2018-10-30 TOEFL: word roots, reading vocab

Greg Malivuk
[email protected]
http://www.pastebin.com/u/gmalivuk - notes from all classes
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Word roots (list 2) - With your partner, try to think of one or two words to explain the meaning of each root.
cert (certain, ascertain, certificate) = sure
chrom (monochrome, achromatic) = color
chron (chronological, anachronism, synchronize) = time
circum (circumscribe, circumspect, circumnavigate) = around
claim/clam (exclaim, proclamation, clamor) = shout
clar (clarify, declare) = clear
cline (inclination, decline, recline) = lean
co (coworker, coeducational, coauthor) = with/together
            	col before L: (collaborate, colleague)
            	com before M, P, B: (communicate, composition, combine)
            	con before other consonants: (connect, convention, contemporary)
            	cor before R: (correlate, corroborate)
            	(co before vowels, H, and in newer words)
cogni (cognizance, incognito, cognition) = know/think
contra (contrast, contradict, controversy) = opposite/against
corp (corporation, corpse, incorporate) = body
cred (credible, credit, credulous) = trust/believe
crypto (cryptography, cryptic, encrypt) = hidden
de/di (decelerate, dethrone, decrease, divide, diverge) = down/away
dem/demo (demographics, democracy, epidemic) = people
di (dilemma, dihedral) = two
dia (diameter, dialect) = through/across
dict (dictator, dictionary, contradict) = say/tell
domin (dominate, dominion, predominate) = master/rule
don (donate, pardon) = give
duce/duct (introduction, deduct, conduct) = lead/take
dyna (dynamic, dynamite, dynasty) = power
dys (dystopia, dyslexia) = bad
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TOEFL: 4 sections, 4 hours, $200, 120 points total (30 for each section)
1 reading: 60-80 minutes, 3-4 passages, about 14 questions about each passage
2 listening: 60-90 minutes, 2-3 sets, each set has 17 questions about 3 listenings, which you have 10 minutes to answer
	(10-minute break)
3 speaking: 20 minutes, 6 tasks, 5.5 minutes of speaking time
4 writing: about 60 minutes total, 2 tasks, 20+30 minutes of writing time
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Reading Question Types:
- fact
- negative fact
- vocabulary
- inference
- purpose
- reference
- paraphrase
- sentence insertion
- summarize
- organize
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DELTA p. 49 vocabulary questions
p. 50 clue 7 - list or series
“Because of their similar teeth, [1] and [2] are believed to have evolved from the same ancestral groups as the [3], [4], and other [5].” (Maybe you don’t know what any of these words are.)
- 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are all animals that have similar teeth.
- 1 and 2 evolved from the same ancestors as 3, 4, and 5.
- 3 and 4 are examples of 5 (If there are “other mustelids”, it means some mustelids have already been mentioned.)
-> 5 is a group of animals that includes 3 and 4
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Vocabulary questions wouldn’t ask about words with some of these clues, but it’s always useful to be able to identify meaning from context, even when there’s no question about that meaning.
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BREAK
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Reference questions ask you to identify what pronouns (or other expressions) refer to in a text.
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Handout: https://www.wired.com/2016/10/inside-machine-will-turn-corpse-compost/ article
With your partner, write in your own words what each highlighted word or phrase means or refers to.
bay = a large open space
that timeline = four to six weeks
livestock = animals used in agriculture / farmed animals that we eat
carcass = dead body of an animal
just that = composting in a vertical system
aerate = provide air
loam = decomposed material, like soil (coarse loam -> compost -> finer, soil-like material)
that = the fact that the soil they pick up won’t come exclusively from their loved one
that = a small clientele sympathetic to its environmental philosophy
local vernacular = way of doing something in a particular place
suffused = filled (softly)
foster = create or encourage
that = the fact that the ramp is a blank canvas for different mourning rituals
frills = extra or unnecessary (and unnecessarily complex) things, often for decoration
embrace = adopt, accept
folks = people (especially common people; informal)
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Cambridge exercise R2 (on screen)
1 B
2 D
3 A
4 D
5 C (We call those prongs, not blades.)
6 A
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Homework: Finish this exercise