30:19,708
- This crazy spike.
- 1642
- 01:30:19,750 --> 01:30:20,916
- And everybody goes, "Oh, is that it?"
- 1643
- 01:30:20,958 --> 01:30:23,041
- And then it goes back to normal.
- 1644
- 01:30:23,083 --> 01:30:26,250
- And then it was just literally
- one magical day in...
- 1645
- 01:30:26,291 --> 01:30:30,833
- it was in August of 2012
- that everything changed
- 1646
- 01:30:30,875 --> 01:30:34,000
- and it was like pfff, just...
- popped out of the bubble.
- 1647
- 01:30:34,041 --> 01:30:36,625
- Voyager 1 has left our solar system.
- 1648
- 01:30:36,666 --> 01:30:38,000
- It's the first thing built by humans
- 1649
- 01:30:38,041 --> 01:30:39,416
- that has left our solar system
- 1650
- 01:30:39,458 --> 01:30:41,791
- and now it's in interstellar space.
- 1651
- 01:30:41,833 --> 01:30:43,708
- NASA says that Voyager 1
- 1652
- 01:30:43,750 --> 01:30:46,166
- has become the first man-made object
- 1653
- 01:30:46,208 --> 01:30:48,166
- to reach interstellar space,
- 1654
- 01:30:48,208 --> 01:30:50,500
- the cold dark region between stars.
- 1655
- 01:30:50,541 --> 01:30:52,458
- And we've slipped the outermost grasp
- 1656
- 01:30:52,500 --> 01:30:54,916
- of our solar system with Voyager 1,
- 1657
- 01:30:54,958 --> 01:30:56,958
- the first human-made object
- 1658
- 01:30:57,000 --> 01:31:00,125
- to venture into interstellar space.
- 1659
- 01:31:00,166 --> 01:31:01,750
- It's a wonderful achievement, actually.
- 1660
- 01:31:01,791 --> 01:31:03,041
- When you think of it, it's historic,
- 1661
- 01:31:03,083 --> 01:31:05,875
- it's our first step out of our bubble
- 1662
- 01:31:05,916 --> 01:31:08,708
- which has been around all the planets
- 1663
- 01:31:08,750 --> 01:31:10,375
- and around the Earth essentially forever,
- 1664
- 01:31:10,416 --> 01:31:14,125
- and now finally some little
- thing that we have built
- 1665
- 01:31:14,166 --> 01:31:18,208
- has left that bubble and is
- in the space between the stars.
- 1666
- 01:31:18,250 --> 01:31:19,791
- It was like humanity
- 1667
- 01:31:19,833 --> 01:31:23,000
- had just become an interstellar species.
- 1668
- 01:31:23,041 --> 01:31:25,875
- It was like knocking on eternity's door.
- 1669
- 01:31:27,833 --> 01:31:31,583
- When the Voyagers' power sources go dead
- 1670
- 01:31:31,625 --> 01:31:35,083
- and when the spacecraft
- can no longer send back
- 1671
- 01:31:35,125 --> 01:31:37,125
- any useful information,
- 1672
- 01:31:37,166 --> 01:31:41,083
- that's really the point
- at which the Golden Record
- 1673
- 01:31:41,125 --> 01:31:45,500
- becomes the primary function
- of those missions,
- 1674
- 01:31:45,541 --> 01:31:47,625
- that when everything else is turned off,
- 1675
- 01:31:47,666 --> 01:31:52,458
- those records are still floating
- somewhere in interstellar space,
- 1676
- 01:31:52,500 --> 01:31:55,458
- completing the last part of the mission.
- 1677
- 01:31:58,541 --> 01:32:02,083
- The chance that
- advanced intelligence beyond us
- 1678
- 01:32:02,125 --> 01:32:06,166
- would detect, "Oh, hey,
- there is a radiating body
- 1679
- 01:32:06,208 --> 01:32:08,500
- coming into our area,
- 1680
- 01:32:08,541 --> 01:32:12,416
- let's go out and find out
- what this bottle in the ocean,
- 1681
- 01:32:12,458 --> 01:32:14,666
- what message it might have.
- 1682
- 01:32:14,708 --> 01:32:17,291
- Now is that a grand mystery?
- 1683
- 01:32:18,708 --> 01:32:19,916
- Whoa!"
- 1684
- 01:32:22,708 --> 01:32:24,875
- I love the optimism of it,
- 1685
- 01:32:24,916 --> 01:32:27,125
- I love the idea that these are things
- 1686
- 01:32:27,166 --> 01:32:28,250
- that are meaningful to us,
- 1687
- 01:32:28,291 --> 01:32:29,875
- maybe you'll find them meaningful, too,
- 1688
- 01:32:29,916 --> 01:32:35,333
- hypothetical alien, and yeah,
- it just touches my heart.
- 1689
- 01:32:38,125 --> 01:32:40,166
- One thing we know about a metal record
- 1690
- 01:32:40,208 --> 01:32:42,458
- with these grooves engraved on it
- 1691
- 01:32:42,500 --> 01:32:46,458
- is that information is good
- for at least one billion years.
- 1692
- 01:32:46,500 --> 01:32:48,000
- The inside of the record,
- 1693
- 01:32:48,041 --> 01:32:51,208
- which was more protected from cosmic rays,
- 1694
- 01:32:51,250 --> 01:32:53,666
- two billion years or more.
- 1695
- 01:32:53,708 --> 01:32:57,041
- There's no wind, water, rain, weathering,
- 1696
- 01:32:57,083 --> 01:33:00,833
- there's no planets or comets
- that they're going to run into,
- 1697
- 01:33:00,875 --> 01:33:06,083
- and over thousands, millions,
- billions of years
- 1698
- 01:33:06,125 --> 01:33:10,416
- they're predicted to remain pretty intact.
- 1699
- 01:33:10,458 --> 01:33:12,458
- Because there's
- no proof that there's anything
- 1700
- 01:33:12,500 --> 01:33:14,166
- that Voyager's ever going to encounter,
- 1701
- 01:33:14,208 --> 01:33:17,875
- ultimately, it's a story about us.
- 1702
- 01:33:17,916 --> 01:33:20,750
- Voyager is rarely out of my thoughts.
- 1703
- 01:33:20,791 --> 01:33:22,166
- Always some little part of me
- 1704
- 01:33:22,208 --> 01:33:25,000
- is wondering where is Voyager tonight.
- 1705
- 01:33:25,041 --> 01:33:27,166
- Whenever I look up at the night stars,
- 1706
- 01:33:27,208 --> 01:33:32,000
- I look in the direction
- that each of them is going.
- 1707
- 01:33:32,041 --> 01:33:35,416
- There is never going
- to be another mission like it.
- 1708
- 01:33:35,458 --> 01:33:39,750
- It was the first and last of its own kind.
- 1709
- 01:33:39,791 --> 01:33:43,916
- Maybe someday, another
- being might find Voyager
- 1710
- 01:33:43,958 --> 01:33:46,000
- and at least know of our existence.
- 1711
- 01:33:46,041 --> 01:33:49,500
- It's highly unlikely,
- but it's not impossible.
- 1712
- 01:33:49,541 --> 01:33:54,833
- And that small possibility
- surely gives us hope.
- 1713
- 01:33:54,875 --> 01:33:57,958
- Is the universe
- any different than it was then?
- 1714
- 01:33:58,000 --> 01:33:59,500
- No.
- 1715
- 01:33:59,541 --> 01:34:01,500
- But are we different?
- 1716
- 01:34:01,541 --> 01:34:03,458
- Absolutely!
- 1717
- 01:34:03,500 --> 01:34:09,041
- The thrill of the discoveries,
- reaching the heliopause,
- 1718
- 01:34:09,958 --> 01:34:12,541
- completing the Grand Tour,
- 1719
- 01:34:12,583 --> 01:34:17,541
- I mean man, our child has just made it.
- 1720
- 01:34:27,458 --> 01:34:28,958
- We're the generation
- 1721
- 01:34:29,000 --> 01:34:31,125
- that sent something out into space
- 1722
- 01:34:31,166 --> 01:34:33,958
- that's not only going to outlive us,
- 1723
- 01:34:34,000 --> 01:34:37,583
- it's going to outlive our star.
- 1724
- 01:34:37,625 --> 01:34:42,583
- Four billion years from now when
- our sun turns into a red giant,
- 1725
- 01:34:42,625 --> 01:34:44,625
- Voyager is still going to be trucking
- 1726
- 01:34:44,666 --> 01:34:47,333
- out there through the stars,
- 1727
- 01:34:47,375 --> 01:34:50,958
- and the songs of our time
- are going to be out there.
- 1728
- 01:34:51,000 --> 01:34:53,250
- Chuck Berry is still out there...
- 1729
- 01:34:53,291 --> 01:34:54,833
- We'll still be out there.
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