2016-09-08 Grammar: more uses of modals

Greg Malivuk
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http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - Notes from all my classes
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p. 67 exercise 1 - With your other partner, fix the mistakes in these sentences.
1 Victor doesn’t have to do his homework.
2 Is Victor able to speak Spanish at home?
3 Can Victor speak Spanish? Yes, he can.
4 Where is he allowed to speak Spanish?
5 Why can’t he speak Spanish at school?
6 Should Victor speak Spanish at school? (“ought” is very uncommon in questions)
7 Should Victor speak English at school? (“had better” is almost never used in questions)
8 Did Victor use to speak Spanish?
9 Is Victor allowed…? No, he isn’t (allowed).
10 Why should he speak English in school? Why shouldn’t he speak Spanish?
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Homework: finish p. 67 if you didn’t already, and then read p. 68-70 about the purposes of modals
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The note on p. 67 says we rarely use negatives for “have got to”, “had better”, and “ought to”.
However, this is only true for “ought to” and “have got to”. “Had better” is common in negatives:
You had better wake up on time tomorrow, or you’ll miss the bus.
You had better not oversleep tomorrow, or you’ll miss the bus.
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p. 71 - Which sentences at the bottom of the page have each use?
requests: 11
permission: 1
invitations: 3, 4
offers: 2, 12, 17
promises/intentions: 14, 15
suggestions: 5, 6, 13
advice/obligation: 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 18
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Read 72-73 at home
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p. 74-75 - What meanings do these sentences have?
possibility: 1
impossibility: 2, 10
future time (plans and facts about the future): 6, 13
predictions (guesses about the future): 5, 7, 11
inference: 8, 12, 14 (I logically conclude from “He usually goes to bed early” that maybe it’s too late.)
ability: 3, 9
habitual past: 4, 15
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p. 75 exercise 4 - In pairs, decide how the modals are being used in each sentence.
1 request
2 future time
3 ability
4 permission (you don’t have permission to smoke) / obligation (you have an obligation not to smoke)
5 advice
6 advice
7 prediction / logical inference
8 logical inference
9 advice/necessity
10 prediction
11 request
12 permission (you don’t have permission to leave)
13 possibility
14 request
15 ability